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Wednesday, March 15, 2017

[Math] Is every digit in pi equally likely?

[Math] Is every digit in pi equally likely?


[Math] Is every digit in pi equally likely?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 11:11 AM PDT

If you were to take pi out to 100,000,000,000 decimal places would there be ~10,000,000,000 0s, 1s, 2s, etc due to the law of large numbers or are some number systemically more common? If so is pi used in random number generating algorithms?

edit: Thank you for all your responces. There happened to be this on r/dataisbeautiful

submitted by /u/LtMelon
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How did we first estimate/calculate the size of and distance to the moon?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 11:01 AM PDT

Conceptually speaking, what does it mean when you take a number to a power that is not a rational number?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 09:22 PM PDT

So, my understanding of exponents is basically as follows. Say you have na/b. What this basically means is that you need to do two things to the number n - you need to multiply n by itself a-1 times, and then you need to take the bth root of that result.

So, for example:

  • 32 means 3 * 3 = 9
  • 41/2, or 40.5, means 4, and then you take the square root of 4, which is 2.
  • 53/4 , or 50.75, means 5 * 5 * 5 = 125, and then you take the 4th root of that, which is ~3.3437...

Ok, so that makes sense to me. You can then add on the idea that if either a or b is negative, you just do all of this stuff and then take the reciprocal. And so:

  • 2.5-5/2, or 2.5-2.5, means 2.5 * 2.5 * 2.5 * 2.5 * 2.5 = 97.65625, and then you take the square root of that, which is ~9.882117, and then you take the reciprocal of that, which is ~0.101192

In order to do this, both a and b must be positive integers, because its an iterative process - you can't multiply something by itself 2/3s of a time. But usually you'll be able to express a/b in the form of positive integers.

What doesn't make sense to me is that you can somehow take numbers to the power of things which are not rational (e.g. a/b can't be expressed as a ratio of positive integers) and therefore can't follow this step by step process. I guess there's two different categories here, which are:

  • Exponents which are real but irrational (either transcendental or not). So, for example, how can you take nπ or ne? In these cases, the exponent can't be expressed as a fraction, and so you can't really do the two step process of taking n, multiplying it by itself a-1 times, and then taking the bth root. We can get rough estimates, I suppose (for example, you can use 22/7 or other similar fractions for π), but is that how we actually do this? Or is there some other conceptual way to think about exponents which permit irrational exponents?

  • Exponents which are complex numbers. This is really why I started to think about this entire question, as I was doing some (very basic) learning about the Reimann Zeta function (which I posted about here yesterday and got awesome responses about). That function requires taking numbers to the power of a + bi. And I just don't even know what that means. I know I can type it into google and an answer will spit out, but it just doesn't make conceptual sense to me based on my understanding of what an exponent is.

Any insight would be awesome. Thanks!

Note: I asked this question on /r/AskMath earlier, but didn't get very much of a response and got no answer to the second half of the question. Hoping I might get a better answer here.

submitted by /u/VStarffin
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Was the Velociraptor species as intelligent and clever as the Jurassic Films portrayed them to be?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 11:42 PM PDT

Wouldn't it be faster to break up and transmit radio signals through space across multiple channels rather than use a single channel?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 03:53 PM PDT

For example, if you take a picture from the surface of mars and the file size is 4 GB and then you send that picture to earth at 1GB a minute then that takes 4 minutes. If you split the data up into 4 parts of 1GB each and then send those 4 parts simultaneously on 4 different channels then the picture only takes 1 minute to get to earth.

submitted by /u/Azozel
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What are the differences between waves?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 04:28 PM PDT

I hear sound waves, I see light waves, and I would feel micro waves if they were in a high enough concentration. So what is the difference between then?

submitted by /u/Hiimsimba
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[Physics] How did Balmer arrived at his formula if there was no concept of energy levels or atomic orbitals at his time?

Posted: 15 Mar 2017 04:46 AM PDT

Black hole = magic refrigerator?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 05:53 PM PDT

Assume I have a large black hole.

And that I have an environment that is extremely hot due to photons flying everywhere.

Let's say I build a giant machine to transfer those photons into the black hole. Not just in the immediate vicinity, but across a vast area.

