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Sunday, March 26, 2017

Apéritifs and digestifs supposedly stimulate your appetite and aid in digestion, respectively. Is there any evidence/science behind this?

Apéritifs and digestifs supposedly stimulate your appetite and aid in digestion, respectively. Is there any evidence/science behind this?


Apéritifs and digestifs supposedly stimulate your appetite and aid in digestion, respectively. Is there any evidence/science behind this?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 01:06 PM PDT

I was reading this article on the difference between an apéritif and a digestif, and was wondering if there's any actual science behind the claims, or if it's more tied to other factors, like maybe culture?

submitted by /u/N8CCRG
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Did any animals other than Archosaurs develop additional skull openings?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 11:51 AM PDT

Most known amniotes are either synapsids, diapsids, or anapsids, (the latter two part of the sauropsids), which have either two, four, or no temporal fenestrae in the skull. However, the archosaurs evolved extra openings from their diapsid ancestors, the antorbital and mandibular fenestrae. Are the archosaurs the only known amniotes to have developed additional skull openings, or are there more?

submitted by /u/Spike52656
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Can electrical breakdown, such as lightning or electric arc, be considered as quantum tunneling effect?

Posted: 26 Mar 2017 02:48 AM PDT

Why can't we use smaller wavelengths of light instead of electron microscopes?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 09:17 PM PDT

We have telescopes that can see ultraviolet light coming from the sun, and computers that can transform that info into visible colors. Yet we can't seem to use that same technology to bounce ultraviolet light off of specimen and get better resolution. Why is that?

submitted by /u/Sammy197
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[Engineering]How do advanced driver aids that use radar and/or laser to function (lane departure warning, adaptive cruise control, high beam assist, etc.) interfere with police band radar/laser if at all?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 08:32 PM PDT

Does a "simple" video have a smaller file size than a "busy" one?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 10:28 AM PDT

If I'm watching a video that has very little activity on the screen (like a music video on YouTube that just has the album cover) will that have a similar file size to something that is a lot busier? I feel like the video codec should be able to recognize that there isn't anything happening and reduce file size accordingly. Thanks

submitted by /u/Whoisjason
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Structurally, how do the skeletal muscles of short and tall people differ? And what are the mechanisms that underly the difference in lean body mass between maximally-developed strength athletes of different statures?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 04:45 PM PDT

Taller strength athletes tend to carry a larger absolute amount of lean body mass than shorter athletes. It would seem intuitive to say that this is because of the relatively larger and heavier bone structure that they have. What, then, causes the disparity in size? Do taller people have more muscle fibers (and are their born with them, or do they proliferate during puberty)? Or is there a mechanism related to their enlarged bone structure that tells the body to allow for greater hypertrophy before the process is attenuated, when compared to a shorter person?

I've also heard it said that taller men perform more work per unit of exercise because of the greater range of motion over which they must move the weight. It again seems intuitive to say that something inherent to their physiology enables this, but is it possible that the relationship is the converse, and that the extra work performed causes higher strength and size development in the long run?

submitted by /u/socalledst4lker
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What causes the Dzhanibekov Effect?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 01:09 PM PDT

I saw this post and I was wondering how it works and why.

submitted by /u/The_Red_Spectre
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Is there a tiling of 3d space that has entropy proportional to surface area rather than volume?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 06:38 PM PDT

(Note: I'm using some unicode characters to show the tiles. I hope it works in your browser.)

Hello all,

I've been reading about the holographic principle and I'm intrigued by the unintuitive idea that the entropy a volume of space is proportional to its surface area rather than its volume.

In thinking about this, I've been thinking about a simple two dimensional tiling of the plane where the entropy is proportional to the perimiter rather than the area.

If I start with a simple square tile that is divided along a diagonal into a white triangle and a black triangle:

And allow any rotation:

◢ ◣ ◤ ◥

I can start tiling the plane with one tile of arbitrary rotation, say:

Since I could have chosen any of 4 rotations, my tiling currently has 2 bits of entropy (as I understand it - I might be using the terminology incorrectly).

