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Monday, April 24, 2017

Later this year, Cassini will crash into Saturn after its "Grand Finale" mission as to not contaminate Enceladus or Titan with Earth life. However, how will we overcome contamination once we send probes specifically for those moons?

Later this year, Cassini will crash into Saturn after its "Grand Finale" mission as to not contaminate Enceladus or Titan with Earth life. However, how will we overcome contamination once we send probes specifically for those moons?


Later this year, Cassini will crash into Saturn after its "Grand Finale" mission as to not contaminate Enceladus or Titan with Earth life. However, how will we overcome contamination once we send probes specifically for those moons?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:04 AM PDT

If friction causes particles to heat up, why do we use fans to blow air against ourselves to cool down, and how does that work?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 01:57 AM PDT

What should I even call this?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 06:46 AM PDT

Say a friend and I are standing on a planet with no mountains or canyons, totally flat. We stand on the equator and my friend holds an unbreakable string at one end. I take the other end and walk along the equator until I get back to him and he tensions the string and ties it together. Then he lets go. What would happen? Would the string hover off the ground or would it go slack and fall to the ground?

submitted by /u/TayTays_Thong_AMA
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How could the ITER infrastructure be used if the results are not the one people hoped for ?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 02:44 AM PDT

Does moving away from something at the speed of light create a still image?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 06:03 PM PDT

If you move away from something at the speed of light, then light can't catch up with you (correct?). Does this mean you see the same light that's in front of you over and over? Or does that light effectively disappear and you see nothing?

submitted by /u/13ananCr3aMu71n
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Do electrons have a directional orientation, or are they spherically symmetrical?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 01:18 AM PDT

Why does the Mars rover rely on Cleaning Events instead of having some sort of "windshield wipers" on the panels?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 02:39 PM PDT

Is today's Calvin & Hobbes word problem solvable?

Posted: 24 Apr 2017 06:39 AM PDT

Here is the link. I feel like there isn't enough information. Even if you assume the points are all on a line, there are at least two possible combinations that produce different answers:

C-----------A-----B

A-----B-----C

Thanks!

submitted by /u/DiabloCanyonOne
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Does roadkill select for wildlife that is more wary of humans?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 01:48 PM PDT

How are asteroids detected? What are the chances we would even know if an asteroid that's big enough to wipe out all of humanity is on course to strike us?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 06:53 PM PDT

If the valence electrons are in orbitals, what are the non valence electrons doing? Do they have orbitals? What might they look like?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 09:56 AM PDT

Thanks?

submitted by /u/wsba910am
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Why is regression calculated as the square of the difference instead of the absolute?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 09:25 AM PDT

Is this decision arbitrary or is there something fundamental going on here?

In a wider sense, I'm struggling with whether or not all of statistics is somewhat arbitrary and it something seeming to be useful is the reason things are calculated the way they are or whether things like the calculation of regression are settled on because of something more fundamental?

submitted by /u/grandpois
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How serious can the earthquakes resulting from wastewater injection sites be?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 01:18 PM PDT

Could you see a rainbow using artfical light?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 07:43 PM PDT

I heard it wasnt possible in a Flat Earth video and was wondering if the science checked out. So under controlled circumstances, Is it possible to see a rainbow (ark) useing an artifical light source if all the atmospheric conditions needed were met?

submitted by /u/Goldenbrownlung
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How does a photovoltaic radiator (like the one found on the ISS) work?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 02:29 PM PDT

i.e what are the physics behind it, assuming I understand photovoltaic principles.

submitted by /u/Rumsey_The_Hobo
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Is the Guanabana really this cancer curing fruit or is it all Dr. Oz type nonsense?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:43 AM PDT

Which transfers more heat to the mug, microwaving a 1/2 cup of water for a minute, or microwaving 1 cup for a minute?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:17 AM PDT

When I make coffee, I usually like to preheat the mug (to keep the coffee warm for longer) by filling it about halfway with water and microwaving it for a minute. This can usually raise the temperature of the water in the mug to about 85-90C, and the mug absorbs some of that heat.

Would I be better off microwaving a full mug? The water's temperature would be far lower, which means a smaller heat gradient, but there would be more surface area for the heat transfer to occur.

submitted by /u/Drunken_Economist
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What are the pros/cons of feed forward and feedback control systems?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 03:03 PM PDT

In subsonic flow, why does flow speed up in a converging nozzle?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 10:44 AM PDT

I've heard the mass conservation/mass flow rate explanation and that makes sense to me. What I really want to hear is both a Newtonian and energy explanation. I know there is some sort of pressure differential that drives this acceleration because of F=ma. But why does this pressure differential exist? Since it's converging, I would expect the fluid to be getting denser and denser towards a decreasing cross-sectional area. This would cause the fluid to experience a higher pressure ahead of it than behind it because the molecules are colliding more and more frequently. From this I would expect the flow to slow down if anything. Also, the flow is speeding up so where is it getting the energy to do this?

