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Monday, April 3, 2017

Why does sticking your fingers back your throat trigger your gag reflex, but swallowing food doesn't?

Why does sticking your fingers back your throat trigger your gag reflex, but swallowing food doesn't?


Why does sticking your fingers back your throat trigger your gag reflex, but swallowing food doesn't?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:54 AM PDT

I was reading about antimatter, and was wondering, how can you tell that gamma rays came from anti-matter and matter reacting, versus some other source (GRBs, etc.)?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 03:17 PM PDT

Why does lightning flash, but thunder rumble?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 04:48 AM PDT

Does letting a phone battery die completely before charging help improve battery life?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 06:40 PM PDT

It seems occasionally my phone will start to get a terrible battery life, lasting less than 12 hours, but if I run the battery to zero and let it charge to 100%, the phone seems to last a whole day again.

Is this a real effect? If it isn't, why would it seem like a real effect?

submitted by /u/jt4
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Why can't you ever have truly monochromatic light?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 07:52 PM PDT

Why is there no more room for any other elements in the Periodic Table?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 06:25 PM PDT

Forgive me..I don't know how to link to a specific comment thread. In Neil Degrasse Tyson's AMA this evening, part of his answer to one of the top questions was...

"Consider also that you reference and "unearthly" element. That is not likely at all because the periodic table of elements is full. There's no room for any other elements to be discovered in the natural universe."

Why, is it impossible to think that there could be undiscovered elements in the universe? Or, no room for them as he put It? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Trishness72
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If you sent a particle that doesn't interact gravitationally or electromagnetically through a black hole, would it come out the other side?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 09:24 PM PDT

If you had a particle that didn't have mass or interact electromagnetically, would this be able to 'escape' the grasp of a black hole? Would any other interactions be observable? Would time and space dilation be measurable and consistent with massive particles? Thank you!

submitted by /u/kingdot
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How does the absorption spectrum of compounds and molecules differ from that of their constituent elements?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 02:00 PM PDT

I know that there is a very specific absorption spectrum for for example Nitrogen and Oxygen, and that these allow us to estimate the atmospheres of other celestial bodies. Is there a sufficient difference in absorption spectra between these and NOX gases to determine weather another body had an atmosphere of one or the other? How does this difference exist (if indeed it does at all)?

submitted by /u/Nighthunter007
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How does a wireless signal get converted into binary?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 12:50 AM PDT

When you send a wireless signal from, for instance, a remote control to a tv, how does the tv interpret these signals and convert them into binary? Does the remote control just turn off to represent a 0 and on to represent a 1 or is the process more complex?

submitted by /u/sebeliassen
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What makes Dinosauria a valid or useful clade? Are there features all dinosaurs (including birds) share?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 12:37 AM PDT

Wikipedia tells me—

Under phylogenetic nomenclature, dinosaurs are usually defined as the group consisting of Triceratops, Neornithes [modern birds], their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), and all descendants.

But can't this be done for any two animals? You can find the most recent common ancestor of, say, humans and langurs and declare all descendants of that animal part of the clade Homoguria, a sub group of primates. But that really wouldn't be a useful classification, would it?

set of animals being defined as dinosaurs: "Dinosauria = Ornithischia + Saurischia"

Again, why not separately study Ornithischians and Saurischians? Why combine these two orders into a clade called Dinosauria?

As I understand, a clade refers to any phylogenetic grouping apart from the standard one like phylum, class, order, etc. So, when we have two proper orders like Ornithischia and Saurischia, why invent a "clade" that includes both of them?

The only reason I can think of is that there were some very definite traits shared by all dinosaurs. If so, what are they? Thank you.

submitted by /u/itachinosaigoppeh
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What determines the maximum achievable frequency of a processor on a microscopic level?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 02:43 PM PDT

How much does gravity affect result of chemical reactions? Was there ever a chemical experiment set in space that gave significantly different results than on Earth?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:40 AM PDT

EDIT: not only result, but the whole process of reaction

submitted by /u/strugglingwithbasics
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Is it possible that we could have a semiconductor diode equivalent, but working on the basis of heat rather than electricity, and how would it work?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 08:13 PM PDT

For example, in heating one end of the rod, the other end eventually heats up, but by heating it from the opposite end, no heat comes through and the other end remains cold, I can immediately think of 1000 uses for something like this, for example air conditioning, or refrigeration.

submitted by /u/Hielexx_00
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How close are we to "solving" protein folding?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 07:58 PM PDT

Is it just a matter of having enough computational resources, or are there still major gaps in our knowledge of protein folding mechanisms?

submitted by /u/Haxld
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If one isn't so interested in making fusion an "energy positive" reaction, could one potentially use a fusion reaction to store energy instead?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:50 AM PDT

I know fusion reactions are pretty high energy things, and then whenever we try to contain one, the energy required makes it an energy negative reaction.