If I constrain myself to matching the sides of tiles to be the same colour (black or white), I only have two choices when adding a tile adjacent to an existing tile. For example, to place a tile to the right of my 1st tile, I only have these two choices:

◤ ◥

or

◤ ◢

So now my tiling has 3 bits of entropy. If I continue on and add new tiles to the left, top and bottom, I have two choices for each and so have a tiling with 6 bits of entropy. For example:

 ◣ ◥ ◤ ◢ ◣ 

But now, if I want to fill in the corners to make a square of 9 tiles (3 tiles by 3 tiles, I am constrained by the existing tiles and so have no choice at all. The entropy remains 6 bits:

◢ ◣ ◥

◥ ◤ ◢

◢ ◣ ◥

Again, if I consider adding one tile to the right of the existing tiles, I have two choices and so 1 bit of entropy is added. Again if I do the same to the left, top and bottom, I add another 3 bits for a total of 10 bits. Interestingly, there are no more choices available when filling out the 25 tile square (for the same reason as with the 9 tile square).

It's clear that the entropy of such a tiling for a square a side n (i.e., an n x n square), (where n is odd) is:

entropy = 2n

I think I'm right in saying that the same formula applies when n is even.

Since the perimeter of the square is 4n. That makes the entropy proportional to the perimeter.

I'd like to know if such a tiling (or tessellation?) exists in 3 dimensions that makes the entropy proportional to the surface area. It seems possible to me.

Which leads to me to ask whether this sort of tiling can be related in any way to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy?

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Bekenstein-Hawking_entropy

Any thoughts or discussion appreciated!

-Jezparov

submitted by /u/Jezparov
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Why can't atoms in period 14 form quadruple bonds?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 09:19 AM PDT

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, so it should bond with another carbon atom with all four valence electrons. However, it doesn't occur in nature. I simply don't understand.

submitted by /u/Xavier_Rhino
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Why does pottery not break down when you store water in it/use it with water?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 07:43 AM PDT

So pottery can be used to gather and store water, but why does it not break down from the water like clay normally would?

submitted by /u/Jkpark22
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Does the intermediate axis theorem apply to Earth as well?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 01:05 PM PDT

Is earth going to flip north e south pole? What consequences can such a flip have on life on earth? Are oceans going to submerge everything?

submitted by /u/Drarak0702
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Does an electron interact with itself?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 07:37 AM PDT

Describing an electron as a cloud, does one part of the cloud feel a force from the other part of the cloud?

submitted by /u/MappeMappe
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Are there any areas in the Western U.S. are similar to the Appalachian/Blue Ridge Forest ecoregion?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 09:09 AM PDT

I would like to know if there are any places west of the Great Plains that share a similar climate and habitat as that of the temperate deciduous forest found in Central and Southern Appalachia.

*that are similar. Sorry.

submitted by /u/APPLEBEES_HAS_RATS
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Why is phloem alive and xylem dead? They both lack nuclei and organelles.

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 02:59 AM PDT

The title, basically.

submitted by /u/Trump_University_PhD
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Is there authentic evidence behind some scientists claims that civilization will collapse within 10-30 years due to rapid climate change?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 09:23 AM PDT

And if so, why do opinions within climate research differ so greatly regarding the time scale of runaway warming and potential collapse?

submitted by /u/Levi_27
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Saturday, March 25, 2017

What makes the electron shells of the atoms between Scandium and Zinc seem to go haywire, while suddenly regaining a stable outer shell increase from Gallium to Krypton? Why does this pattern repeat throughout the periods?

What makes the electron shells of the atoms between Scandium and Zinc seem to go haywire, while suddenly regaining a stable outer shell increase from Gallium to Krypton? Why does this pattern repeat throughout the periods?


What makes the electron shells of the atoms between Scandium and Zinc seem to go haywire, while suddenly regaining a stable outer shell increase from Gallium to Krypton? Why does this pattern repeat throughout the periods?

Posted: 25 Mar 2017 02:02 AM PDT

How did the Canadian Arctic Archipelago form? It doesn't seem to resemble any other archipelago in the world, both in size and form. What caused it to have so many straits and such complicated coastlines?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 01:51 PM PDT

Why don't we use a cocktail of many types of antibiotics at the same time limit the chances of the bacteria developing a resistance?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 10:08 PM PDT

Why don't we use a cocktail of many types of antibiotics at the same time limit the chances of the bacteria developing a resistance?

So say you had a sample of bacteria that was treated with 20 similar targeting antibiotics at the same time and a mutation existed in some of the population that caused them to have a resistance to antibiotic #1, wouldn't that mutant segment of the population still be wiped out by antibiotics #2-#20 and for any resistant mutant strain to develop and survive the treatment it would require a mutation that was resistant to all 20?

