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Monday, April 17, 2017

How do split-brain patients manage coordinated motor tasks?

How do split-brain patients manage coordinated motor tasks?


How do split-brain patients manage coordinated motor tasks?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 07:47 AM PDT

I've read about how people, after a complete corpus callosotomy, can continue performing tasks requiring coordinated action from their right and left sides, e.g. running. Yet, if the brain hemispheres can not communicate directly, then in such cases, how does the coordination, or even the initiation of a gross action occur? Could it be like this:

Let's say there is a stimulus to run, e.g. a dinosaur comes chasing and both hemisphere fire, yet whichever side gets going first, the other side starts complementing it with a response that will keep the body balanced and running. E.g. If one side speeds up, the other either agrees and speeds up accordingly, or maybe it quarrels. But both sides know that it is in their interest to escape the velociraptor.

Essentially, I'd guess that the hemispheres' coordination is via the feedback that they receive from the already effectuated actions of their other half. Maybe this occurs on a subconscious level for both sides? Anyways, if true, I can't understand how it doesn't lead to massive problems, e.g. you see your Ex and one side want's to interact and the other wants to walk off. On the other hand, does the operation enable legitimate multitasking?

Finally, as a extra, is there any resolution for the debate on whether split brains constitute to 2 incomplete minds in 1 body? It seems reasonable to say, no? Sorry for the long post.

submitted by /u/infernotongue
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[physics] If a bullet is shot straight up in the air, how long does it hang motionless before returning? Can this length of time be measured?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 06:49 PM PDT

What does the blast site look like after a nuclear detonation in the middle of a mountain?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 04:53 PM PDT

North Korea has been testing nuclear devices in tunnels dug deep into a mountain. After a detonation, what does the blast site look like? Is it a large empty cavity? Is it a space filled with pulvarized rock?

Also, considering their nuclear devices are in the relatively low kiloton-range, what would a moderately sized megaton-range blast site look like?

submitted by /u/webby_mc_webberson
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Why do some places show a long-term decline in sea level and others a rise?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 08:38 PM PDT

There's a sea level monitoring site in Alaska that shows a long-term decline in sea level.

I don't understand how this can happen? If there is a global sea level rise shouldn't everywhere be rising?

Genuinely curious. Thanks.

submitted by /u/outbackdude
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If a bullet is shot straight into the air; how fast/dangerous will it be when it comes back down ?

Posted: 17 Apr 2017 05:17 AM PDT

So if I'm not wrong with this, it would be as fast as it was when fired if there was no air resistance. How much slower will it generally be in reality ? Is it still deadly ? How much damage can it still cause ?

submitted by /u/plusko
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Why is iron attracted to a magnet, but chromium isn't?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 08:09 AM PDT

(Below 38 degrees Celsius, at least.)

The explanation I've always gotten is, roughly, 'well, in chromium each atom pairs with another atom, cancelling out the magnetic field' (i.e. antiferromagnetism) - but this leaves a lot to be desired. Why do such pairings form in chromium but not in iron? And why do such pairings form in such a way to cancel out the magnetic field? On a large scale, it's energetically favorable for magnets to orient themselves such that their fields add - why is it any different on an atomic scale?

submitted by /u/PMOS-FTL
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Is there any validity to the claim that Epsom salts "Increase the relaxing effects of a warm bath after strenuous exertion"? If so, what is the Underlying mechanism for this effect?

Posted: 17 Apr 2017 07:43 AM PDT

This claim is printed in wide type on this box of ES we've got & I'm curious.

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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How much environmental impact does municipal solid waste have versus industrial waste?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 09:32 PM PDT

I can't seem to find any estimates or data about tonnage or environmental impact on industrial waste, what reason is there for this? How does industrial waste compare to municipal waste?

submitted by /u/_nightwatchman_
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Why, in String Theory, would other dimensions be curled up for us not to perceive them ?