However, if one forgoes an interest in making fusion energy positive, could one form an equilibrium with energy in/energy out to turn the fusion reaction into a battery? (A battery that leaks energy, but still "stores" it nonetheless)

My thinking is that if you feed X amount of power into the system, it will produce (X - (w)x) power, where w is the fraction of power that is wasted per unit of input per unit of time, which can be fed back into the input with the option of drawing more power (thereby "shrinking" the reaction) to charge a network of batteries that function as an energy buffer of sorts, which us humans then draw from.

Is there any sense in which fusion could work like this? Like, what can we do with fusion if we lose an interest in making it energy positive?

submitted by /u/OminousLatinWord
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Dangerous goods flashpoints. Should the lowest temperature be marked or the one closest to zero on the Celsius scale?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 01:24 AM PDT

I work at a shipping company, booking cargo on vessels. I was given a manual on hazardous cargo booking. It was stated that should the customer provide a range of degrees, I should input the lowest point for plus degrees and the highest point for minus degrees. When I challenged this to my superiors, I was told that this should be done so because as temperature decreases, the cargo would cool down from zero and thus reach the higher negative temperatures first. I argued that according to what I remember from chemistry, the higher the temperature, the more active every suvbstance gets. Thus, the lowest value from that range should be marked, since everything up from there would be increasingly dangerous anyway. The fire (and other) hazards don't just cease because the temperature is "too high" in the case of any substance, do they? For now, I'm following orders, however I would like to know who is right for the sake of the safety of those people that work with the cargo. Thanks!

submitted by /u/codenamecordon
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If i take a paternity test with my fathers identical twin, what will the result be ?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 11:01 AM PDT

Why does food taste different when it's cold vs when it's hot?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 11:08 AM PDT

Why didn't bacterial antibiotic resistance occur in the wild before we started using antibiotics?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 11:31 PM PDT

Penicillin was discovered in mushroom spores, but if penicillin occurred naturally in the world before us using it, why wasn't there already penicillin resistant bacteria?

submitted by /u/Personalityprototype
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The must a way to precipitate the salts out of sea water to make it drinkable . Is it possible?

Posted: 03 Apr 2017 03:06 AM PDT

How does the Q value of a nuclear reaction determine how likely that reaction is?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 01:02 PM PDT

Say there are two possible ways a nucleus can decay. Will the reaction with the larger Q value be more or less likely to occur? Why is this the case? Which process will require less energy?

submitted by /u/Man_Thighs
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What is the coldest recorded or known spot in the universe?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 10:52 AM PDT

Sunday, April 2, 2017

If I'm in a car goong 25mph with 25mph sustained tailwinds, and i roll down the window, will i feel any breeze?

If I'm in a car goong 25mph with 25mph sustained tailwinds, and i roll down the window, will i feel any breeze?


If I'm in a car goong 25mph with 25mph sustained tailwinds, and i roll down the window, will i feel any breeze?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 07:22 PM PDT

Why is lithium-7 hydroxide monohydrate used as a power systems coolant? Is it considered a salt? Why it is used as a PH regulator on nuclear reactors?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 06:48 PM PDT

How do the quantum numbers for the electrons in orbits arise from the Schrodinger's equation?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 06:26 AM PDT

Side question: do these numbers relate directly to the orbital's shape? As in, does the set of quantum numbers for any given electron actually give the mathematical region's shape, or are they just a reference number for something more complicated?

submitted by /u/Lichewitz
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Why are neutron stars highly magnetic?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 07:41 PM PDT

How can a lump of neutrons with no charge be magnetic?

submitted by /u/roland_cube
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Why does my phone trigger the weight sensor on the passenger seat of my car?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 08:08 PM PDT

Also, it only does it when it is plugged up.

submitted by /u/eagleeyerattlesnake
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How is the power of nuclear weapons increased?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 08:07 PM PDT

