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Wednesday, March 29, 2017

How are we able to perform a body transplant when we can't repair spinal injuries?

How are we able to perform a body transplant when we can't repair spinal injuries?


How are we able to perform a body transplant when we can't repair spinal injuries?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:50 AM PDT

So as many of you have probably heard, the first attempted "head transplant" is scheduled to occur later this year. I haven't been able to find scientific articles on the subject but it seems they plan to fully connect the nerves/veins/etc, and the spine. However to my knowledge we still haven't figured out how to repair a typical spinal injury, so how can we, even if just in theory, expect to fuse two different spines to any extent?

submitted by /u/xxNightxTrainxx
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Why are most of the large impact craters on the moon located on the side facing the Earth? Wouldn't the other side be less shielded?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 03:30 AM PDT

Would a typical modern adult human who'd never seen or heard of a snake before instinctively know it was dangerous and which end to be worried about?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:29 AM PDT

I think that's the whole question, but please ask any questions for clarification.

submitted by /u/autoposting_system
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Has materials science improved enough in the last 30 years that a Venus lander would survive much longer?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:09 PM PDT

Vega 2 was launched at the end of 1984. That was about 33 years ago since the last lander was sent to Venus. No lander has lasted very long due to the conditions on Venus but with more than 3 decades having elapsed, have there been any signficant improvements in materials science that would allow a lander to survive on Venus in spite of the conditions (pressure, heat, corrosive nature of sulfuric acid)--particularly much longer than previous landers achieved?

submitted by /u/JMV290
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Why do photons have no reference frame?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 07:04 AM PDT

Suppose the following:

  • a person named Bob is wearing a watch,
  • we have the ability to launch Bob at the speed of light along a "boomerang" path,
  • Bob's inertia is 0 kg m2 (for simplicity's sake),
  • and from Bob's reference frame, traversing the path requires one hour.

From what I understand, regardless of how much earthly time Bob requires to traverse the path, Bob's watch will indicate the same exact time upon arrival as it did upon departure due to time dilation.

While Bob is traveling the speed of light, he notices that his watch stops ticking. This is because the watch was configured for earthly time. Because Bob doesn't experience earthly time, his watch thus doesn't tick. However, suppose that Bob brought watch parts with him on his journey and that during the journey, he assembles a new watch to keep track of time in this new reference frame. Once he completes his journey, his watch will no longer tick for the same reason that his first watch didn't tick during the journey. That is, once the journey is complete, the second watch is traveling at the speed of light relative to the reference frame in which it was built. If Bob were to be launched again in the same manner, then the second watch would begin to work again.

I don't understand why I keep reading that photons don't have a reference frame. With the logic that is used to back that claim, couldn't it be said that Earth has no reference frame from a photon's perspective? That sounds contradictory.

Considering that traversal of the path isn't instantaneous, it stands to reason that Bob isn't "frozen in time".

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/bacondev
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Can psychoactive substances directly affect organs besides your brain?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:44 PM PDT

So obviously the brain is like the control center where most of the effects of drugs take place resulting in different behavior of your entire body. However I wonder if some organs can pick up the effects from substances in some cases such as for example can your stomach 'get high' or can your eyes hallucinate, etc?

I'm wondering cause I was thinking about the effects of my morning coffee on my metabolism. There ought to be local control mechanisms for each of your organs that have their own reflexes and reactions to stimuli.

Thanks

submitted by /u/slowbrowsersarefunny
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I just had a friend tell me that the same equation used to find the escape velocity of Earth is the same equation used to find the velocity an electron needs to break out of an orbital. Does this mean the force holding an electron in an orbital is similar to the force of gravity on Earth?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 04:53 PM PDT

If the same equation is used for both problems, then i imaginne something has to be the same or similar for that to work. The only thing I could think of is the forces being the same or similar. Is my assumption correct?

submitted by /u/ProdigyLightshow
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Why the density of water is highest at 4℃?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 11:46 PM PDT

Can depression affect someone's memory?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:14 PM PDT

What are (latest known) neuroscience or neurobiology mechanisms of symptoms of schizophrenia? What are some (newer) significant study materials or research literature discussing the previous question?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 06:43 AM PDT