Posted: 17 Apr 2017 02:27 AM PDT

String Theory suggests that there are more than 3 spatial dimensions. The proposed reason we don't see those dimensions are that they are "curled up" (Brian Greene uses the example of a hose or a cable that, viewed from afar, is a straight line, but to an ant it's something that can be walked over and around). However, in the famous "Flatland" thought experiment, the flatlanders have no perception of the 3rd dimension. Extrapolating from this, I don't understand the requirement of those extra dimensions to be curled up for us not to perceive them. We wouldn't perceive them simply because we don't exist in them. So what am I missing ?

submitted by /u/glaurent
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Can units of temperature be defined in terms of mass, length, and time?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 02:47 PM PDT

I have heard all fundamental quantities can be expressed as a measurement based on these 3 quantities (i.e. kilogram, metre, second). I was just wondering how exactly temperature can be represented in this way.

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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Is there a clear neurological distinction between addiction and just really wanting something, or are they on the same spectrum?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 12:25 PM PDT

Does that make sense?

And additionally, from a psychological point of view, are things like hunger and thirst similar to addictions, just beneficial rather than harmful?

submitted by /u/tjenatjenatjena
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Can someone please help me find the original paper about "Compton scattering"?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 10:02 AM PDT

Can someone please help me find the original paper about "Compton scattering" by Arthur holly compton? I can't find it for some reason, i would love to have a link to it!

submitted by /u/idoogy
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Can someone explain to me the vapor carburetor?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 06:11 PM PDT

How does a vapor carburetor make car that previously made 10mpg to 84mpg/us? (23.5215 to 2.80017 l/100km)

submitted by /u/Knightofjustice123
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How can a hole in superconductor contain magnetic flux?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 09:27 AM PDT

A WoPhO problem from here reads as follows:

A rectangular superconducting plate of mass m has four dentical circular holes, one near each corner, see figure. Each hole carries a certain magnetic flux (all the four fluxes are equal and of the same polarity). The plate is put on a horizontal surface which is also in a superconducting state. The magnetic push between the plate and the surface compensates the weight of the plate when the width of the air gap beneath the plate is dd, which is much smaller than the distance between the plate's and holes' edges (denoted by Δ in figure); dd is also much smaller than the radii of the holes. When the plate levitates in such a way above the support, the frequency of its small vertical oscillations is v. Next, a load of mass M is put on the plate, so that the load lays on the plate, and the plate levitates above the support. What is the new frequency v' of small vertical oscillations (when the load and plate together oscillate up and down)?

Maybe my question is stupid, but... how can a hole in superconductor carry a magnetic flux? Can it be explained this way: the superconductor was cooled to its critical temperature in the presence of appropriate magnetic field and it somehow remembers that magnetic field?

submitted by /u/virnoy
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Concerning the triangle as a musical instrument, and the sound(s) it emits, would a square or a circle or any other shape sound any different?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 10:32 AM PDT

What is it about the chemistry between humans/living creatures and mercury that can kill us?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 06:31 PM PDT

Title says it all really. What is going on chemically with mercury that it has the designation of 'toxic'? I mean, even contact with the skin can allow it into the body right? Does it act like a neurotoxin, does it ionised the electrons in the cell or something crazy? I know that virtual all heavy metals can cause poisoning, but they're not complex concoctions, they're the pure molecular form, and they just sent to wreak massive damage throughout the body

submitted by /u/MegaJackUniverse
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How is protein synthesis regulated spatially?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 09:58 PM PDT

Hey yall,

Sophomore Biology major here and I've been wondering exactly what function in the body makes it possible for certain cells in the body to produce proteins that other cells are unable to make. I know that there are tissue-specific promoters in our DNA, but I want to know how does a cell, for example, know that it is an beta islet cell in the pancreas and produce insulin versus an eye cell that makes alpha crystalline?

Thanks so much!

submitted by /u/efrs291
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How are proteins able to "know" what task to carry out?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 09:34 PM PDT

I understand that they form into particular shapes to allow various molecules through like the Na, K channels & pumps found in the axons of neurons that structurally can only let a particular type of ion through with very selective permeability, but how are some able to swim to where they need to go and carry out tasks? It's beyond me.

submitted by /u/SingularianNeuralNet
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Why are so many hybrids sterile?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 12:38 PM PDT

Shouldn't the problems with hybrids be spread over different sections of the genome? Rather than always in the genetic code for reproduction. Or different problems in different hybrid species rather than the same in all cases.