Say I were to wake up in the Mesozoic Era, would the air still be breathable for humans?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 05:26 PM PDT

How is DNA converted into information that computers can interpret?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 06:37 PM PDT

When genetic samples taken from saliva for example are genotyped how is this done? How is DNA fed into a computer in a way that it can actually interpret as seen with services such as 23andMe? Spit -> X -> Digital representation of DNA, what is "X"?

submitted by /u/READERmii
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Where is the two-dimensional space?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 02:35 AM PDT

Apparently there are more dimensions in this universe, but we are not able to see them because we live in a 3D world... However, shouldn't we be able to observe worlds with fewer dimensions? The novel Flatland for example describes such a two-dimensional world, occupied by geometric figures. There is also an episode of Star Trek:TNG, where the USS Enterprise encounters two-dimensional lifeforms... So, where are these two-dimensional worlds and how could we detect them?

submitted by /u/Memeito
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If scientists use mice/rats to experiment on, what sort of genetic similarity is there between humans and the test subjects to make them base the medicinal entity off of rats?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 07:11 PM PDT

I mean monkeys or some primate that have any sort of genetical similarity would make more sense than a rodent that is kept in a cage.

submitted by /u/amaan_s_hussain
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How far away could the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs be felt?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 06:19 PM PDT

In terms of the "earthquake".

submitted by /u/Anunkash
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What happens to you physiologically when exposed to radiation from a nuclear bomb detonating? Sources?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 07:17 PM PDT

My biology/english class has us writing narrative "non-fiction" (aka real science, hypothetical situation) relating to some illness, condition, or anything physiological, and I chose to write a story about someone being a nearby when a nuclear bomb goes off. The CDC website isn't very helpful, as I want detailed information, and some papers are behind paywalls. Can anyone help?

submitted by /u/HeavyMetalAstronomer
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How do we know that the universe is 13,7 billion years old when time is relative? Who's time do we follow in this assumption?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 09:06 AM PDT

They say tigers do not purr. Do they lack the mechanism by which other felines purr, or is it like how I don't speak Dutch?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 05:03 PM PDT

What can a spoiler's end plates angle do to the aerodynamics ?

Posted: 02 Apr 2017 01:15 AM PDT

I'm not so smart, but it's been a week since this question keeps coming up in my mind. I used Stuner to illustrate my ideas. So I thought of 3 different scenarios: Inwards : http://prnt.sc/erfp96 Perpendicular : http://prnt.sc/erfpc7 Outwards : http://prnt.sc/erfpf6 What I want to know, in a nutshell, it's how these 3 different scenarios can change the aerodynamics of a racing car.

submitted by /u/MTFKJNS
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Where did they get the ice to put in iceboxes from?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 02:49 PM PDT

How was the ice created that was used in old refrigerators?

submitted by /u/ikea_futon
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Do some people burn more calories performing mental tasks than others performing those same tasks? Given they both have the same experience or knowledge of the subject?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 12:27 PM PDT

does the age at which a male goes through a growth spurt correlate with their final height?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 07:38 PM PDT

can we create more powerful nuclear weapons by fusing heavier elements like carbon and iron ?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 11:16 AM PDT

would it be theoretically possible

submitted by /u/srikrishna1997
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How do scientists calculate the age of distance planets/stars/galaxies?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 05:05 PM PDT

From what I've learned from my Geology 101, we aren't even sure exactly how old the Earth and Moon are even though we have access to their rocks (brought back from the Moon in various mission in the 60s and 70s). What are some examples of what and how scientists use to determine the age of stuff found in space without having access to its surface or even a clear picture of it?

submitted by /u/tpham1206
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Saturday, April 1, 2017

Why Do Protons and Neutrons Have Slightly Different Masses?

Why Do Protons and Neutrons Have Slightly Different Masses?


