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Tuesday, April 11, 2017

Does pupil constriction only happen when your eye is exposed to light in the visible spectrum?

Does pupil constriction only happen when your eye is exposed to light in the visible spectrum?


Does pupil constriction only happen when your eye is exposed to light in the visible spectrum?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:27 AM PDT

How do lasers measure the temperature of stuff?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 03:27 PM PDT

Can we say that the molecular formula of a compound shows that exact ratio of atoms of elements in it?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 09:43 AM PDT

Why does water conduct AC better than DC?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 06:55 AM PDT

It is a fairly common notion that AC can pass through water at lower voltage than DC can. I tried to prove this notion by passing AC and DC through some regular tap water. Link to the spreadsheet: https://gyazo.com/bc8f212d9f4575f3e35886a4effd1b85

In the graph, the blue line is DC, the yellow one is AC at 50Hz and the red one at 500Hz. The voltages are, despite the the markings in the screenshot, in millivolts.

The experiment was carried out with regular volt meters and a power supply that can output fairly decent DC and AC at different frequencies. And it shows that water does, in fact, conduct AC better than DC.

Why is that, however? Is it due to the ions, impurities, in the water or do the features of water molecules cause this? Could polarity have anything to do with this?

submitted by /u/aero_ch
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Does gravity affect sound waves (or other types of waves)?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 04:35 PM PDT

Why does music make my hair stand on end and my skin feel all tingly?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 08:06 AM PDT

I understand that the brain is very good at recognising patterns, and music is simply a pattern filled audio input to the brain, but why do certain solos, certain riffs, certain instruments make it feel like my heart swells, a mini burst of energy floods into my legs as I'm walking and everything goes tingly from my head and down my arms.

submitted by /u/MegaJackUniverse
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When a star explodes are the elements it has created, through nuclear reactions, distributed evenly?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 12:39 PM PDT

If I understand correctly all the elements we see around us were created in the nuclear reactions within stars. So when a star explodes does it send out those elements in a predictable pattern? For example, do iron atoms get shot out further than oxygen atoms? Are there distribution tables that show the likelihood of planets containing certain elements based on the distance they form from stars. If so are planets that form further out from their stars more likely to contain certain elements? Is this why Earth and Mars have so much H20 but other planets don't seem to have much H2O?

submitted by /u/x62617
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When i put a strong flashlight in my mouth my cheeks glow. What's happening? Are photons traveling through my skin?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 06:34 AM PDT

Is chocolate actually poison to dogs? If so, why?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 10:12 AM PDT

Growing up we're always taught the chocolate is just about the worst thing you can feed to a dog. However, my dog (a roughly 8 year old black lab mix) has gotten into her fair share of chocolate in her days. She has never once gotten sick from it.

Somebody please explain to me if this chocolate rule is just a myth or if there are exceptions. What reason do we have to believe that chocolate causes dogs harm in the first place?

submitted by /u/Z-Fishizzle
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In fusion reactors, how do they use magnets to control the heat?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 12:08 PM PDT

Can electrical circuits make noise?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 09:08 PM PDT

My laptop (UX305C) doesn't use a fan nor a mechanical hard drive, but I hear a very soft kind of zzz - zz -zzz noise in especially quiet environments. What might be the cause of this?

Edit: sorry, the title should say "sound."

submitted by /u/Senrinn
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Isn't convection just conduction through a fluid medium?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:29 AM PDT

Title says it all really. I was told there were three methods of heat transfer: conduction, radiation and convection.

It seems to me convection is just a convenient way to model heat transfer and fluid mechanics, but the actual heat energy must be transferring via conduction and radiation.

submitted by /u/APleasantLumberjack
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Why do electrons come in pairs?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 01:19 PM PDT

A lot of chemistry talks about bonding pairs, lone pairs etc., but is there a specific reason why they don't come in threes or more? Also I have read about electron spin, but I'm still rather unsure about what that actually means.

submitted by /u/xkimlam
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Is it possible to measure magnetic field strength? What is it measured in?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 01:47 AM PDT

Title. Is there a name for magnetic field strength (like how current is measured in amps)?