Would pi be as difficult to perfectly describe using a different number system?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 07:58 PM PDT

Such as base-12 or base-8 or something? Or are irrational, infinitely extending numbers just inherently that way?

submitted by /u/Seanay-B
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Since all mammals have serotonin transmitters, would all mammals "trip" off of LSD?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 01:47 AM PDT

I ask this because humans think on such a higher level than anything else thus we can have "trips" but could something like a dog or fox with less complex brains trip off of LSD?

submitted by /u/TubbyMcFuckles
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Why does every dietary supplement package say "do not use as substitution to regular meals"?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 04:26 AM PDT

This being my first post ever, it might be a little bit sloppy written. (sorry for bad English)

It all comes down to molecules of macro and micro nutrients. Isn't it all the same protein if I eat a boiled egg/drink a glass of milk or have a protein shake? Vitamins and minerals can be taken care of with one pill a day and there are plenty of dietary supplements that help increase and/or control intake of certain macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, fiber and protein). Also, all the Omega 3, amino acids and others can be taken via capsules or powder. There seems to be no need for real food...

So, my questions are: 1) Why aren't supplements recommended to be used instead of a meal? and 2) Would a person be able to live off just supplements if taken smart and with caution and calculation, and if not, why?

submitted by /u/c-proteus
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How would the wolves that dogs evolved from compare to the wolves of today?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 08:37 PM PDT

And, is there any way to know? I'm familiar with the genetics and theories about wolves gradually developing a symbiotic relationship with humans, but I've been around tame wolves before, and it just seems like a stretch to me that they were the precursor to man's best friend. Is it possible that ancient wolves were more docile and gregarious towards humans than the wolves of today?

submitted by /u/Nacho_cheese_pizza
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Do any painkillers block the burn of spicy food?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:59 AM PDT

In the lastest video of a popular web series featuring celebrities eating hot wings, the celebrity seems to be barely affected. He later admits he's wearing a fentanyl patch. Would this block the "pain" of the capsaicin?
Would any other drugs (either medical or recreational) block the effect of capsaicin?

submitted by /u/teridon
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Why do we have diminished appetite and a taste aversion to food when we're sick?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 02:49 PM PDT

Last week I was sick and, in addition to having little appetite, any food I ate tasted horribly. Wouldn't my body be more receptive to food when I'm sick and need the nutrition? It seems counterproductive.

submitted by /u/SifPuppy
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Is it theoretically possible to Blue shift a radio wave to a Gamma Ray by using the Doppler Effect?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 01:31 AM PDT

In trials of psychological interventions, what is used as a placebo? Is there a "sham talk therapy"?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:55 PM PDT

Could a black hole of electrons ever form?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 08:51 PM PDT

How would a Vantablack coating affect a laser cutters ability to cut?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:12 PM PDT

If you were to coat an object with Vantablack and then try to cut it with a laser cutter, how would the coating affect the lasers ability to cut?

submitted by /u/A_Bowman
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Does the taste of a fruit reflect its nutrition?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 07:58 PM PDT

I ate a pretty disappointing cantaloupe today, and it got me wondering if taste is an indicator of a healthier (or in any way better) fruit.

Is a really sweet and ripe cantaloupe actually better than a bland and firm one, or do we just like it more?

submitted by /u/maarrz
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Tuesday, March 28, 2017

If the universe had a definite boundary, what would it look like, what would we see?

If the universe had a definite boundary, what would it look like, what would we see?


If the universe had a definite boundary, what would it look like, what would we see?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 02:23 PM PDT

How do doctors stop internal bleeding?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 05:51 PM PDT

What is the most effective procedure when there is lethal amounts of internal bleeding within a patient?

submitted by /u/Kingoflamp
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Can neutron star jets significantly change the object's trajectory through the galaxy over time?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 02:26 AM PDT

Are any gene editing techiques currently being used in conservation?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 09:46 PM PDT

In some populations such as the Hawaiian goose (Branta sanvicensis) can still be interbred with the Canada goose (Branta canadensis), but some believe this would "pollute" the Hawaiian goose's genome. Could gene editing be used to increase genetic diversity, and if so, are there any recent studies on this topic?

