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Tuesday, April 25, 2017

So atmospheric CO2 levels just reached 410 ppm, first time in 3 million years it's been that high. What happened 3 million years ago?

So atmospheric CO2 levels just reached 410 ppm, first time in 3 million years it's been that high. What happened 3 million years ago?


So atmospheric CO2 levels just reached 410 ppm, first time in 3 million years it's been that high. What happened 3 million years ago?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 06:35 AM PDT

what happened 3 million years ago to cause CO2 levels to be higher than they are today?

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/we-just-breached-the-410-ppm-threshold-for-co2/

submitted by /u/Bluest_waters
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Why can't I use lenses to make something hotter than the source itself?

Posted: 25 Apr 2017 04:33 AM PDT

I was reading What If? from xkcd when I stumbled on this. It says it is impossible to burn something using moonlight because the source (Moon) is not hot enough to start a fire. Why?

submitted by /u/Yrjosmiel
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If E=mc^2, my total energy is constant as my mass is constant. If I gain potential energy because I went up an elevator, my energy level changes but my mass is constant. What gives?

Posted: 25 Apr 2017 06:29 AM PDT

It seems like there's a discrepancy. Does E=mc2 not represent your total energy?

submitted by /u/Negropolis
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Why do muscle cramps hurt?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 02:04 PM PDT

I understand that muscle cramps are involuntary contractions of the muscle, but when our muscles contract voluntarily, it doesn't hurt. What about an involuntary contraction causes pain?

submitted by /u/HarryButtfarb
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I fill the bottom of a bottle cap with my blood and let it dry overnight. Then I put the dried disc in a cup of water. the color leaves the disc and seeps into the water. I'm left with a translucent, slimy material. What is it?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 05:23 PM PDT

Why does water tend to follow the path of a nearby object instead of going straight down?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 07:41 PM PDT

For example, when pouring water from a mostly-full glass, it will cause the water to follow the side of the glass instead of fall perfectly down. Also, a sink will do the same to your arm, or finger.

submitted by /u/sbundlab
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What happens with degenerate wave functions in an atom?

Posted: 25 Apr 2017 07:36 AM PDT

If a linear combination of some wave function that satisfies the Schrodinger equation for a given situation (for example, the electron in a hydrogen atom) also solves it, then there are multiple wavefunctions to describe one state. What happens to the electron with regards to this? What wavefunction does it assume? Does it matter?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/DanielDC88
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My textbook says "a complete explanation of why entropy increases with increasing molar mass is beyond the scope of this book." Could someone explain to me why?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 11:40 PM PDT

I'm learning general chemistry and currently on entropy.

I thought a simple way of explaining it would be because atoms with higher molar mass have more subatomic particles within them which leads to more possible microstates.

Instead my textbook says "the energy states associated with the motion of heavy atoms are more closely spaced than thsoe of lighter atoms. The more closely spaced energy states allow for greater dispersal of energy at a given temperature and therefore greater entropy."

I do not completely understand what they mean by that explanation.

What is the full reasoning behind why my textbook implies that it is much more complicated?

submitted by /u/Hamster_Huey
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How do electrons "jump" to different energy levels without existing in-between the levels?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 06:58 PM PDT

Why do the noble gasses have such a small gap between their melting and boiling points compared to other elements?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 07:06 PM PDT

Why did scientists in the '60's think that Mars was covered in vegetation?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 10:53 AM PDT

Text from an article in Science Digest in 1963

Mars has pronounced seasonal variations, with the seasons about twice as long as those on earth, during which the surface temperature ranges from -120 to +30 degrees Celsius. When the northern hemisphere is in the "winter" season the dark green areas change to brownish gray. Based on this, we speculate that some simple form of life - lichens and mosses - is likely to exist on Mars. The reddish-orange areas show little color change with the seasons.

And then later in the article:

Most of the surface is desert consisting of granulated or powered iron oxide. A thin layer of vegetation covers about one-quarter of the surface, and a thin ice cap forms at the poles, the sides of both these regions changing with the seasons....