Bonus: what is the average strength of an audio cassette tape? Hard drive? Loud speaker magnet?

submitted by /u/crazyman50000
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Can one use microwaves from satellites to melt the iron core of mars in an attempt to reactivate the magnetic field?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 12:45 AM PDT

Sorry, im not a very educated man when it comes to physics. Im guessing the mantle is too thick and it would need too much energy but in theory, can this work?

submitted by /u/etinbs
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Why can't cars reach 300mph?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 07:05 AM PDT

I read that the Bugatti Chiron has an engine powerful enough to do so but it can't? Why is this?

submitted by /u/tenletters124
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Can someone explain the solution of the Monty Hall problem?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 10:43 AM PDT

Suppose you're on a game show, and you're given the choice of three doors: Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say No. 1, and the host, who knows what's behind the doors, opens another door, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, "Do you want to pick door No. 2?" Is it to your advantage to switch your choice?

PS The answer is- Switch

submitted by /u/meethil9
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What natural phenomenon used to occur back in prehistoric times that we wouldn't see now?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 09:43 AM PDT

[Computing] Does streaming a YouTube video use the same amount of cell data as downloading the entire thing?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:05 PM PDT

Title. For example if I streamed a normal YouTube video, would I use more or less data streaming it compared to downloading it with say: YouTube Red?

submitted by /u/HPA_m33k
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When you heat an unstable isotope, does it decrease its half-life time and does the opposite happen when you cool it?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 03:20 PM PDT

What geological processes formed Vulcan Point Island in the Philippines?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:37 AM PDT

Are there any species that have more than 2 genders? If so, how would reproduction work for them?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 05:22 PM PDT

Why doesn't the phase of the moon change when it's in the sky overnight?

Posted: 11 Apr 2017 05:47 AM PDT

As the moon orbits around the Earth, and the Earth rotates on it's axis, why doesn't the moon's phase change (ex: go from full to crescent) when in the sky overnight?

submitted by /u/adamarchitect
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Has an animal ever evolved some kind of wheel-like feature for efficient transportation?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:18 PM PDT

Monday, April 10, 2017

On average, and not including direct human intervention, how do ant colonies die? Will they continue indefinitely if left undisturbed? Do they continue to grow in size indefinitely? How old is the oldest known ant colony? If some colonies do "age" and die naturally, how and why does it happen?

On average, and not including direct human intervention, how do ant colonies die? Will they continue indefinitely if left undisturbed? Do they continue to grow in size indefinitely? How old is the oldest known ant colony? If some colonies do "age" and die naturally, how and why does it happen?


On average, and not including direct human intervention, how do ant colonies die? Will they continue indefinitely if left undisturbed? Do they continue to grow in size indefinitely? How old is the oldest known ant colony? If some colonies do "age" and die naturally, how and why does it happen?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 07:14 PM PDT

How does "aging" affect the inhabitants of the colony? How does the "aging" differ between ant species?

I got ants on the brain!

submitted by /u/Unoewho
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Why is Radioactive Iodine in the treatment of Thyroid Cancer administered orally as a pill rather than through IV?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 02:04 PM PDT

I'm trying to understand the rationale and reason for why radioactive iodine therapy used to treat thyroid cancer is administered orally as a pill rather than as an IV directly into the blood.

From what I understand, thyroid cells are the only cells of the body which will readily absorb iodine - thus making this radiation a very safe form as it won't damage other cells. But as the RAI is taken as a pill, the radiation irritates the stomach lining and salivary glands, causing nausea and vomiting as a side effect.

Wouldn't having an RAI infusion avoid that particular side effect?

submitted by /u/Heterozygoats
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Why do some animals have shorter lifespans than others? What keeps humans live for ~80 years versus a cat for only ~15 years?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 09:38 PM PDT

If beings want to be alive for as long as possible, why would some die faster than others (We're also talking dying by an animal's "old age")? What keeps a human to be considered younger longer than animals with shorter lifespans?

submitted by /u/FireThePyro
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Why are things like vanilla extract advised NOT to be stored in the fridge, and away from light?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 04:23 AM PDT

Can someone please give a scientific explanation, perhaps in terms of the molecules? I can't find any scientific reasoning anywhere!

Much appreciated :)

submitted by /u/yeahrightthanks
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Has there been any known examples of non-valence electrons being used in a chemical bond?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 02:15 AM PDT

How close to the galactic center would I need to be to see orbiting systems moving with the naked eye?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:11 AM PDT

Sure I can see satellites moving across the sky, but how close to the center of the Galaxy would I need to be to see systems/stars moving across the sky with the naked eye?

submitted by /u/brendan87na
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Do passing photons attract each other gravitationally?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 04:53 PM PDT

What's the texture of our bones like?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 09:10 PM PDT

Assuming that I've never broken a bone, are all my bones smooth? Or are they rough/scratched?