submitted by /u/RamenBurgerWasTaken
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Why can't it get any colder than absolute zero kelvin (273.15°C)?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 12:54 AM PDT

[Biology] What's the difference between starfish and humans that starfish can regenerate limbs, but humans can only regenerate scraped skin or a cut at most?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 01:19 AM PDT

Humans can heal from wounds/surgeries pretty easily but what's the difference between that and limb regeneration? Why do amputees develop a skin over their stump instead of regenerating the limb?

submitted by /u/439115
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Is there one "color" on the light spectrum that is more prevalent in our universe than the others, or is each represented equally?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 02:29 PM PDT

Do polymers made of oxygen exist?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 05:56 AM PDT

Do polymers exist made up of oxygen only? As in [-o-o-]n sort of thing.

submitted by /u/PM_ME_YOUR_COOL
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Under what circumstances will a star collapse?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 06:22 PM PDT

If Newton's Law of Gravitation is only meant for point masses, how come we use it to calculate force of gravity on a massive body like Earth?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 10:08 AM PDT

If the universe is expanding in all directions how is it possible that the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way will collide?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 10:05 AM PDT

Why is argon the most abundant noble gas in Earth's atmosphere?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 03:24 AM PDT

If we were to colonize one of Jupiter's moons, would Jupiter have cycles the same way our moon has lunar cycles?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 07:38 PM PDT

If we were to somehow colonize one of Jupiter's moon, would Jupiter go through cycles like our moon? Would we look in the sky and maybe see Jupiter like a crescent?

submitted by /u/SIRUNKLYDUNK
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How does the brain differ between inner speech, speaking and hearing speech/being talked to?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 11:17 PM PDT

Would all three go through Broca's and Wernicke's areas? Do they all cause movement of speech aparatus? How similar and how different all three processes are neurologically?

submitted by /u/kefir__
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Why do rockets turn when leaving the atmosphere?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:10 AM PDT

In basically every video of a rocket leaving the atmosphere, it banks at an angle and then exits. Why is this?

submitted by /u/the-overm1nd
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If I were to connect a radiator to a sealed pot on the stove, would water circulate through it without a pump?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 03:23 PM PDT

If so, is there a away to estimate the amount of flow of water? And what is the name of this phenomenon?

submitted by /u/captainsavajo
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How can police/municipalities use LIDAR with enough range to map cities, detect speeders, and do geographical surveys without using a laser that's powerful enough to damage the human eye via incidental exposure?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 07:33 PM PDT

From what I've been able to tell, class 1 lasers shouldn't be powerful enough to do more than very short range LIDAR. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/rogue780
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If a disk of gas spirals into a black hole, why does a beam shoot out perpendicular to the disk?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 09:36 PM PDT

Why doesn't water fall out of a sponge?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 11:25 AM PDT

Is it just surface tension and molecular attraction between the water and the sponge itself?

submitted by /u/madcaplaughed
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Are we able to detect when pairs of particles spotaneously pop into existence?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 03:41 PM PDT

As I understand it, elementary particles will pop into existence as a contrary pair of particles. Naturally, particles will also cancel out very quickly after coming into existence. Does this leave behind some trace that we can detect?

submitted by /u/edgeblackbelt
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What's the current consensus among scientists on what's the actual driving force behind osmosis?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 03:51 AM PDT

Are there uniqueness theorems in general for most equations with physical motivations?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 08:55 PM PDT

For example, in quantum optics the Maxwell-Bloch equations are fairly prominent (can be derived from first principles in quantum mechanics). But I had never come across a proof for the uniqueness of their solutions. Thus, I was wondering if one already exists?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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Are reading and writing learned at the same time?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 05:02 PM PDT

How uncommon would it be, if possible, for a person to learn to read, but not write, or to write, but not read?

That is to say, is it essentially the same set of mental skills / muscles?

submitted by /u/nickrenfo2
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Does eating at a calorie deficit inhibit your growth or hormonal development?