submitted by /u/thismightbememaybe
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Why are alpha particles always 2 protons and 2 neutrons?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 08:03 AM PDT

As I understand, in terms of radioactivity, when an unstable nucleus undergoes alpha decay, a helium nucleus is always emitted. I was wondering why they do not emit other combinations of nucleons, for example 3 protons and 3 neutrons or 1p and 2n etc..

submitted by /u/xkimlam
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Sunday, April 23, 2017

If my speed is 100 km/h and my destination is 100 km away and then I move 90 km/h if it's 90 km away. 80 km/h if it's 80 km away. Keep on slowing to match the distance. When will I arrive?

If my speed is 100 km/h and my destination is 100 km away and then I move 90 km/h if it's 90 km away. 80 km/h if it's 80 km away. Keep on slowing to match the distance. When will I arrive?


If my speed is 100 km/h and my destination is 100 km away and then I move 90 km/h if it's 90 km away. 80 km/h if it's 80 km away. Keep on slowing to match the distance. When will I arrive?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 09:07 AM PDT

What changes in a child's digestive system at around one year of age?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 01:48 AM PDT

There's lots of advice/rules in regards to feeding a baby. For example no honey because of the risk of botulism, no added sugar/salt etc. Most rules last until 1 year of age.

What changes after the one year mark? Is it just the body mass that's now enough? Or does the digestive system mature? Or do babies need to "assemble" a certain amount of bacteria to handle grown-up food?

submitted by /u/ntrontty
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What is Helium-3 and what can it be used for?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 05:01 AM PDT

I was scrolling about and then i saw this article that said India (?) was going to mine Helium-3 from the moon. Then i realized that i had no clue what Helium-3 is.

PS, I have no idea if chemistry is the right tag.

submitted by /u/HELLJUS
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How is classical mechanics recovered in the quantum canonical commutation relation?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 06:40 AM PDT

Classical physics emerges in the limit as hbar goes to zero. The quantum canonical commutation relation is [x,p]=ihbar while the classical one is [x,p]=1 so hbar going to zero clearly doesn't recover classical transformations. What's going on here?

submitted by /u/BAOUBA
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How do the scientists estimate mass of galaxies based on their brightness and colour?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 01:17 PM PDT

I've recently watched YouTube video called Dark Matter's Not Enough by The Royal Institution and I heard there the explanation of dark matter. Presenter said that dark matter idea came from discrepancy between two estimates: there seems to be 5x more mass in galaxies based on their rotation speed than when estimating mass based on their brightness. I know a little bit of science and I could image measuring mass based on rotation speed but you would need to know how large that galaxy really is, so that I imagine is a bit of a challenge. The bit that blew my mind was estimating galaxies mass based on star brightness. How such thing can even be possible and how can estimate measurement error for that? The 5x times discrepancy suggest to me that there might be huge error in there that is not accounted for, meaning that measurement may be incredible inaccurate.

submitted by /u/st1hy
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Does the curve of your eyeball have an impact on what you see?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 07:29 PM PDT

If something accelerates in the direction of its orbit, will the average speed increase or decrease?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:17 PM PDT

I understand that accelerating will result in a wider eclipse. But will the average speed be higher, lower or the same?

submitted by /u/wgroenning
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Are there any particles that don't interact with eachother at all?

Posted: 23 Apr 2017 07:07 AM PDT

The phrase 'particle x interacts with particly y' is often used, and that got me thinking.. Do some combination of particles never interact with one another?

submitted by /u/RazomOmega
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Quantum computer hardware - how is it fabricated and how does it function?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 09:37 AM PDT

In comparison to regular computers that are made of transistors (semiconductors+metal), and function based on electric current or voltage, what are the physical means of generating qubits and reading/writing them?

submitted by /u/spacejockey8
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Why is cold fusion bullshit?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 01:16 PM PDT

I tried to read into what's known so far, but I'm a science and math illiterate so I've been trying to look for a simpler explanation. What I've understood so far (please correct me if I'm wrong) is that the original experiment (which if I'm not mistaken, was called the Fleischmann-Pons experiment) didn't have any nuclear reaction, and it was misleadingly media hyped in the same way the solar roadways and the self filling water bottle have been, so essentially a bullshit project that lead nowhere and made tons of false promises of a bright utopian future but appealed to the scientific illiterate. Like me! But I try to do my own research. I'm afraid I don't know anything about this field though, so I'm asking you guys.

Thanks to any of you that take your time to aid my curiosity and to the mods for approving my post, if they do! Have a nice day.