submitted by /u/gureum
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I know that a certain percentage of adults who were diagnosed with ADHD tend to "grow out of it" as they reach adulthood. Is the reason simply that they were misdiagnosed?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:02 PM PDT

If breast milk contains Lymphocytes how come breast feeding babies don't have Graft vs Host Disease ?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:23 PM PDT

Immunology will forever be a mystery to me. Just reviewed heme onc and realized that there are lymphocytes in breast milk, usually this would mean bad news (GvH. TA-GvHD) but somehow breast feeding babies are fine?

submitted by /u/Alcoholic_Gingerbeer
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Why is mitochondria only passed down through the mother?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:16 PM PDT

Why doesn't naloxone/naltrexone block endorphins?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:32 PM PDT

In other words: Why don't opiate free people experience some sort of withdrawal-like symptoms (or dysregulation syndrome) from opioid antagonists like naltrexone?

Background: Neuro and pharmacology student.

Recently I found out a friend of my is taking Vivotrol (naltrexone). I was a bit shocked to find that he seemed utterly normal in every way. His eating's fine, sleep fine, exercise fine. No apparent catastrophic anhedonia, deathly anxiety, or loss of the will to live that is characteristic of opioid withdrawal. Not even a little bit of anything that would suggest that. Huh.

This is slightly strange as pharmacology goes. Scopolamine produces the opposite effects of arecoline in a normal person. Quetiapine will make you less psychotic whether you're on methamphetamine or not, even if that just means making you sleepy. It raises the question (not begs the question people) of why Vivotrol is not a weapons-grade torture drug (that would be scary!).

I've asked professors this and they don't seem to have a clue. One told me he believes opioid agonists, antagonists, and endorphins bind at the same site on the mu-opioid receptor, but he didn't seem too sure, so feel free to correct.

Now I have one small clue as to the answer. In my understanding (again feel free to correct) whether an agonist or an antagonist overpowers the other is mostly due to binding affinity, to a lesser extent intrinsic activity. I imagine some nebulous steric property of receptor proteins may also be at play. I gather that these two properties are also important in determining potency. Anyway, here it claims that beta-endorphin has at least 18x the analgesic potency of morphine. It also claims that it is blocked by naloxone. Interesting to say the least. If beta-endorphin has a potency closer to some of the weaker fentanyl analogues than it goes to say that perhaps only a large dose of naloxone can reverse it's effects, much like fentanyl, and that perhaps a standard dose of naltrexone cannot.

This brings us to one answer I've heard before (and at least needs more explaining): "Well, if you aren't in pain then you don't need endorphins" or something to that effect. This answer seems a little naive. From what I understand most transmitters/hormones etc are found in fluctuating amounts in the body but are not either there or totally absent. Yes I know how action potentials work, no I don't mean that.

Since your body is constantly being damaged and being repaired to some extent, as well as the fact that pain in the absence of corresponding stimuli is a thing, I'd assume that pain, perhaps of a potentially debilitating degree, is constantly suppressed by your nervous system. Thus it would seem reasonable that endorphins and the like are there, on the macroscopic scale, at all times to some degree.

I understand directly supporting an answer may be difficult. A sound argument perhaps with circumstantial evidence would do in that case.

Bonus Questions

Is it likely possible that a drug capable of "causing opiate withdrawal in normal people" could be developed?

If so how would it differ from current opioid antagonists?

What about the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil (I'd imagine not)? Other GABA-blockers?

Thank you for your time.

submitted by /u/cryptictryptich
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How is information coded in fiber optic cables?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 11:13 AM PDT

I've been wondering how a single fiber in an optical cable can carry so much information. How is it coded? As pulses? Does the light change wavelength to code information?

submitted by /u/prithnator
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Why are there no small aquatic mammals?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:58 PM PDT

The smallest I can think of are others. Meanwhile there are fish and amphibians that are super small, and lots of small land mammals.

submitted by /u/thewrittenrift
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Why are all medicines that relieve pain also reduce fever?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 11:54 PM PDT

Is the same part of our brain that control pain sensory also control body temperature?

submitted by /u/junkgle
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How long ago did humans colonize the planet? How were people able to get to places like Australia and Greenland?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 05:05 PM PDT

I recently read an article about a village found in British Columbia that is estimated to be over 14,000 years old. It got me wondering at what period in time were there civilizations on all the continents there are on today.

submitted by /u/jboogie18
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How does an atom absorb or emit light?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 06:40 PM PDT

What happens when a photon reaches the electrons orbiting an atom? What is the mechanism of 'absorption', and what happens to the properties (such as energy or wavelength) of a photon when it is absorbed?