Full article here: http://imgur.com/a/Td5fK

What changed in our knowledge of Mars over the years that these scientists were wrong about?

submitted by /u/PyroNecrophile
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How deep are the atmospheres of the Jovian planets?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 02:01 PM PDT

In gas giants, how deep do their atmospheres go? I understand that Jupiter will likely have a different atmospheric depth than say Uranus, so maybe it would be easier to express the values as a percentage of the radius of the planet. Additionally, what (if anything) would we find at their cores?

submitted by /u/ewalls1
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[Medical] How do they treat patients that are infectious enough to be dangerous?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 01:47 PM PDT

Someone posted a while ago about seeing a biohazard room at a hospital where there were no visitors allowed and the doctors had to wear scrubs. It got me thinking- if a patient was sufficiently contagious, how would the doctors deal with it? How would they clean the room afterwards? If the patient died, what would they do with the presumably still dangerous corpse?

submitted by /u/alderaanirebel
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The Fukang meteorite is estimated to be 4.5 billion years old, how is it that people manage to estimate its age?

Posted: 25 Apr 2017 03:07 AM PDT

I just wonder how it's even possible to date something to be that old, and based on what evidence would someone give it that estimate?

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2129747/The-beautiful-mysterious-Fukang-pallasite-meteorite.html

EDIT: Added link

submitted by /u/AdelZee
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If you had a large spherical radioactive sample, how much radiation would reach the surface?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 02:28 PM PDT

Suppose you have a spherical sample with total activity of A0 decays/second, and an "activity-density" of A0/(4/3piR3). Further assume the direction of the radiation is uniformly distributed. Each photon released has a probability of e-x*u of reaching the surface due to Beer's law, where x is the distance the photon travels through the sphere.

Since the sphere will absorb a significant portion of the radiation, the radiation emitted out of the sphere should be a lot less than the activity of the sample would suggest. Is there any analytical way of determining this, or must it be done numerically?

submitted by /u/BaryonicM
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How is it that the concept of an Electromagnetic Field avoids the problems caused by the concept of a "Luminiferous aether" with regards to relativity?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 09:44 AM PDT

When people talk about a "field that permeates all of space" I picture something either like a 3 dimensional grid, or like a liquid that fills up the universe. However, it seems that something like that would create a universal frame of reference with regards to the propagation of light, which the theory of relativity states does not exist. What's a better way to conceptualize a field to avoid this problem?

(I apologize if this question makes no sense, I don't really understand this stuff at all)

submitted by /u/xpersonx
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A year has Pi*10^7 seconds, where is the connection?

Posted: 25 Apr 2017 01:03 AM PDT

My mind got blown by this fact today .. but I can't see the connection between a year (orbit around the sun) and the number Pi*107.

Can you help me? :)

submitted by /u/ChowiexEU
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What makes mercury and gallium liquids at room temperature when elements around them on the periodic table are solids?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 11:03 AM PDT

How do bots bypass captcha?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 06:07 PM PDT

Science or scam? "13 year old builds FREE energy device for under $15!"

Posted: 25 Apr 2017 05:46 AM PDT

If you google "13 year old free energy", you'll get about a bunch of news outlets reporting on this kid. Immediately red flags went up. We all know energy has to come from somewhere. There was a user a while ago that debunks this kind of thing. If anyone knows who they are and can tag them, that would be super.

The news video claims " imagine this scaled up 20x." Currently, the kid is powering some LEDs with his device. If this is legit, I doubt it's going to scale appreciably. So, who wants to help figure this thing out?

YouTube Link to video in question.

submitted by /u/Kilo__
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When we substract two natural numbers we get integers, when we divide two integers we get rationals, when we take roots of a positive rational we get reals, of a negative one we get complex. What is the next step?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 11:32 PM PDT

Will internal combustion engines ever reach a point where they emit zero carbon dioxide?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 10:12 PM PDT

Will internal combustion engines ever reach a point where they emit zero carbon dioxide? Is this even achievable?

I say 'near' because the mining and refining of oil and gas isn't carbon neutral and probably won't ever be.

Although I am aware of projects like the Shell Quest Carbon Capture project, that are aiming to sequester carbon in the earth rather than the atmosphere, I am still doubtful of ever achieving this.

As a huge supporter of renewable energy and the growth in that field, I'm trying not to suffer from my own confirmation bias online and in the media... it's beginning to look like we are reaching a turning point for this technology that could be great for this planet.

BUT..My gut feeling tells me that the most profitable companies in the world are oil and gas related, and will do anything to maintain the status quo.

On top of that the U.S and the world in general is heavily invested in O&G, and has built infrastructure to transport it everywhere - that and the recent technological innovations in extraction have the potential to create an environment where Oil stays cheap. If it's cheap, it will prolong the adoption of greener energy.

Anyways - this question has been on my mind for a few months now and I'm wondering if this is even possible. Will we ever have ICE's that are carbon neutral?

Not sure what flair I should use, should his be under chemistry?