submitted by /u/Alaric_Silvertongue
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How does our body control how much blood flows into specific areas?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 12:10 PM PDT

If I hold my hand up for a minute or two, it becomes pale. If I do a handstand for a minute, my head becomes red. If I stand on my feet however, everything seems fine and I don't get troubles with not having enough blood in the upper parts of my body. How do we control that?

submitted by /u/SpiceNut
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Can ingestion of phenylalanine in sodas lead to conversion into tyrosine?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 02:56 PM PDT

So I was reading that tyrosine can be created by converting phenylalanine via phenylalanine hydroxylase. Can the phenylalanine used in diet sodas be used for this conversion? If someone drinks a lot of sodas including phenylalanine, could this lead to an excess of tyrosine?

submitted by /u/GabrielSH77
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Sunday, April 16, 2017

Why doesn't the brain filter out Tinnitus?

Why doesn't the brain filter out Tinnitus?


Why doesn't the brain filter out Tinnitus?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 01:20 PM PDT

I know that the brain filters out inputs after being present for too long (thus if you don't move your eyes AT ALL the room starts to fade to black). So why doesn't the brain filter out Tinnitus? It's there all the time.

submitted by /u/Baelfire_Nightshade
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[biology] why do most other mammals, and animals in general, have a litter of offspring, whereas humans only have 1 child?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 06:31 PM PDT

Does the aperture ratio matter when burning something with focused sunlight?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 06:32 AM PDT

I was doing a little experiment with camera lenses.

With 300mm f/4, the black tape started smoking almost immediately, but it seemed to me that 135mm f/2 lens was even faster with the smoke, despite the slightly smaller aperture opening.

Is it the size of the aperture or the fastness of the lens that dictates how quickly focused sunlight does damage to surface?

submitted by /u/jannne
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What causes pictures to appear discoloured after being in direct sunlight for years at a time?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 03:23 AM PDT

Just clearing out some old Xbox games and the logo on the side of them have turned blue after being in sunlight untouched for several years?

submitted by /u/notdanstevens
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How do we know the universe is (only) 13.8 billion years old?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 06:27 PM PDT

How do the supposed "color blind glasses" return color vision to an individual?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 04:08 PM PDT

Do they do so at all? Is it a scam? Or do they just emulate a color that cannot be seen in terms of another color? I would imagine that if the cones for a color are not present, simply having glasses wouldn't accomplish anything.

submitted by /u/Xalteox
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What is the easiest way to conceptualize the expansion of the universe if it has no center?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 05:49 PM PDT

Whats the change in entropy when a kettle heats water, and the water is allowed to cool down?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 05:54 AM PDT

When a 1kW kettle heats water at 20 degrees Celsius (293K) for 10s the entropy of the water increases by 34JK-1

And on cooling for 10 mins, 10kJ of the heat is transferred to the surroundings increasing its entropy by 34JK-1

What is the total entropy change?

submitted by /u/Batatta
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If waves can be disrupted through destructive interference, and light travels in waves... Why can't we disrupt light?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 12:39 AM PDT

I used to work with communications equipment in my last job. One of the things you could do to radio waves was broadcast at the inverse frequency to disrupt the signal. You can do similar things with sound, Wi-Fi etc. But why can't we do this with light? Is it possible?

submitted by /u/JC537
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Do Massless Particles Occupy Space?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 08:47 PM PDT

Anything With Mass Occupies Space, Photons Have No Mass And Travel At C. They Do exist, But do they Occupy Space?

submitted by /u/rohanrz
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Given a known velocity and location how can one predict the equation of an objects orbit?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 08:42 PM PDT

I am wondering how to predict the shape and equation for an orbit assuming you know:

  • the mass of the planet
  • the mass of the object orbiting (probably small and irreverent)
  • Velocity of object
  • Location of object relative to the planet

I am pretty sure that it is possible but I could not find an equation online that I could understand.

Thanks in advance

submitted by /u/Eeli100
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Could the expansion of the universe "contain" the possible vacuum decay bubble?

