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Wednesday, April 5, 2017

In light of the recent growth of sightings of Tasmanian Tigers and possibility of a species coming back from what we thought was extinction... Has this happened with any other species in the last ~500 years?

In light of the recent growth of sightings of Tasmanian Tigers and possibility of a species coming back from what we thought was extinction... Has this happened with any other species in the last ~500 years?


In light of the recent growth of sightings of Tasmanian Tigers and possibility of a species coming back from what we thought was extinction... Has this happened with any other species in the last ~500 years?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 07:27 AM PDT

Question in title.

Just curious if other species have rebounded that we are aware of.

Thank you in advance.

Edit: Really interesting answers by everyone so far. Thank you!

Edit 2: Follow up question. What are the biological implications when a species that we thought was extinct, rebounds it's population? Is it just limited to things like focusing on changing what caused their extinction in the first place, like eradicating the rats in the "tree lobster" article?

Edit 3: Holy cow ladies and gents. I never thought I would get this much feedback on my post. It's going to take me a bit to read through it. But I will. In the mean time, thank you again, from the bottom of my heart, for all your answers and feedback.

Edit 4: Here are a couple links that led me to believe that the sightings had increased and were credible enough to be taken seriously by scientists. (copy/pasted from a buried comment) Here is a different news source which I read a couple days ago that prompted me to think that the number of sightings have increased recently.

In the article they mention several recent sightings and the fact that there is a team of scientists taking action to further investigate the claims.

More information on the scientists conducting the research can be found here in a media release from James Cook University. Dr. Sandra Abell and professor Bill Laurence will be leading a team of scientists that will be placing 50 wildlife cameras out in strategic locations to try to catch a glimpse of the creature. This is part of an already existing study that they were conducting to monitor wildlife that had been modified to focus on the Tasmanian Tigers following the credible sighting reports.

submitted by /u/geomindspin
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What happened to my body to make it so that I peed the bed less frequently as I got older?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 11:00 PM PDT

How do the current levels of non-ionizing radiation, from wireless transmissions in city centres, compare with the exposure we normally get from either background radiation or sunlight etc?

Posted: 05 Apr 2017 04:51 AM PDT

I am in the middle of a debate on the effect of RF radiation on humans. While trying to rebut some counter arguments, I came across this pdf from these guys.

Trying not to cringe at the sensationalism and the fear-mongering, i came across this paragraph:

Before Edison's lightbulb, there was very little electromagnetic radiation in our environment. The levels today are very many times higher than natural background levels and are growing rapidly because of all the new devices that emit this radiation.

Is this claim true? How do "natural" sources of radiation compare to our artificial ones, in intensity and danger to our health?

submitted by /u/asdreth
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CPUs carry out anywhere from 1 to 32 instructions per clock cycle; if so few instructions per clock cycle are being performed, what is the benefit to cramming billions of transistors onto one chip?

Posted: 05 Apr 2017 04:06 AM PDT

How would so few instructions involve so many transistors?

submitted by /u/perigee392
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Can elements with low atomic number (say less than 83) emit alpha particles?

Posted: 05 Apr 2017 03:14 AM PDT

Or alpha decay just occurs at elements with high atomic number?

submitted by /u/krampuszxc
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If E. Coli is found in our intestines and used in various medicine, why is it harmful in food?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 07:42 PM PDT

E. Coli has come up various times in my biology class, such as being used to create insulin treatments, and also mentioned as being found in the human intestine. So my question is why, such as the Chipotle scandal, is it considered harmful when found in food?

submitted by /u/Lintforbrains
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What exactly is light?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 05:48 PM PDT

I was discussing an earlier question with a teacher (Can light bend if passed through a small opening?) and he raised an interesting point: What is light? Is it photons moving in a wave pattern? If yes, how does that happen? Or is it a wave through which photons pass? If yes, what exactly does that wave consist of? (I have realised that both of my questions sound similar, but I'm going to keep them both for now.)

submitted by /u/notatyrannosaur
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 05 Apr 2017 08:06 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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How long does it take for a particle to reach the speed of light? and how much energy is required?