Thanks!!

submitted by /u/lvngstn
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Why the information paradox defies unitarity?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 02:43 PM PDT

I am trying to understand the information paradox.

Consider a wave function of two entangled particles, and one of them falls into a blackhole and reaches the singularity, since nothing is well defined there at that point the wave function looses information without having been collapsed, so far so good in term of understanding.

This implies that unitarity is not conserved, and this is the part that I don't understand. Unitarity is the principle that the integral of the magnitude of the wave function in all space must be equal to one, and from that it follows that any operator times it's complex conjugate must be the Identity matrix, and I understand that (I can prove it), but I don't understand how nor why falling into the black whole and loosing information violates unitarity.

Why can't there be a "black hole operator" which is unitary and that represents the changes made to the wave function?.

If Unitarity is not preserved then, is it by being bigger or smaller than 1?, if it is smaller, does this mean that there is a chance of nothing happening?, if it is bigger, does that mean that something will definitely happen?, I can't really get my head around probabilities greater than 1.

Thanks a lot

submitted by /u/Frigorifico
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By treating genetically transferrable conditions, are physicians effectively allowing the passing-on of them, and possibly even lowering life expectancy long-term?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 09:08 AM PDT

If so, why is life expectancy still on the rise? What are the ethical arguments for/against this? (i.e. survival of the fittest)

submitted by /u/caramelcooler
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Monday, April 24, 2017

Later this year, Cassini will crash into Saturn after its "Grand Finale" mission as to not contaminate Enceladus or Titan with Earth life. However, how will we overcome contamination once we send probes specifically for those moons?

Later this year, Cassini will crash into Saturn after its "Grand Finale" mission as to not contaminate Enceladus or Titan with Earth life. However, how will we overcome contamination once we send probes specifically for those moons?


Later this year, Cassini will crash into Saturn after its "Grand Finale" mission as to not contaminate Enceladus or Titan with Earth life. However, how will we overcome contamination once we send probes specifically for those moons?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:04 AM PDT

If friction causes particles to heat up, why do we use fans to blow air against ourselves to cool down, and how does that work?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 01:57 AM PDT

What should I even call this?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 06:46 AM PDT

Say a friend and I are standing on a planet with no mountains or canyons, totally flat. We stand on the equator and my friend holds an unbreakable string at one end. I take the other end and walk along the equator until I get back to him and he tensions the string and ties it together. Then he lets go. What would happen? Would the string hover off the ground or would it go slack and fall to the ground?

submitted by /u/TayTays_Thong_AMA
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How could the ITER infrastructure be used if the results are not the one people hoped for ?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 02:44 AM PDT

Does moving away from something at the speed of light create a still image?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 06:03 PM PDT

If you move away from something at the speed of light, then light can't catch up with you (correct?). Does this mean you see the same light that's in front of you over and over? Or does that light effectively disappear and you see nothing?

submitted by /u/13ananCr3aMu71n
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Do electrons have a directional orientation, or are they spherically symmetrical?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 01:18 AM PDT

Why does the Mars rover rely on Cleaning Events instead of having some sort of "windshield wipers" on the panels?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 02:39 PM PDT

Is today's Calvin & Hobbes word problem solvable?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 06:39 AM PDT

Here is the link. I feel like there isn't enough information. Even if you assume the points are all on a line, there are at least two possible combinations that produce different answers:

C-----------A-----B

A-----B-----C

Thanks!

submitted by /u/DiabloCanyonOne
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Does roadkill select for wildlife that is more wary of humans?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 01:48 PM PDT

How are asteroids detected? What are the chances we would even know if an asteroid that's big enough to wipe out all of humanity is on course to strike us?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 06:53 PM PDT

If the valence electrons are in orbitals, what are the non valence electrons doing? Do they have orbitals? What might they look like?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 09:56 AM PDT

Thanks?

submitted by /u/wsba910am
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Why is regression calculated as the square of the difference instead of the absolute?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 09:25 AM PDT

Is this decision arbitrary or is there something fundamental going on here?