Posted: 16 Apr 2017 03:52 AM PDT

Kurzgesagt's video on vacuum decay: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijFm6DxNVyI&t=294s

Unless I'm completely mistaken, isn't the expansion of the universe happening at speeds over the speed of light depending on the distance between the two objects? Could this mean that if the vacuum decay bubble happened at a distance far enough from us that the expansion of the universe could prevent the vacuum decay bubble from ever reaching us?

submitted by /u/Tomstefer
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Can any organisms see non-electromagnetic radiation?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 09:19 AM PDT

Some examples would be cosmic rays, neutron radiation, alpha radiation, beta radiation, muon radiation, and antimatter radiation.

Some related questions: How is non-electromagnetic radiation detected, and would it ever be evolutionarily beneficial?

submitted by /u/StarlightDown
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Is it (or theoretically possible) to penetrate a virtual machine to access the underlying software/hardware, and if so, wouldn't this cause utter chaos in the cloud business?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 01:47 PM PDT

Sorry about accidentally a word, English is not my first language and I don't think it's editable.

submitted by /u/Shelleen
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From an evolutionary standpoint, why do we have temporary "baby teeth" that then fall out?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 08:06 AM PDT

Is there more pressure on aquaduct pillars while a boat is going over it? (Pic included)

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 11:53 AM PDT

Like in this picture.

Would there be more pressure on the pillars underneath the aquaduct?

Something tells me that the water distributes the weight properly, while something else tells me that at that very moment, more pressure is being put on the pillars.

submitted by /u/OuweDorper
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Has there been any new development with rail gun technology? Is it a viable place to put money if you are a government researching weapons?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 03:27 PM PDT

I was listening to NDT talk about kinetic kills when a projectile travels so fast it releases more energy than it would if it were launched slower with a payload.

I googled "rail gun" and looked around but are there any scientific journals or studies going on with this subject lately?

submitted by /u/Epitome_of_Vapidity
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why are chemicals named in the order they are, e.g. Hydrogen Peroxide, or Potassium Nitrate?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 01:49 PM PDT

What are the chances of the graviton materialising if we can build a higher energy collider than CERN?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 10:02 AM PDT

Will comic microwave background look different if I observe it far away from the current position of earth (1000 ly, 1mil ly, 1bil ly)?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 06:00 PM PDT

Saturday, April 15, 2017

Does reading fiction increase empathy, or are empathic people more likely to read fiction?

Does reading fiction increase empathy, or are empathic people more likely to read fiction?


Does reading fiction increase empathy, or are empathic people more likely to read fiction?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 03:03 AM PDT

Most research I've stumbled across said something about reading fiction improving empathy, but some people say it's the other way around. Which one causes the other? Or are they both false?

submitted by /u/Aravoid0
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What exactly changes in your brain to make you start feeling very sleepy? Less energy, different mix of neurochemicals, slower metabolism, etc?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 06:15 AM PDT

Wikipedia offers this sentence:

Process S is driven by the depletion of glycogen and accumulation of adenosine in the forebrain that disinhibits the Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, allowing for inhibition of the ascending reticular activating system.

...which seems at least on-target. But there must be still more going on and better ways of explaining it.

submitted by /u/OdysseusPrime
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Does breast size correlate to potential milk production? Or are large breasts more like fat stocks for famines?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 02:05 PM PDT

I know breasts get larger during pregnancy, so is that when the milk production really begins? Are breasts otherwise dormant?

If they're for energy reserves, do large breasts protect the individual from famine, or is that fat reserved for potential offspring?

submitted by /u/mtattyt
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Do other primates have the same "fetal position" as humans?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 07:38 PM PDT

Is there a biological/chemical difference in the body of a human being the instant before death-by-old-age and the instant afterwards?

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 03:18 AM PDT

How does water become super clear in the wild? What happens to suspended solids, algae, and plankton?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 04:44 PM PDT

There's a photo that showed up on the front page that showed crystal clear water in a stream (http://imgur.com/kmfy5Um ); some of you may have seen images of the water off the coast of the Maldives, which is so clear row boats in the water look like they're floating in air. How does water get this clear without filtration and sterilization in the wild? Why doesn't algae and other life and biological residues fill it up and make it cloudy? In the case of the Maldives, aren't there plankton in the water? In the case of the stream in Sweden linked above, you can see dead grass in the water; if it flowed there across any sort of land and if the stream or pond has dead plant matter in it, why hasn't it carried suspended biological residues into the water? (And lastly, is it possible to simulate those processes for man-made ponds?)