Posted: 05 Apr 2017 02:01 AM PDT

Is is possible to precipitate elemental magnesium from solution, similar to tin?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 09:52 PM PDT

https://youtu.be/r-YbQN_twpw?t=147

I have been looking at the ideas behind electrolysis and came across the stannous chloride precipitation, is it possible to make a saturated magnesium chloride solution (Mg (excess)+HCl) and then precipitate elemental magnesium from it using electrolysis?

also, would one need to use platinum/graphite electrodes? Or would copper be fine?

keep in mind this is just theory, i am aware of the chlorine gas emission from this reaction.

Mg+HCl --> MgCl2 + H2

MgCl2 --> Mg2+ +2Cl-

 electrolysis 

Mg2+ +2Cl- --> Mg(s) + Cl2(g) ?

submitted by /u/Dragoarms
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What causes color degradation?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 07:42 AM PDT

I was just wondering exactly how does natural light (sun) degrade (bleaching/white washing) images like posters or paint on a building? Is it the sun reacting to certain things here on the earth?

Edit : Fixed spelling error

submitted by /u/Dederking
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Why is Pi in the probability distribution function of the normal distribution ?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 03:16 PM PDT

Wikipedia says the the factor 1/sqrt(2pi) in this expression ensures that the total area under the curve is equal to one. Can someone explain to me why that is?

submitted by /u/jo9008
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Is there any evidence that long-term sleep deprivation can decrease eyesight or visual acuity?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 07:04 PM PDT

Does the insulin/insulin-like signaling pathway have different roles in different organisms or groups of life?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 08:08 AM PDT

Or does it seem to universally perform the same ultimate functions for all life? Insulin-like signaling seems to be a very ancient, conserved, and ubiquitous pathway. I'm wondering what, if any, differences in its function may have arisen in response to the varied environmental pressures that different groups of life were subject to.

Any references would be great.

submitted by /u/ParakeetNipple
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In places where plant life dies in the winter, is there noticeably more O2 in the summer?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 05:27 AM PDT

What's the difference between malignant narcissism and psychopathy?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 04:18 AM PDT

This passage appears in the book Snakes in Suits by Paul Babiak and Robert Hare:

Narcissists have difficulty learning alternative behaviors; but over time, and with some assistance—as with all personality disorders— they can learn to moderate their behaviors and the negative effect they have on others. The real problem for others is when narcissistic features, especially a sense of entitlement and a lack of empathy, shade into antisocial and destructive behaviors. When this happens, the pattern might be described as aggressive or malignant narcissism, which is difficult to distinguish from psychopathy.

submitted by /u/BaronBifford
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How small can an OLED pixel be?

Posted: 05 Apr 2017 02:46 AM PDT

I saw this video recently and started wondering just how small a pixel/pixel pitch could be made. Current OLED display structures are on the micron scale. If the tools used to make OLED displays are similar to semiconductor chip fabrication where photolithography is used to create structures on the nanometer scale, could this ever happen for OLEDs?

What are the issues that come along with shrinking component sizes and do the materials used have limits of how small they can be created before they lose function?

submitted by /u/xfjqvyks
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Which would be easier to build: A particle accelerator or a fusion reactor?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 12:53 PM PDT

Just out of curiosity, asking for a friend;)

submitted by /u/Jayhawk_Dunk
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Is all matter able to take liquid form?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 01:48 PM PDT

Generally speaking.

Specifically; if you heat up a piece of paper it becomes ash (which is mostly carbon, right?)... What happens if you continue to heat that carbon? Can you heat carbon to the point of becoming liquid?

submitted by /u/OberonClone
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Does dark matter cluster together like normal matter? Can it form planet or star-like structures or is more like a gas?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 03:15 PM PDT

How weak are weak-nuclear-forces and how strong are strong-nuclear-forces?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 08:40 AM PDT

I know we can't compare classic to quantum model, but in layman terms can you show comparison in Newton(N)?

submitted by /u/bluejeenes
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Why are hexagons so prevalent in nature?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 02:46 PM PDT