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 10:56 PM PDT

If sustained for long periods of time

submitted by /u/Skeptic5000
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Monday, March 27, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: We are members of 500 Women Scientists, an organization working to build an all-inclusive and diverse scientific community. Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are members of 500 Women Scientists, an organization working to build an all-inclusive and diverse scientific community. Ask Us Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are members of 500 Women Scientists, an organization working to build an all-inclusive and diverse scientific community. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 27 Mar 2017 05:00 AM PDT

500 Women Scientists is a grassroots organization started by four women who met in graduate school at CU Boulder and who maintained friendships and collaborations after jobs and life took them away from Boulder. Immediately following the November 2016 election, we published an open letter re-affirming our commitment to speak up for science and for women, minorities, immigrants, people with disabilities, and LGBTQIA. Over 17,000 women from more than 100 countries have signed in support of 500 Women Scientists, pledging to build an inclusive scientific community dedicated to training a more diverse group of future leaders in science and to use the language of science to bridge divides and enhance global diplomacy.

500 Women Scientists works to build communities and foster real change that comes from small groups, not large crowds. Our Local Pods help create those deep roots through strong, personal relationships. Local Pods are where women scientists meet regularly, develop a support network, make strategic plans, and take action. Pods focus on issues that resonate in their communities, rooted in our mission and values.

With us today are six members of the group. They will be answering questions at different points throughout the day so please be patient with receiving answers.

  1. Wendy Bohon (Dr_Wendy) - Hi, I'm Dr. Wendy Bohon! My research focuses on examining how the surface and near surface of the earth changes as the result of earthquakes. I also work on improving public education and perception of science, particularly seismology and earthquake hazards. I'm a woman, a scientist, a mother and a proud member of 500 Women Scientists!

  2. Hi, I'm Kelly Fleming, AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow and co-leader of 500 Women Scientists. I firmly believe that for science to serve all of society, it must be accessible to diverse people - including underrepresented minorities, immigrants, women, and LGBTQIA people. Although I don't do research anymore, my Ph.D. is in chemical engineering from the University of Washington, where I studied reactions that help turn plant material into fuels.

  3. Tessa Hill - I am Tessa Hill, an oceanographer at UC Davis, based at Bodega Marine Laboratory. I study impacts of climate change on the ocean, including ocean acidification, which is a chemical change occurring in the ocean due to our carbon dioxide emissions. I am excited to be working with 500 Women Scientists to encourage a diverse, inclusive and thriving scientific community. You can find me on Twitter (@Tessa_M_Hill) and our lab Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/oceanbiogeochemistry

  4. Monica Mugnier (MonicaMugnier) - Hi, I'm Dr. Monica Mugnier. I'm an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. My lab studies how African trypanosomes, the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness, hide from our immune systems. You can read about our work in more detail at www.mugnierlab.org. When I am not pondering parasites, I spend a lot of time thinking about how we can make the scientific community a more welcoming place for everyone.

  5. Kathleen Ritterbush - Hi, I'm Dr. Kathleen Ritterbush, Assistant Professor of paleontology at the University of Utah. My students and I study mass extinctions and ecosystem changes of sea animals from the time of the dinosaurs and earlier. I believe science careers should include all kinds of people, engage our communities, and support work-life balance.

  6. Hi there, I'm a planetary volcanologist. I study the physics of volcanic processes on the Earth, the Moon, Venus, and Mars using combinations of satellite data, field work, and laboratory experiments. I'm currently transitioning from a position as a postdoctoral fellow at a public university to one at a federal agency. Because I'm a federal employee, I think it is prudent to remain anonymous but I am happy to answer as many of your questions as I can!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Last year, CERN released 300 terabytes of Large Hadron Collider data. Why does particle physics use so much data?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 05:51 PM PDT

Do chaotic systems behave normally under tiny variations of the initial conditions?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 11:50 PM PDT

Take for example a double pendulum. If you varied the initial condition by an arbitrarily small amount, surely there would be a point after which the trajectory wouldn't change.

If you did this tiny change enough times, the trajectory would eventually be different too. Would it be continuous? How can we describe the way the system changes under small enough intervals?

submitted by /u/Ninjaofdoom
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Are fingerprints genetic at all? Would you be able to tell that someone is related to another person if their fingerprints are similar?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 11:39 AM PDT

Why is the maximum spin of a black hole 84% the speed of light?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 01:58 PM PDT

Are there any fusion reactions using plain hydrogen?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 04:32 PM PDT

I've looked around and found ones using the isotopes deuterium and tritium and even a helium isotope helium 3. However all of those would require a refining process to isolate those isotopes from the much more abundant regular versions of those elements.