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Why does an electron and a proton have the same magnitude of charge even though the electron is a lot smaller than the proton?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:55 PM PDT

Where do neutrons come from? If the whole universe started as hydrogen which is just a proton and an electron, where did the neutrons come from when they fused into heavier elements?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 01:48 PM PDT

Some vegetables will cause sparks in a microwave. I have read that this will damage the magnetron, but I cannot find a description of the mechanism that would cause such damage. Is it true?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 10:08 AM PDT

Question: Which Genus(es) of mammals have the largest global range?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:48 PM PDT

I want to compare the MC1R sequence from different mammalian species that are somewhat localized at various geographic regions. I would like to look at species that belong to the same genus (a genus of which has good global coverage).

Any help would be appreciated, thanks.

submitted by /u/goodayniceday
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If the ISS didn't move but just hovered at its present altitude, would it still be zero gravity there?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 02:02 PM PDT

Why do propeller planes often have their wings located above the fuselage while jets have the wings located in the middle or below the fuselage?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:50 PM PDT

How does a perforated eardrum repair on its own?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:47 AM PDT

Struggling to find literature on how a perforated eardrum manages to heal on its own accord.

Does it constantly regenerate over time anyway?

submitted by /u/Worthinho
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Are there any materials that become softer when cooled and harder when heated?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 11:35 AM PDT

Materials made of iron for example become very soft and malleable when heated but extremely brittle and hard when cooled -- are there any materials that have the opposite effect?

submitted by /u/HighMans
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Since the perceived gravitational force at the center of the Earth is nearly nothing, is the center of the Earth experiencing time flowing faster relative to the surface of the Earth?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:46 AM PDT

Are the strong and weak forces consistent with relativity?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 03:03 PM PDT

I know that electromagnetism is consistent with relativity so that no changes are needed to the Maxwell's equations to make them true in any reference frame, not so for Newton's laws so they had to be fixed.

This raises the question if the other two forces are consistent with relativity as the electromagnetism is, or if they are not and they need to be fixed to.

I have been looking for a straight forward answer in wikipedia, physics forums and other sites, but I can't find it.

Thanks a lot

submitted by /u/Frigorifico
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What's the physical meaning of the constants in Cauchy's Equation?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 04:41 PM PDT

I'm taking a course in Electrodynamics, and we recently studied Cauchy's Equation for the refractive index, n = A + B/(l2).

I got that A is a dimensionless constant, and that B has unit of area, but what do they mean? How are they related to the properties of the material?

submitted by /u/UndercoverDoll49
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Are names only a human thing?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 10:53 AM PDT

I'm not sure if this even has a scientific explanation, but I'm very curious. Are humans the only species that has names for things/other living beings?

submitted by /u/brightscales08
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Arguments aside on whether quantum computing is possible or not, what sorts of cyber security issues would arise from data being stored in a quantum superposition?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 06:47 PM PDT

Saturday, April 22, 2017

Is my stomach ever completely empty? And about how much fluid is in there without and food or drink?

Is my stomach ever completely empty? And about how much fluid is in there without and food or drink?


Is my stomach ever completely empty? And about how much fluid is in there without and food or drink?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 05:55 PM PDT

I'm curious as to what the neutral stomach fullness is. Like if I don't eat or drink for about 4 hours, what is in my stomach? I'm assuming it's some kind of acid but what's the amount that would be in there? Thanks.

submitted by /u/sleepless_mc
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Why is osmium (slightly) blue?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 05:45 PM PDT

Certain scientific papers state that osmium is a blue-coloured metal. I understand that gold and copper is distinctively coloured due to relativity (Although I am a bit hazy with copper because its nucleus is much lighter). But why is osmium blue? It is not prominently blue so I am quite certain it is not about relativity, but what could it be?

submitted by /u/Aethemeron
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What is really going on when I "sleep wrong" and wake up with a stiff neck?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 11:52 AM PDT

Are there "quantum calculations" that can make a quantum system take as long as an average supercomputer to solve?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 08:33 PM PDT

Also, will quantum computers make cryptocurrency obsolete? Is it possible the government already has quantum computers but hasn't revealed them to keep the advantage?

submitted by /u/1xexpertx1
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How is it possible that the strong coupling constant is greater than 1?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 11:38 PM PDT

I can't wrap my mind around this at all. Basically for strong interactions, the more complex the interaction, the more likely it is to happen. But you can always make an interaction more complex by adding more propagators which make it more likely to happen. Doesn't this make an average strong interaction an infinite order interaction? Does is max out eventually and the probability starts to decrease?

submitted by /u/BAOUBA
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What is the difference between kinetic energy and momentum?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 11:32 PM PDT

I appreciate they're calculated using different formulas, but I just can't visualise how they're different in my head

submitted by /u/light_dude38
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If light is a transverse wave, shouldn't all observers agree on the direction a travel for a photon?