This has always puzzled me. Here are a few examples of hexagons.

submitted by /u/Spikerazorshards
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Why isn't fiberglass as dangerous as asbestos seeing as they are both fairly similar fibers?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 09:42 AM PDT

How quickly do stars change relative position within a galaxy?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 03:08 PM PDT

Assume that an interstellar society exists, that they possess FTL travel, and that they mark stellar positions using a coordinate system that resembles the following:

  1. Distance from galactic center in the plane of the galactic ecliptic
  2. Perpendicular distance from the plane of the galactic ecliptic
  3. Rotational distance from a reference star (this likely varies from society to society, unless they all hail from a single ancestor civ, in which case Sol (to use us as an example) might get used for all of them)

How much time would need to pass, on average, before there would be a good chance that your coordinates would dump you out of FTL deep in the black?

submitted by /u/seylerius
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Tuesday, April 4, 2017

Is DNA Compressed?

Is DNA Compressed?


Is DNA Compressed?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 08:26 AM PDT

Are any parts of DNA compressed like a zip file? If so, what is the mechanism for interpretation to uncompress it?

submitted by /u/TrashyFanFic
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What happened to the hole in the ozone layer?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 07:15 AM PDT

How can hormones and other proteins in food (meat/milk etc.) affect us if all proteins get broken down into amino acids before being absorbed?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 08:00 AM PDT

There are many opinions floating around about how "humans aren't supposed to drink milk" because the hormones in it are for baby cows and growth/fertility hormones given to farm animals are detrimental to our health when we eat them. While I don't have strong feelings about either of these issues I do want to know if they have any valid reasoning. Granted my understanding of digestion is pretty basic but I can't imagine we have receptors for hormones on the outside of the digestive tract, or that proteins that large can be absorbed without breaking them down.

submitted by /u/ChosenBeard
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If there are 3 space dimensions and one time dimension, is it theoretically possible to have multiple time demensions and if so how would it work?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 12:34 PM PDT

How do composites of fermions acquire Bose-Einstein statistics?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 07:42 PM PDT

For example, I can have two pions in the exact same quantum state. But it seems like exchanging the two up quarks in the pions should cause the wave function to change sign without changing the state, implying that the amplitude of this state is zero, by the same argument used for the PEP for unbound fermions.

submitted by /u/EnshaednK
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What specific adaptations, if any, have Caribou acquired to cope with the large amount of lichen in their winter diet?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 09:52 AM PDT

The Earth bulges at the equator because it is spinning. Are equatorial bulges present on gas giants like Saturn and Jupiter?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 03:10 PM PDT

Does the bulge change at all because its gas? I.E, is it larger or smaller when proportionally compared to earth. Thanks

Here is what I'm referencing for the curious:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_bulge

submitted by /u/TuckItInThereDawg
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Could any plants grow anywhere on Mars?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 06:56 AM PDT

Seeing as Mars has a wide variation in temperature and ground water could any plants from Earth grow anywhere on the planet for even a short time? If not, how close are any plants to being able to grow there?

submitted by /u/a1thirteen
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How does the body keep our nerves, the tendons, veins and arteries from tangling into a mess?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 07:20 AM PDT

What exactly is irrotationality in fluid flow? Does it refer to the circular paths of fluid particles or the rotation of the particles about their own axis or both?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 10:09 PM PDT

This is the assumption made while deriving Bernoulli equation, though never specifies as to what it is referring.

submitted by /u/sudhu28
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Why are microwaves used for Microwave Ovens instead of visible or infrared light?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 02:29 PM PDT

If there is more energy in visible light and infrared, why do we use microwave light for Microwave ovens?

Wouldn't a Visible Light appliance with the same concept of a Microwave be even more efficient at beating our food? The same could be said for Infrared Light?

submitted by /u/hockeyboi
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For PRBS3 with clock input on each gate, how can you work out the sequence?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 03:05 PM PDT

I've seen them described on Wikipedia, but I don't understand the process of working out the states, and the order that they repeat in.

submitted by /u/HitchikersPie
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How do we know that when pi is used in a formula is it actually pi and not something similar?