Is there a fusion reaction that uses just plain hydrogen?

submitted by /u/Idle_Redditing
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Why is AVI format no longer the preferred video format choice?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 04:15 PM PDT

It used to be much more popular, but seems to have been taken by MKV and MP4 formats. Why?

submitted by /u/shroomery1
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Can we predict chemical stability?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 12:50 PM PDT

Is it possible to see trends and make predictions in chemical stability of some species? For example, take CO and CO2, in the case of carbon monoxide, the oxygen has to share one electron pair completely with the carbon to fill the octets, would this make this molecule less stable than CO2? And also SO and SO2, SO2 has a structure in which S has to lend electrons to the O atoms to get octets which gives a net charge, would SO2 be less stable than SO by this logic?

submitted by /u/MappeMappe
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What would someone see after vision was denied for decades?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 01:42 PM PDT

I'm curious about 2 situations (normal anatomy in both): 1) vision denied at birth (darkness, blindfolded or eyes closed) and then vision restored at age 30. 2) normal vision until 2 years of age and then vision denied for 30 years before being restored. I know in the first case, the visual cortex wouldn't develop properly, so they wouldn't be able to see, per se. But would there be any sensation when they opened their eyes?

submitted by /u/styvx
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How typical is it for a planet's poles to be its coldest regions? Are there planets that have one of their poles pointing towards the star that is extremely warm?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 11:46 AM PDT

Are there any species that migrate East-West?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 11:01 AM PDT

I understand the reason for the North-South migration because of seasonal temperature changes, but are there any East-West migrations? Maybe to follow precipitation?

submitted by /u/muddy_wedge
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Why don't polysaccharide vaccines work for children under 2?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 11:50 AM PDT

Learned this back in my preclinical years but never really understand it, can someone explain this for me?

submitted by /u/Alcoholic_Gingerbeer
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Can coral bleaching be reversed?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 10:45 AM PDT

I keep seeing on the news "go see the Great Barrier Reef now before its gone forever" because of climate change. Is it possible to save or revive all of these dyeing corals? Or if they're dead, are they dead for good?

submitted by /u/elizabethbrooks
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Does viscous liquids like honey create sonoluminescence like in water?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 08:29 AM PDT

What is the difference between medical steroids and athletic steroids?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 10:23 AM PDT

Do elder people who suffer memory loss start losing different "kinds" of memories in a particular order?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 10:14 AM PDT

When my grandmother developed dementia, the first memories she started losing were memories about her homes first, then followed by memories about people she knew, then followed by memories about other things, etc...

Now it seems my grandfather is developing dementia as well, or Alzheimer, he is still pretty much aware of his surroundings but he too is starting to suffer memory loss, and he too is starting from memories about his home, he doesn't recognize it anymore or he thinks his home is still the one from his youth.

Is it just casual that both my grandparents started losing different memories in what seems to be the same order, or is there an actual pattern for what memories you lose first when you suffer memory loss?

submitted by /u/tribdol
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Is water unusually weird?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 03:23 AM PDT

There's a lot of talk about the strange properties of water (ice being heavier than liquid water etc.). Does water really have less predictable characteristics than other substances, or has water just been studied and talked about more because it's importance to us?

submitted by /u/Furishon
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Is galaxy shape related to galaxy age?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 01:28 AM PDT

I'm the questioner's dad. My son can't type yet, so I just recorded his question. Here it is:

https://youtu.be/tDPhv-Kcg0w

"...I wanna know, actually, if young galaxies are really irregulars, the middle aged ones are kind of like spirals, like this galaxy, the Milky Way, and then, like, the elliptical ones are really old galaxies."

Thanks.

submitted by /u/Pagzma
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What makes a dishwasher safe item "safe"?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 08:03 AM PDT

What is happening when we put seashells to our ear and "hear the ocean"?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 02:43 PM PDT