In a wider sense, I'm struggling with whether or not all of statistics is somewhat arbitrary and it something seeming to be useful is the reason things are calculated the way they are or whether things like the calculation of regression are settled on because of something more fundamental?

submitted by /u/grandpois
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How serious can the earthquakes resulting from wastewater injection sites be?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 01:18 PM PDT

Could you see a rainbow using artfical light?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 07:43 PM PDT

I heard it wasnt possible in a Flat Earth video and was wondering if the science checked out. So under controlled circumstances, Is it possible to see a rainbow (ark) useing an artifical light source if all the atmospheric conditions needed were met?

submitted by /u/Goldenbrownlung
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How does a photovoltaic radiator (like the one found on the ISS) work?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 02:29 PM PDT

i.e what are the physics behind it, assuming I understand photovoltaic principles.

submitted by /u/Rumsey_The_Hobo
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Is the Guanabana really this cancer curing fruit or is it all Dr. Oz type nonsense?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:43 AM PDT

Which transfers more heat to the mug, microwaving a 1/2 cup of water for a minute, or microwaving 1 cup for a minute?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:17 AM PDT

When I make coffee, I usually like to preheat the mug (to keep the coffee warm for longer) by filling it about halfway with water and microwaving it for a minute. This can usually raise the temperature of the water in the mug to about 85-90C, and the mug absorbs some of that heat.

Would I be better off microwaving a full mug? The water's temperature would be far lower, which means a smaller heat gradient, but there would be more surface area for the heat transfer to occur.

submitted by /u/Drunken_Economist
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What are the pros/cons of feed forward and feedback control systems?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 03:03 PM PDT

In subsonic flow, why does flow speed up in a converging nozzle?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:44 AM PDT

I've heard the mass conservation/mass flow rate explanation and that makes sense to me. What I really want to hear is both a Newtonian and energy explanation. I know there is some sort of pressure differential that drives this acceleration because of F=ma. But why does this pressure differential exist? Since it's converging, I would expect the fluid to be getting denser and denser towards a decreasing cross-sectional area. This would cause the fluid to experience a higher pressure ahead of it than behind it because the molecules are colliding more and more frequently. From this I would expect the flow to slow down if anything. Also, the flow is speeding up so where is it getting the energy to do this?

submitted by /u/thismightbememaybe
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Why are alpha particles always 2 protons and 2 neutrons?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 08:03 AM PDT

As I understand, in terms of radioactivity, when an unstable nucleus undergoes alpha decay, a helium nucleus is always emitted. I was wondering why they do not emit other combinations of nucleons, for example 3 protons and 3 neutrons or 1p and 2n etc..

submitted by /u/xkimlam
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Sunday, April 23, 2017

If my speed is 100 km/h and my destination is 100 km away and then I move 90 km/h if it's 90 km away. 80 km/h if it's 80 km away. Keep on slowing to match the distance. When will I arrive?

If my speed is 100 km/h and my destination is 100 km away and then I move 90 km/h if it's 90 km away. 80 km/h if it's 80 km away. Keep on slowing to match the distance. When will I arrive?


If my speed is 100 km/h and my destination is 100 km away and then I move 90 km/h if it's 90 km away. 80 km/h if it's 80 km away. Keep on slowing to match the distance. When will I arrive?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 09:07 AM PDT

What changes in a child's digestive system at around one year of age?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 01:48 AM PDT

There's lots of advice/rules in regards to feeding a baby. For example no honey because of the risk of botulism, no added sugar/salt etc. Most rules last until 1 year of age.

What changes after the one year mark? Is it just the body mass that's now enough? Or does the digestive system mature? Or do babies need to "assemble" a certain amount of bacteria to handle grown-up food?

submitted by /u/ntrontty
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What is Helium-3 and what can it be used for?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 05:01 AM PDT

I was scrolling about and then i saw this article that said India (?) was going to mine Helium-3 from the moon. Then i realized that i had no clue what Helium-3 is.

PS, I have no idea if chemistry is the right tag.

submitted by /u/HELLJUS
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How is classical mechanics recovered in the quantum canonical commutation relation?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 06:40 AM PDT

Classical physics emerges in the limit as hbar goes to zero. The quantum canonical commutation relation is [x,p]=ihbar while the classical one is [x,p]=1 so hbar going to zero clearly doesn't recover classical transformations. What's going on here?

submitted by /u/BAOUBA
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How do the scientists estimate mass of galaxies based on their brightness and colour?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 01:17 PM PDT

I've recently watched YouTube video called Dark Matter's Not Enough by The Royal Institution and I heard there the explanation of dark matter. Presenter said that dark matter idea came from discrepancy between two estimates: there seems to be 5x more mass in galaxies based on their rotation speed than when estimating mass based on their brightness. I know a little bit of science and I could image measuring mass based on rotation speed but you would need to know how large that galaxy really is, so that I imagine is a bit of a challenge. The bit that blew my mind was estimating galaxies mass based on star brightness. How such thing can even be possible and how can estimate measurement error for that? The 5x times discrepancy suggest to me that there might be huge error in there that is not accounted for, meaning that measurement may be incredible inaccurate.