Why Do Protons and Neutrons Have Slightly Different Masses?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 03:26 AM PDT

As I understand, the only difference between the two is that a proton consists of two up quarks and a down quark, and a neutron consists of two down quarks and an up quark. I know their masses are almost exactly the same, but why aren't they EXACTLY exactly the same?

submitted by /u/Kurausukun
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Are there any species in which the females compete with one another over males for sex?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 05:32 PM PDT

It seems like a lot of species in the animal kingdom have the males compete (fight, show off, etc.) with one another for "breeding rights" with the females. Is there any species that do the opposite of this?

submitted by /u/WafflesAndCuddles
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If I roll two dice, what is the average number of rolls I need to perform to get all 36 combinations?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 04:47 PM PDT

I just did a few thousand simulations in matlab and got an average of about 150.2 attempts, or about 4.172 times the number of combinations. I was interested if there's an elegant formula to arrive at this number rather than brute-forcing it.

submitted by /u/BaryonicM
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How do I derive a form of the Navier-Stokes Law which realistically reflects the vorticity surrounding complexly spinose Odontopleurid trilobites in conditions of incompressible steady flow?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 04:10 AM PDT

The recurring emergence of extreme spinosity in certain Trilobite lineages in the Paleozoic has been interpreted as adaptive specialisation to a planktonic lifestyle. However, Stokes Law merely demonstrates that a sphere of a given diameter may show suspension behavior in conditions of incompressible steady flow, for a given vorticity of ω = Ñ ₓ u.

But spinescence directly affects vorticity in a chaotic fashion, and the resolution of Stokes law only covers the trivial scenario where y = -½ur² [1-3/2 (R/Ö r²+z²) + ½ (R/Ör²+z²)³]· … such a simplistic approximation won't do….*

I'm supposed to believe that the behavior of this guy in freefall in the water column is the same as that of a sphere or equal volume … try that with a small pebble vs a dandelion seed and see where that gets you… This is the same approach taken by theoretical physicists who approximate the geometry of a cow by postulating it is spherical. Which is entirely inappropriate to my problem (not to mention rude to the cows, which are noble creatures of great chastity and virtue who deserve better).

How do I solve Stokes law in such a manner as to take into account the actual shape of presumably planktonic complexly spinose trilobites such as Radiaspis radiata in a realistic fashion, "spherical cows" be-damned? Otherwise I'll be stuck trying to figure out what to feed the spiny buggers if Stokes Law cannot account for their floating around with the rest of the plankton.

It's a thorny problem.

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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I'm using a markov chain analysis to describe the development of a fouling community. Can anyone tell me how likely Aplidium pallidum is to replace Parasmittina jeffreysi?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 05:03 PM PDT

Do blind people have the same circadian rhythm?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 08:58 AM PDT

How does night and day affect their body? Would they handle shift work the same as seeing people?

submitted by /u/Danyeh
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How distorted has the spherical cow problem made our understanding of the laws of physics, the universe and everything?

Posted: 01 Apr 2017 07:42 AM PDT

Spherical cows have been extensively introduced as a short cut to avoid realistic complexity in the literature of physics problem solving. Surely we have paid an unholy price for this perversion. All are welcome to contribute their experiences to this discussion of how far down the rabbit hole this cow conundrum has dragged us, and restore bovine dignity.

May I propose an incremental improvement by adopting a yam standard?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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What is the ultimate fate of rogue planets (and planets that survive their stars death remain in orbit?)?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 05:26 PM PDT

What happens to planets that still exist as stars eventually stop forming and being to die out? Would they just exist forever until they eventually fall into a black hole?

submitted by /u/daman345
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What's the difference between paint and ink?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 04:22 PM PDT

Is it just in the application?

submitted by /u/swill128
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Kidney paradoxical autonomic innervation?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 08:52 PM PDT

The autonomic innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter(IUS) confuses me. Under parasympathetic stimulation the detrusor muscle contracts and the IUS relaxes, right? The opposite is true for sympathetic responses: detrusor relaxes and IUS constricts. So why do some void their bladders when they are scared, under sympathetic control?

submitted by /u/jedwards55
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How did we know which Galilean moons was which when we first imaged Jupiter?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 12:03 PM PDT

When Galileo looked at the Jovian Moons and named and identified them how did we know which was which when we pointed telescopes and Pioneer, Voyager and other spacecraft imaged the planet and its moons?

submitted by /u/Myoplasmic
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How would a girl be affected by having a hysterectomy at a young age?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 06:42 AM PDT

How would a "castrated" human female develop? How would such a person look and behave?

submitted by /u/Darklord494
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Have GMO engineers ever tried to modify organisms (fungi, bacteria, etc) that are naturally symbiotic to food crops?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 07:34 AM PDT

Just some background:

~80% of terrestrial plant species have a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi. In naturally occurring mycorrhizal-plant symbiosis, plants can better grow in nutrient deficient soil, better resist pest, better resist droughts, and even repopulate barren soil.