Similarly, how does emission occur and what determines how much time passes between absorption and emission?

submitted by /u/HK_Aorta
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How do antiinflammatory drugs work? How do they know there is an inflammation? Do they de-flammate the entire body?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 02:54 AM PDT

What would be the environmental impact of eradicating mosquitoes entirely?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 08:07 AM PDT

Just a High School Question; we learn in chem that each element when excited releases a certain wavelength of light. Why does the sun release the whole spectrum evenly when it doesn't contain all elements?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 02:14 AM PDT

Please keep to 'high school friendly' phrases! This really confused our class/teacher.... Thanks!

submitted by /u/Juiciestmilk
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How is momentum conserved in a Gauss Rifle?

Posted: 10 Apr 2017 12:54 AM PDT

It seems that the ejecting steel ball has gained momentum and that momentum hasn't been conserved at all in this system. Both the incoming steel ball and the outgoing steel ball have the same mass but different velocities so when you calculate momentum using mass*velocity, won't the momentum values for each ball be different and therefore momentum isn't conserved in this system?

EDIT: I am referring to this setup here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiSd91sLtS4

The slight difference for my case is that the magnet is held in place so there is no recoil

submitted by /u/Kixro
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How come miRNA/siRNA are not degraded in the cytosol by exonucleases?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 08:14 PM PDT

I'm taking a genetics course and we talked about mRNA transcription and about mRNA processing (5' cap, the Poly A tail, splicing, etc) and how it helps prevents the degredation of the mRNA from 5' and 3' exonucleases. However, when we talked about RNA interference, we learned that miRNA starts off with having a Cap and Poly-A tail (pri-miRNA) but they are removed by the Microprocessor complex (turning into pre-miRNA).

How come pri-miRNA, pre-miRNA are able to "float" around in the cytosol without getting destroyed by things like the 5' and 3' exonucleases immediatly? Or is RNA interferance a process of chance and the miRNAs are able to bind to RISC before they are destroyed?

submitted by /u/v1c1ous0dst
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Sunday, April 9, 2017

What keeps wi-fi waves from traveling more than a few hundred feet or so, what stops them from going forever?

What keeps wi-fi waves from traveling more than a few hundred feet or so, what stops them from going forever?


What keeps wi-fi waves from traveling more than a few hundred feet or so, what stops them from going forever?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 10:43 PM PDT

When dogs of different colors breed their descendants can have patches of either color instead of a mixture. Why does that not happen on humans?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 11:45 AM PDT

I'm reading a story where people with different hair colors have kids the kids have hair in both colors (black with strands of blond) instead of a mixture of the colors (brown), similar to what happens in dogs and other animals.

Why does that not happen to us? What causes it in other mammals?

submitted by /u/fassina2
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What happens in the brain when a deaf (from birth) person reads?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 06:50 PM PDT

I was thinking about how when I read silently to myself, I "hear" the words I'm reading in my head. When I read the word "window" I "hear" it, know what it is, and continue on. I don't "see" in my mind's eye a picture of a window unless I need to (e.g. to solve a puzzle I might picture various kinds of windows).

Then I wondered, for someone who has never heard the the pronunciation of the word or know what it sounds like, what happens when they read the word "window"? Do they picture it in their mind's eye or does something else entirely different take place?

submitted by /u/stymiedcoder
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For exoplanets to be discovered using transit photometry, do they have to be in line with earth(does the planet have to pass between earth and its star)? If so, does this mean that planets that orbit in a plane where they don't pass between the earth and its star are undetectable?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 05:33 AM PDT

Are there any phenomena or patterns in the physical world which behave discontinuously (in a mathematical/topological sense)?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 07:09 AM PDT

2nd-ary question: Is there a good reason from physics or philosophy which explains why continuity succeeds so well in describing real-world phenomena?

submitted by /u/alkalijane
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Is there any particle that has no antiparticle-or is a particle with no antiparticle a possibility? Also, can anyone tell me what the difference is between a positive and negative electric charge/baryonic number and how it works etc, etc.

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 02:42 AM PDT

I've heard that Photons are their own antiparticles but other than that is a particle with no antiparticle a possibility or does one exist. Also, what is the difference between positive and negative electric charge and baryonic numbers. What are they. And what causes them?

submitted by /u/GrapeKushDreamer
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How is a length contracted planet still in hydrostatic equilibrium?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 01:33 AM PDT

From an observer A stationary compared to earth, earths hydrostatic equilibrium is an almost spherical shape. In this shape, the electrical forces that pushes the atoms apart are the same as the gravitational forces that pushes them together (loosely speaking).