submitted by /u/st1hy
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Does the curve of your eyeball have an impact on what you see?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 07:29 PM PDT

If something accelerates in the direction of its orbit, will the average speed increase or decrease?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:17 PM PDT

I understand that accelerating will result in a wider eclipse. But will the average speed be higher, lower or the same?

submitted by /u/wgroenning
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Are there any particles that don't interact with eachother at all?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 07:07 AM PDT

The phrase 'particle x interacts with particly y' is often used, and that got me thinking.. Do some combination of particles never interact with one another?

submitted by /u/RazomOmega
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Quantum computer hardware - how is it fabricated and how does it function?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 09:37 AM PDT

In comparison to regular computers that are made of transistors (semiconductors+metal), and function based on electric current or voltage, what are the physical means of generating qubits and reading/writing them?

submitted by /u/spacejockey8
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Why is cold fusion bullshit?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 01:16 PM PDT

I tried to read into what's known so far, but I'm a science and math illiterate so I've been trying to look for a simpler explanation. What I've understood so far (please correct me if I'm wrong) is that the original experiment (which if I'm not mistaken, was called the Fleischmann-Pons experiment) didn't have any nuclear reaction, and it was misleadingly media hyped in the same way the solar roadways and the self filling water bottle have been, so essentially a bullshit project that lead nowhere and made tons of false promises of a bright utopian future but appealed to the scientific illiterate. Like me! But I try to do my own research. I'm afraid I don't know anything about this field though, so I'm asking you guys.

Thanks to any of you that take your time to aid my curiosity and to the mods for approving my post, if they do! Have a nice day.


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Why does an electron and a proton have the same magnitude of charge even though the electron is a lot smaller than the proton?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:55 PM PDT

Where do neutrons come from? If the whole universe started as hydrogen which is just a proton and an electron, where did the neutrons come from when they fused into heavier elements?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 01:48 PM PDT

Some vegetables will cause sparks in a microwave. I have read that this will damage the magnetron, but I cannot find a description of the mechanism that would cause such damage. Is it true?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 10:08 AM PDT

Question: Which Genus(es) of mammals have the largest global range?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:48 PM PDT

I want to compare the MC1R sequence from different mammalian species that are somewhat localized at various geographic regions. I would like to look at species that belong to the same genus (a genus of which has good global coverage).

Any help would be appreciated, thanks.

submitted by /u/goodayniceday
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If the ISS didn't move but just hovered at its present altitude, would it still be zero gravity there?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 02:02 PM PDT

Why do propeller planes often have their wings located above the fuselage while jets have the wings located in the middle or below the fuselage?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:50 PM PDT

How does a perforated eardrum repair on its own?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:47 AM PDT

Struggling to find literature on how a perforated eardrum manages to heal on its own accord.

Does it constantly regenerate over time anyway?

submitted by /u/Worthinho
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Are there any materials that become softer when cooled and harder when heated?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 11:35 AM PDT

Materials made of iron for example become very soft and malleable when heated but extremely brittle and hard when cooled -- are there any materials that have the opposite effect?

submitted by /u/HighMans
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Since the perceived gravitational force at the center of the Earth is nearly nothing, is the center of the Earth experiencing time flowing faster relative to the surface of the Earth?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:46 AM PDT

Are the strong and weak forces consistent with relativity?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 03:03 PM PDT

I know that electromagnetism is consistent with relativity so that no changes are needed to the Maxwell's equations to make them true in any reference frame, not so for Newton's laws so they had to be fixed.

This raises the question if the other two forces are consistent with relativity as the electromagnetism is, or if they are not and they need to be fixed to.

I have been looking for a straight forward answer in wikipedia, physics forums and other sites, but I can't find it.

Thanks a lot

submitted by /u/Frigorifico
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What's the physical meaning of the constants in Cauchy's Equation?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:41 PM PDT

I'm taking a course in Electrodynamics, and we recently studied Cauchy's Equation for the refractive index, n = A + B/(l2).

I got that A is a dimensionless constant, and that B has unit of area, but what do they mean? How are they related to the properties of the material?

submitted by /u/UndercoverDoll49
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Are names only a human thing?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 10:53 AM PDT

I'm not sure if this even has a scientific explanation, but I'm very curious. Are humans the only species that has names for things/other living beings?

submitted by /u/brightscales08
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Arguments aside on whether quantum computing is possible or not, what sorts of cyber security issues would arise from data being stored in a quantum superposition?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:47 PM PDT