Apologies if my understanding of the way resistances develop or any other misunderstanding of the subject.

submitted by /u/FatCatElite
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If marijuana causes an increase in heart rate why does it not cause cardiomyopathy like cocaine?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 12:37 PM PDT

There is a rather recent scientific consensus that dinosaurs' closest living relatives are birds and they probably had feathers. Even sauropods?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 01:31 PM PDT

Looking at raptors and birds I can see a resemblence and imagine the dinos in feathers. But are there any scientific findings which would suggest the same has been true for sauropods or stegosaurs? I am sorry if its the wrong subreddit, but its something in between science and history.

submitted by /u/moonshieId
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Why do some downloads take significantly more time for the first 3% of the file(s) than the other 97%?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 09:58 AM PDT

Of course the 3% may instead be 10%-20% or whatever, but I am curious why downloads take longer in certain sections of the package. Do some pieces of data really take longer or are the percentages inaccurate?

submitted by /u/dflook
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How does the emergence of intelligent life and organic matter fit with laws of entropy when they appear to be contradictory?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 12:58 PM PDT

Do all individual photons have a quantized wavelength, and why is the spectrum of light considered a continuum then?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 09:06 PM PDT

IHello there. I still try to get my head around the nature of quantization, specifically about light. Since Max Plack, the energy (and from what I learned, also the frequency/wavelength) of photons is known to be discrete, right?

Can someone explain to me, why physicist talk about the spectrum of light as a continuum?

Is this not the case when the observed space is limited to small regions?

Are superpositions of wavelengths possible for single photons, and do they possibly form a probablistic "pseudo-continuum" by interference between all the possible wavelengths?

Please clarify, if you are referring to specific continuous representations i.e. the EM-field or a single travelling lightwave as a continuous / analytic description of a wave, or if you talk about the single photon as a particle (at a specific event, i.e. during emmission / absorption) or about something even more fundamental, such as superpositions, interference, etc.

[Edit:] Another strange thought: Do relativistic effects / gravitational dilation (the doppler-shift) imply, that frequencies in-between must exist (with energies not divisible by Planck's constant), or is the net energy of a photon lorentz-invariant?

I guess, there is still a lot of ignorance on my part, so please be patient with me.

submitted by /u/WhyMeAlready
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If you were to shave your entire body, would the hair grow back evenly at the same rate or doe different body parts grow hair faster than others?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 11:36 AM PDT

ex.) if you were to shave your head and legs at the same time would the rate of growth be equal?

submitted by /u/Lordofwar38
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Why are triangles the strongest shape?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 09:32 AM PDT

How do you calculate the velocity of an electron relative to the nucleus?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 10:03 PM PDT

How is the evaporation rate of a specific substance determined?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 02:36 PM PDT

In other words, why do some substances evaporate at different rates than others?

submitted by /u/Vegetakarot
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Can an injection of Acetyl CoA stimulate the TCA cycle the same way that our body can via its own mechanisms?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 01:27 PM PDT

How does a CCD or CMOS form an image?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 09:35 AM PDT

I can't quite find the answer I'm looking for on this. I understand the operation of both CCD and CMOS detectors. What I don't know is how they manage to discriminate between pixels, and how their readout circuitry forms an image out of the information collected.

submitted by /u/ChunkoDunko
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Friday, March 24, 2017

Why is it advised to keep using the same antiseptic to treat an open wound?

Why is it advised to keep using the same antiseptic to treat an open wound?


Why is it advised to keep using the same antiseptic to treat an open wound?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 03:14 AM PDT

Lots of different antiseptics exist with different active ingredients, but why is it bad to mix them?

submitted by /u/anonymous_coward
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How does brushing your teeth clean your mouth, and has the invention of toothbrushes affected bacterial evolution?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 07:41 AM PDT

How are atoms aranged?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 11:01 PM PDT

I know that there are protons and neutrons in the core with electrons orbiting around them, but how are the protons and neutrons aranged? Is it completly random? Is there an order? Is there a difference if the atom just got created by fusion?

I'm currently making a project for school don't want to do anything wrong.

submitted by /u/VayuDev
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Do we observe the handful of stars orbiting the Milky Way's central black hole moving slower during their perigees due to the intense gravity?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 11:55 PM PDT

Since a distant observer sees an object moving more and more slowly as it approaches an extremely massive object, do we see this manifested in the stars that orbit close to the central supermassive black hole? Or, do they​ just not get close enough to have the effect be measurable.