Posted: 22 Apr 2017 01:54 AM PDT

In the classic thought experiment that illustrates time dilation, you have 2 mirrors one light second apart. Observer A says "Yup, it takes one second for the light to travel between these mirrors".

Observer B says "But wait, from my perspective, Observer A and the mirrors are traveling at .99C! It took like 1.4 seconds by my watch (because the light had to travel one light second, plus the distance that the mirrors moved in that time period), therefore time must be slower for Observer A".

My gut tells me that the Observers would NOT agree on the direction the wave was propagating, but I can't understand why. Does the wave appear to vibrate differently to the two Observers? Shouldn't they be able to agree what direction the light was vibrating in and thus be able to say what direction the light "was really going in"?

submitted by /u/nightmedic
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Is it a coincidence that the great majority of tectonic plate boundaries are in the ocean?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 02:11 PM PDT

Seems odd I guess that there arent continents being torn in half other than a few examples of small areas like California and east Africa.

Why aren't there land equivelants to the oceanic ridges, huge mountain ranges of activity and land formation?

submitted by /u/nilhaus
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When nucleons join together to form a nucleus the total mass is greater than their individual masses (the mass defect). How is the additional mass distributed between each of the nucleons?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 08:46 PM PDT

I understand that when nucleons join energy is converted to mass. But if an elementary proton or neutron has a fixed mass, where is this new, extra mass located? Is it divided up equally? Does it exist between the nucleons like glue? Or does it just hover randomly around the nucleus?

submitted by /u/ten_mile_river
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How entangled particles(electrons/photons) are created? And does any natural process is cosmos yield entangled particles?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 12:13 PM PDT

How does proton-antiproton annihilation work?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 12:51 PM PDT

Annihilation (matter-antimatter) made me think. Electron and Positron annihilate producing 2 gamma ray photons. I thought that this concept could also be applied to proton-antiproton annihilation. However, due to the quarks,gluons a proton contains (and the anti-versions of the antiproton), I've been reading different things. Some say that the proton-antiproton annihilation produces only gamma ray photons, some say that other particles like mesons are produced. What is the correct process? (If there is a "correct" process of course)

submitted by /u/Tesmkay
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Why can't we (or don't we) connect prosthetics to the nerves of the limb it attaches to?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 01:53 PM PDT

So to be more precise. Say someone looses their hand. The nerves controlling the muscles of the hand are still there in the arm. Thus we should be able to connect sensors to these nerves so that when the person tries to move their hand the sensors pick up the signals and send them to the prosthesis.

However I've never been able to find any prosthesis that seems to do anything like this. So my conclusion is we cannot do this. Now why is that so?

submitted by /u/plebhazard
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Is there a point in history that humans (or our genetic ancestors) became carnivorous?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 11:07 AM PDT

Are there any remnants of planets in our solar system that existed before our sun?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 11:37 AM PDT

How would we know, and how big can they be? How many solar births and deaths have they been through?

submitted by /u/frenzyboard
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What is the point of the Bonferroni adjustment?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 09:17 PM PDT

Hi guys, I'm currently taking a Stats course and my professor, unfortunately, skimmed over this topic. It seems important seeing as how there are several lecture slides on it, but none of them are making sense with me. Could someone explain the Bonferroni Adjustment's purpose? Why is it useful if it makes it more difficult to reject the null hypothesis?

submitted by /u/-Narble-
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[Astronomy] If You Were In the Middle of the Boötes Void, Would You Be Able to See Yourself/Anything or Tell If You Were Moving?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 11:31 AM PDT

I'm sitting here at my desk and have had a rush of questions about voids in space...

  1. If there's no stars within any reasonable distance - would the space around you be completely pitch black?

  2. If so, could a traveler within the void be able to tell if they were moving - if so, moving in respect to what?

  3. What would space appear to look like as you began to approach the edge of a void region from its center?

  4. Would it be small specks gradually emerging to something like the space we see from earth?

Bonus question: I know they're called black holes, but really they're black spheres right?

submitted by /u/amchaudhry
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What is most different about the English language today compared to English of George Washington's time, such as that in the Constitution and/or Declaration of Independence?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 07:24 AM PDT

How do soundwaves react to temperature?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 09:49 AM PDT

Imagine a room that has a microphone and a speaker. The same sound would be played in the same room. The only difference would be a different temperature. Would the microphone pick up exactly the same data?

submitted by /u/vallegs
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How do HEAT (High Explosive Anti-Tank) rounds know when they are approaching the target?

Posted: 21 Apr 2017 10:47 AM PDT

Articles about HEAT tank rounds explain in detail how they manage to penetrate the enemy tanks' armor. But, they never specify the method used to determine the distance to target (which has to be calculated precisely for the round to do its job).

So how do they do it? Do they use lasers? Radars? Simple timed fuses?

submitted by /u/ApeshitMadMuscovite
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