If naturally occurring mycorrhizal nets can do all that, I can't imagine what a genetically modified species might be able to do for our food crops. Has ever been an attempt to modify mycorrhizal fungal species to better aid food crop growth, or to modify other fungi/bacteria to either occupy niches (which might otherwise be occupied by a pathogenic species) or even actively defend the plants against pathogens and pests?

submitted by /u/Gonzo_Rick
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Can I break causality by exploiting the reduced speed light travels in a medium?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 03:51 PM PDT

Lets say through a certain medium, light travels at 99.9% c. Now lets say I made a spaceship that can reach 99.99% c. Am I technically moving faster than light, and therefore breaking causality?

submitted by /u/supereuphonium
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At a molecular level, why do rubber bands stretch and regain their original shape?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 12:13 PM PDT

How does Egalitarian Paxos solve this Failure case?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 12:00 PM PDT

My friend & brilliant colleague Ari Pfolol, during a slightly heated discussion between five patrons in the bar, unrelated to us, turned to me and asked:

"Consider, for simplicity, a replica group of five nodes running EPaxos. The fast-path quorum size for five replicas is 3×(F+⌊F+12⌋) (sic), the same size as a simple majority. Let us name the replicas A, B, C, D, E. Consider the situation which occurs when a client successfully completes one operation (with side-effects, i.e. writes), then issues a second in sequence, and then some failure occurs before the second operation completes and the recovery protocol incorrectly orders the second operation before the first.

Suppose the first operation uses A as leader with C and D making up the other fast-path quorum members, while the second operation uses B as leader with D and E as quorum members. Furthermore, let's say that:

  • A fast-path commits operation 1, responding success to the client but crashing right before it sends "commit" messages to C and D
  • then, B sends pre-accepts to D and E (without operation 1 in the deps because B doesn't know about operation 1 yet), and also crashes

The system has suffered two failures but must recover and continue operation, since five replicas can tolerate two failures in EPaxos per the paper's claim. However, the remaining replicas look like this (with the 'indices' representing which operation the replica has pre-accepted in its log):

 X X / \ / \ C1 D1 E2 

At this point, each replica knows about only one of the two operations but not whether it is committed, and both operations conflict with each other (see the tech report §6.2 #6 for exactly what "conflicts" means). But when C, D, or E initiates recovery for operations 1 and 2, how does it know which operation, if any, was fast-path committed and in which order, given that it only knows about exactly one of the ongoing operations?"

I put it to you, /r/askscience, what the hell is he talking about? On the off-chance he's not drunk, Is There Really More Consensus in Egalitarian Parliaments? Should we leave the bar?

submitted by /u/mfukar
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If phone lines (but not necessarily modems) transmitted perfectly, how fast could dial-up modems transfer data?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 10:05 AM PDT

Since the transfer rate of the modem depends on how fast it can modulate (and demodulate) bits into an interrupted tone, phone line noise would cause high speed modems to lose data in transmission, but if a phone line were to be perfect (i.e no noise and all transmissions came through the other end of the line exactly as they were input), how fast could we potentially build a modem?

submitted by /u/ralfsmouse
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How do "regular" elements such as Zinc can become something like Zinc-62?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 11:14 AM PDT

Does it occur naturally or does it need human intervention to do so? Say for instance, in a laboratory, something is labeled simply as Zinc, how can we determine what type of zinc it is? Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/papercut03
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How do cells combat listeria?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 09:35 AM PDT

If antibodies normally act outside the cell, and listeria acts within the cell (it gets transported between cells via phagocytosis), how do cells/the human body normally combat listeria, e.g. what antibiotic factors does the cell express (which it must, because listeria normally isn't fatal unless it infects those who are immunologically compromised, such as the old, young, or pregnant)?

submitted by /u/Setsikas
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Are there animals with more than one fovea per eye?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 06:46 AM PDT

I just learned on wikipedia that cuttlefish has two foveas per eye. And it moves it lens to focus, instead of changing its shape.

Incidental questions: Does all animals have one lens per fovea? Are there other animals that moves it lens to focus?

Please tell me more about unusual (not human like) eye biology.

submitted by /u/jogaforaffd
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