Basically...Do we observe on some level what happened in "Interstellar"?

submitted by /u/locomike1219
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Since radioactive elements have half lives, why do we still have an abundant amount of certain unstable elements?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 01:37 PM PDT

Say you have a naturally occurring isotope with a half life of 100 years. There is a current estimate of 100 tons of it on Earth right now. Does that mean in 1,000 years there will be hardly any left unless created by humans? Why is there still any naturally occurring isotopes left on Earth if they have short half lives?

submitted by /u/17_snails
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What field arises when a charged particle is changing in acceleration?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 10:23 PM PDT

To my understanding, static electric fields arise from stationary charges, magnetic fields from moving charges, and radiation fields from accelerating charges. But what is the resulting field when a charge jerks or more generally has higher order (non-zero) time-derivatives in position?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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Does downloading a podcast make my phone heavier?

Posted: 24 Mar 2017 01:29 AM PDT

[Plant Biology] Why do some nuts like pecans and walnuts have "grooves" that look like brains?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 08:04 AM PDT

If gravity can bend light, is it possible for light emitted from the front of an object to strike the rear of an object if it is above a gravitationally significant object?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 06:25 PM PDT

For example, if I had a flashlight and turned it on a certain distance from a black hole, could the light bend around the black hole and hit my back?

submitted by /u/Zak7062
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How are we able to detect antimatter?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 04:04 PM PDT

Why does a toy boat in a bath-tub behave as sped up real-size version boat, and if we were shrunk down to same scale, would it appear to be normal again?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 08:21 PM PDT

I'm really curious on the subject of scale, and forces acting upon objects with different sizes . Does anyone have any links or videos to see?

submitted by /u/5hadow
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When and how was the drift speed of an electron first measured?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 02:16 PM PDT

What is a virtual state?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 03:00 PM PDT

I am a chemistry major and when dealing with Raman Spectroscopy, my professor keeps mentioning excitation to a virtual state but cannot explain exactly what a virtual state is. I was under the impression that energy was quantized so that only certain energy levels were available. Feel free to use math in your explanation. I should (hopefully) be able to understand it.

submitted by /u/rscrenci
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Can someone explain causal fermion systems and the Dirac Sea to me in "smart layman's terms"?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 10:20 AM PDT

Because Wikipedia's article on them are all grad student-level gobbledegook.

I need something more on the level of A Brief History of Time or Cosmos.

submitted by /u/WorldSpews217
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Is antigravity a thing?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 04:56 PM PDT

I know this might be a stupid question, but I'm actually kind of curious. You know how there's antimatter that is a counterpart to matter, I'm wondering if anyone knows how that sort of thing behaves. Also is there any evidence to suggest other "anti-other-important-things-in-the-universe" like antigravity, or antimagnetism, or anything similar to that.

submitted by /u/fartboi88
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Can tendrils in nebulae form planets without a parent star?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 09:31 AM PDT

For a given problem, is there a theoretical lower bound on how fast any algorithm can solve it?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 11:29 AM PDT

For example, the best sorting algorithms run in O(nlogn) time. Is it possible that there are more efficient algorithms 'out there" that are not yet discovered, or is O(nlogn) the hard limit on how fast sorting problems can be solved? If it is the latter case, why is O(nlogn) the limit?

Extending this question to any general problem, is there some way to know the lower bound on how fast any algorithm can solve it? Does a lower bound have to exist at all?

submitted by /u/SteveBouId
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Is there any directional orientation (up, down, left, right) of the universe or have humans just kind of reconciled it with Earth's position because it's the only reference point that matters to us so far?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 12:26 PM PDT

Why do unpaired electrons always align with an applied B field, but unpaired nucleons do not?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 09:37 AM PDT

The usual explanation for paramagnetism is that an unpaired electron is torqued by an applied magnetic field to align with the field and to generate a magnetic field that adds with the applied field.

In NMR, for instance, we know that unpaired nucleons can align with OR against the applied B field.

So why do these unpaired electrons always tend to align with the field? In a collection of atoms, each with their own unpaired e-, shouldn't approximately half of them align with an applied field, and half against the field, summing together to provide no paramagnetic effect?

submitted by /u/hannawillneverfindme
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What astronomical force allows a repeller to push a galaxy?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 07:47 PM PDT

Recently it was announced that the 'Dipole Repeller' is pushing the Milky Way Galaxy (see this article).

Gravity is a force working on all things in the Universe, but it pulls only.

What force repels galaxies?

submitted by /u/BambooRollin
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We can see yellow even though we do not have visual receptors for yellow. Why can't we see ultraviolet and infrared?

Posted: 23 Mar 2017 07:47 PM PDT