An observer B moving very fast compared to earth will see earth length contracted, so it could in extreme cases be some kind of disc shape. This point of view should be physically equally valid. So from that point of view, hydrostatic equilibrium of earth will be this disc shape. Electric forces that push atoms apart and gravitational forces that push them together are still balancing each other out, just that this balance now causes earth to be in a very weird shape. So what is different about the earths matter, the electric forces or the gravitational forces, that causes hydrostatic equilibrium to be such a weird shape?

I assume that probably every single atom is also length contracted. But how? The charge of the nucleus and the charge of the electron are still the same from B's point of view. So if he solves the schroedingers equation for that system, he would still get approximately spherical Orbitals, not disc-shape Orbitals.

submitted by /u/N_las
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In the double and single slit experiment how small does the slit have to be before we notice the diffraction and interference patterns?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 02:45 PM PDT

Does it depend on the radius of the beam of light as well?

submitted by /u/SweetSweetKarmaTrain
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What happens when a charged black hole evaporates?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 07:13 PM PDT

BG: Black holes emit Hawking radiation, as photons, and the smaller the black hole the more it radiates until it finally disappears.

What would happen if you fed a micro black hole electrons to give it a charge, then allowed it to evaporate? Photons can't carry a charge... Would some particles be left behind?

submitted by /u/o0shad0o
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Can Moons Have Rings?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 03:35 PM PDT

Do photons exert force on objects?

Posted: 09 Apr 2017 07:13 AM PDT

Would repetitive consumption of a incredibly hot pepper (Carolina Reaper, etc.) eventually yield lesser physical response?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 06:31 PM PDT

[Mathematics] The l_2 norm can be defined in a basis independent fashion, can other l_p norms be defined in this way?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 05:04 PM PDT

So I have a question I think I should've known from basic courses, but now I can't seem to find an answer anywhere.

Say you have a vector space V, and assume that it is an inner product space (which for any physically meaningful situation I guess one can give V this structure). Then, the l_2 norm can be defined via the inner product without ever referring to a basis.

Can one do this for other l_p norms? In particular, can one do this for the l_1 norm? What additional structure (such as the inner product in the l_2 case) does one need to be able to define the l_1 norm in a basis independent way?

submitted by /u/fuckwatergivemewine
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In carbon dating, why do we assume that the ratio of Carbon 14 and 12 in the atmosphere has always been the same? (or for the last 60,000 years)

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 10:17 AM PDT

I'm not particularly scientifically literate, so please excuse me if my question doesn't make sense.

submitted by /u/GuyRichard
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Why do things spinning clockwise give off the illusion of spinning the opposite way after a few seconds?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 06:19 PM PDT

Came to mind because I was spinning a fidget spinner :)

submitted by /u/PooPooMan6969
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How did Humans in the past know that a specific organ does this specific function in the body?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 08:18 AM PDT

How were we able to discover that the brain is the organ that controls most of the activities of the body? Without the present technology that we have, How were people in the past able to tell that brain is a most important organ? (Was it because they observed some person got hurt on the head and his whole body and mental health got affected ? ) Because before technology Just not the brain but also other organs.. And more important than this , How were they able to come up with medicines ? How did they know that this specific herb would cure this disease?

submitted by /u/hari2897
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How do we construct quantum logic gates?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 09:21 AM PDT

I can sort of imagine how a NOT gate could be constructed. But a controlled not gate (that does not involve a classical measurement) seems harder. And a phase rotation gate is hard for me to imagine. What process do we have that simply serves to rotate the complex phase of a wavefunction?

submitted by /u/EnshaednK
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Does every living thing need to have DNA?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 11:53 AM PDT

With the exception of RNA based "organisms" (like viruses, since they're not really considered alive). Does everything need to have DNA to be alive? Basically if we went to Europa and discovered life, would it be possible for the life that evolved on that planet to be DNA-less? Do we have DNA-less living organisms here on earth?

submitted by /u/umfrot
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Why does different elements freeze or melt at differemt temperatures?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 11:21 AM PDT

I bet it has a very obvious answer but I actually dont know the answer.

submitted by /u/Nisse69
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What happened to string theory?

Posted: 08 Apr 2017 04:09 PM PDT

So back when I took physics in high school, about 10 years ago now string theory (as far as I can remember) was one of the newer theory to try to tie the universe together. Just wondering if it has since been debunked or bolstered in recent years since I haven't really kept up with the field

submitted by /u/m1a2c2kali
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