Posted: 04 Apr 2017 05:24 AM PDT

For example Coulomb's law Has 4π ε0. Where ε0 is 8.85 × 10-12 F m-1 How do we know that it's π and we haven't just made ε0 different. Like ε0 supposed to be 2.78*10-11 F m-1 but we saw that a bit of π was a factor so we put it in there?

Same for the formula for magnetic field strength it also has π and a constant in it. How do we know that it's π and not just something close?

submitted by /u/LinksToStuff
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In the history of life on Earth, around when did the first fart occur, and what would the organism that dealt it have been like?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 03:48 PM PDT

I'm thinking it would be the first animal to have a gastrointestinal tract, but maybe I'm wrong.

submitted by /u/kernco
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What are some problems or disadvantages of Thorium nuclear reactors?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 12:12 PM PDT

Monday, April 3, 2017

Why does sticking your fingers back your throat trigger your gag reflex, but swallowing food doesn't?

Why does sticking your fingers back your throat trigger your gag reflex, but swallowing food doesn't?


Why does sticking your fingers back your throat trigger your gag reflex, but swallowing food doesn't?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:54 AM PDT

I was reading about antimatter, and was wondering, how can you tell that gamma rays came from anti-matter and matter reacting, versus some other source (GRBs, etc.)?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 03:17 PM PDT

Why does lightning flash, but thunder rumble?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 04:48 AM PDT

Does letting a phone battery die completely before charging help improve battery life?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 06:40 PM PDT

It seems occasionally my phone will start to get a terrible battery life, lasting less than 12 hours, but if I run the battery to zero and let it charge to 100%, the phone seems to last a whole day again.

Is this a real effect? If it isn't, why would it seem like a real effect?

submitted by /u/jt4
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Why can't you ever have truly monochromatic light?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 07:52 PM PDT

Why is there no more room for any other elements in the Periodic Table?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 06:25 PM PDT

Forgive me..I don't know how to link to a specific comment thread. In Neil Degrasse Tyson's AMA this evening, part of his answer to one of the top questions was...

"Consider also that you reference and "unearthly" element. That is not likely at all because the periodic table of elements is full. There's no room for any other elements to be discovered in the natural universe."

Why, is it impossible to think that there could be undiscovered elements in the universe? Or, no room for them as he put It? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Trishness72
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If you sent a particle that doesn't interact gravitationally or electromagnetically through a black hole, would it come out the other side?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 09:24 PM PDT

If you had a particle that didn't have mass or interact electromagnetically, would this be able to 'escape' the grasp of a black hole? Would any other interactions be observable? Would time and space dilation be measurable and consistent with massive particles? Thank you!

submitted by /u/kingdot
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How does the absorption spectrum of compounds and molecules differ from that of their constituent elements?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 02:00 PM PDT

I know that there is a very specific absorption spectrum for for example Nitrogen and Oxygen, and that these allow us to estimate the atmospheres of other celestial bodies. Is there a sufficient difference in absorption spectra between these and NOX gases to determine weather another body had an atmosphere of one or the other? How does this difference exist (if indeed it does at all)?

submitted by /u/Nighthunter007
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How does a wireless signal get converted into binary?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 12:50 AM PDT

When you send a wireless signal from, for instance, a remote control to a tv, how does the tv interpret these signals and convert them into binary? Does the remote control just turn off to represent a 0 and on to represent a 1 or is the process more complex?

submitted by /u/sebeliassen
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What makes Dinosauria a valid or useful clade? Are there features all dinosaurs (including birds) share?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 12:37 AM PDT

Wikipedia tells me—

Under phylogenetic nomenclature, dinosaurs are usually defined as the group consisting of Triceratops, Neornithes [modern birds], their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), and all descendants.

But can't this be done for any two animals? You can find the most recent common ancestor of, say, humans and langurs and declare all descendants of that animal part of the clade Homoguria, a sub group of primates. But that really wouldn't be a useful classification, would it?

set of animals being defined as dinosaurs: "Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia"

Again, why not separately study Ornithischians and Saurischians? Why combine these two orders into a clade called Dinosauria?