submitted by /u/Berkamin
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Humans have 'friendly' bacteria that live in their gut. There are four dominant phyla present. How did they get there? If it was based on diet, surely people from different parts of the world would have different bacteria in their gut?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 01:53 PM PDT

Why are African-Americans overrepresented amongst the oldest people ever?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 11:05 PM PDT

Looking at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_men and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_people a strikingly high proportion of supercentenarians seem to have been African American (plus Violet Brown, Jamaican, the 6th oldest person ever, and James Sisnett, Barbadian, 14th oldest man ever). Has this ever been investigated?

submitted by /u/Lipno
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My local highway passes through farmland, and a lot of flying bugs die hitting our windshields. By killing all these bugs, could our cars be exerting evolutionary pressure? Note: there is a grass median between the north & south lanes -- a sort of island ecosystem.

Posted: 15 Apr 2017 01:40 AM PDT

Second time asking (with revised text) because no answers the first time.

submitted by /u/thefourthchipmunk
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What is the physics of snapping your fingers?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 06:28 PM PDT

I mean, what is it that actually causes the snap sound? Is it your fingers vibrating? Or is it the force of your finger hitting your palm?

submitted by /u/CombativeCanuck
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How do newborns, human and non-human, know to look at the eyes when looking at another living thing?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 11:23 AM PDT

How do cells stick together?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 09:27 AM PDT

We are formed of tissues that can be fairly strong! We can't for example take a handfull of our cells easily. How do they stick so well together?

submitted by /u/livediekill
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How are quantum tunneling in stars and their weight associated with each other?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 04:45 PM PDT

Hey askscience!

So today a friend asked me about the nuclear fusion inside the sun, and I gave the explanation that it occurs in the sun's core due to the sheer pressure within itself that allows the helium atoms to overcome the coulomb force and fuse together into helium.

I know that that is at least inaccurate, but since I can't explain quantum tunneling appropriately and I have heard so many versions of the explanation I chose to give all over, I thought it would be best to mistrust my gut feeling and gave the answer mentioned above.

So is my answer widely false or just inaccurate? Is there just a correlation between the sun's mass and quantum tunneling (i.e. lots of protons necessary for quantum tunneling having the effect you can observe every day = lots of protons to make up all that mass) or is there a bit of causation as well (i.e. the mass is helping quantum tunneling to Some extent)?

Edit: also yeah, should be 'mass' instead of 'weight' in the title

submitted by /u/Remarqueable
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Is the ISS really at orbital height if it needs routine re-boosting?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 10:35 AM PDT

moments after the big bang, if all matter was inside the swarzchild radius, why didn't gigantic black hole form?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 12:09 PM PDT

What is it about microwaving plastic packaging that makes it unsafe?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 01:07 PM PDT

I microwaved a soy sauce packet in my food container and I don't know if it's safe to eat the food now?

submitted by /u/TzucciMane
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How is an action potential generated in the nerve receptor cells of the nose?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 01:34 PM PDT

If clothes are made of 100% cotton, and cotton is an organic plant, why don't clothes mold, spoil, decompose (rapidly), etc. like any other plant would?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 09:06 AM PDT

I know we obviously wash them in chemicals after wearing them, but what's to stop the organic nature of them from doing just that (turning into a mushy, smelly mess, like dead flowers left in a vase?)

submitted by /u/browncm28
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Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder and Melatonin. What are the cellular interactions and/or mutations that cause the disorder?

Posted: 14 Apr 2017 11:58 AM PDT

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) fall under an umbrella of disorders that are caused by alterations to the circadian rhythms within the body. Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) is a several hour delay in the sleep/wake cycle associated with CRSD. This is the most common occurring CRSD and can result from a multitude of psychological and social disorders.

I am struggling to find information on mutations within the structures/processes of the pathway that causes the disorder to present in patients suffering from DSPD. I understand the genetic component of the disorder and the relevance of CLOCK genes. Would anyone be able to elaborate on the cellular pathway involved with CRSD or DSPD specifically?

submitted by /u/brokebiochemkid
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