As I understand, a clade refers to any phylogenetic grouping apart from the standard one like phylum, class, order, etc. So, when we have two proper orders like Ornithischia and Saurischia, why invent a "clade" that includes both of them?

The only reason I can think of is that there were some very definite traits shared by all dinosaurs. If so, what are they? Thank you.

submitted by /u/itachinosaigoppeh
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What determines the maximum achievable frequency of a processor on a microscopic level?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 02:43 PM PDT

How much does gravity affect result of chemical reactions? Was there ever a chemical experiment set in space that gave significantly different results than on Earth?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:40 AM PDT

EDIT: not only result, but the whole process of reaction

submitted by /u/strugglingwithbasics
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Is it possible that we could have a semiconductor diode equivalent, but working on the basis of heat rather than electricity, and how would it work?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 08:13 PM PDT

For example, in heating one end of the rod, the other end eventually heats up, but by heating it from the opposite end, no heat comes through and the other end remains cold, I can immediately think of 1000 uses for something like this, for example air conditioning, or refrigeration.

submitted by /u/Hielexx_00
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How close are we to "solving" protein folding?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 07:58 PM PDT

Is it just a matter of having enough computational resources, or are there still major gaps in our knowledge of protein folding mechanisms?

submitted by /u/Haxld
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If one isn't so interested in making fusion an "energy positive" reaction, could one potentially use a fusion reaction to store energy instead?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:50 AM PDT

I know fusion reactions are pretty high energy things, and then whenever we try to contain one, the energy required makes it an energy negative reaction.

However, if one forgoes an interest in making fusion energy positive, could one form an equilibrium with energy in/energy out to turn the fusion reaction into a battery? (A battery that leaks energy, but still "stores" it nonetheless)

My thinking is that if you feed X amount of power into the system, it will produce (X - (w)x) power, where w is the fraction of power that is wasted per unit of input per unit of time, which can be fed back into the input with the option of drawing more power (thereby "shrinking" the reaction) to charge a network of batteries that function as an energy buffer of sorts, which us humans then draw from.

Is there any sense in which fusion could work like this? Like, what can we do with fusion if we lose an interest in making it energy positive?

submitted by /u/OminousLatinWord
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Dangerous goods flashpoints. Should the lowest temperature be marked or the one closest to zero on the Celsius scale?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 01:24 AM PDT

I work at a shipping company, booking cargo on vessels. I was given a manual on hazardous cargo booking. It was stated that should the customer provide a range of degrees, I should input the lowest point for plus degrees and the highest point for minus degrees. When I challenged this to my superiors, I was told that this should be done so because as temperature decreases, the cargo would cool down from zero and thus reach the higher negative temperatures first. I argued that according to what I remember from chemistry, the higher the temperature, the more active every suvbstance gets. Thus, the lowest value from that range should be marked, since everything up from there would be increasingly dangerous anyway. The fire (and other) hazards don't just cease because the temperature is "too high" in the case of any substance, do they? For now, I'm following orders, however I would like to know who is right for the sake of the safety of those people that work with the cargo. Thanks!

submitted by /u/codenamecordon
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If i take a paternity test with my fathers identical twin, what will the result be ?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 11:01 AM PDT

Why does food taste different when it's cold vs when it's hot?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 11:08 AM PDT

Why didn't bacterial antibiotic resistance occur in the wild before we started using antibiotics?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 11:31 PM PDT

Penicillin was discovered in mushroom spores, but if penicillin occurred naturally in the world before us using it, why wasn't there already penicillin resistant bacteria?

submitted by /u/Personalityprototype
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The must a way to precipitate the salts out of sea water to make it drinkable . Is it possible?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 03:06 AM PDT

How does the Q value of a nuclear reaction determine how likely that reaction is?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 01:02 PM PDT

Say there are two possible ways a nucleus can decay. Will the reaction with the larger Q value be more or less likely to occur? Why is this the case? Which process will require less energy?

submitted by /u/Man_Thighs
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What is the coldest recorded or known spot in the universe?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:52 AM PDT