My question is, is there any limit to how large a machine the hole would be able to cool off by having the material transfer heat into it via radiators or similar. Like, if I built a machine much larger than the actual event horizon that is meant to pass heat into the hole, is there any reason in particular I can't cool the entire machine to the temperature of the hole? Like can I essentially use it as an unlimited thermal wastebin that gets colder and bigger the more heat I throw in it?

submitted by /u/pds314
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Do snow covered mountains still erode?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 07:21 PM PDT

If the temperature on the mountain never reaches below zero, I figure the only source of erosion is the wind. But when the mountain is covered with snow, does it not act as a barrier between the wind and the mountain?

submitted by /u/itsalilbitlit
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Aren't General Relativity and quantum mechanics just fundamentally, irreconcilably incompatible?

Posted: 15 Mar 2017 01:06 AM PDT

In GR, space and time are facets of a single "thing" and it seems to me that momentum pops out mechanically. There's no inherent limitation on measurement precision built into GR, just like in Newtonian physics.
 

On the other hand, with Heisenbergian inequalities all over the place, we have to choose carefully what we try to measure simultaneously. These limitations on measurement are built right "into the code" of the universe.
 

I just don't see how these theories could ever be unified when they don't even appear to speak the same language. Is there something I'm missing?? (besides, of course, an 8 years in a physics degree program at a university..)

submitted by /u/rpgZenMaster
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Why does a screen recording program not crash when it records itself?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 07:00 PM PDT

When a screen recording software, such as OBS, records itself, it creates a tunnel effect. If OBS infinitely records itself, why doesn't that make my computer crash/slow down?

submitted by /u/Gifhero
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What does string theory does differently that current theories do not when dealing with singularities?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 08:27 AM PDT

From what I gather, in string theory we naturally unify QFT and GR, so does it solve the problems that we encounter at a singularity? If so, what explanation does it offer when particles are broken down to their fundamental bits inside a black hole. Please shed light on how our understanding of black holes, and singularities would further if string theory is indeed true?

submitted by /u/elder--wand
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Can a neural network spit bars?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 03:57 PM PDT

i was watching a video of a neural network learning to speak clearly and my first thought was "when this speaks english perfectly will it be able to rap?" since rap is heavy on the vocabulary it seems fitting to me

to expand on my question, can a neural network rhyme, use word play and make references like a rap song does?

submitted by /u/TubbyMcFuckles
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Why do batteries have a little "nub" on the positive end?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 11:05 AM PDT

If light was travelling in a 2d circle, would the angular speed of light still be c?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 07:05 PM PDT

Is it possible for a star of ridiculously high mass and the proper composition to effectively collapse into a black hole so quickly that no supernova is observed outside the event horizon?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 01:58 PM PDT

I understand (at a very high level) the life processes of a star, balancing gravity's pressure with fusion's outward-pushing energy, until (in some cases) the star begins fusing Iron, which is not an exothermic reaction, and gravity forces the mass of the star together past the Chandrasekhar limit where electron degeneracy pressure can no longer support the growing iron core, and boom. Hopefully I've got that mostly correct within the scope of this question.

I've read that some low-metallicity stars of "only" several dozen solar masses can undergo core collapse and produce a black hole without a supernova - is that effectively what I'm describing in my question text? Or is that happening via some other process?

What about when a really massive star collapses due to photodisintegration? Would that be an example of the text in my question, or is some other process occurring to create a(n) (apparently quite massive) black hole without a supernova in those cases?

Are there any other theoretical cases where a star massive enough to produce a supernova and collapse into a black hole does not actually produce said supernova yet still collapses into a black hole? Or, worded another way (as I hopefully conveyed in the question text), the supernova occurs, but the star is so massive that the event horizon has already formed around the supernova?

Sorry for so many sub-questions, just trying to clarify what I was originally asking and describe what I think I already know.

EDIT: Changed flair to Physics from Astronomy; wasn't sure which applied better.

submitted by /u/FrontColonelShirt
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Why aren't we flung off the surface of the earth if its spinning upwards of 1,000 mph?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 03:07 PM PDT

Tuesday, March 14, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Daniel Kraft, Physician-Scientist, Faculty Chair for Medicine at Singularity University and Founder of Exponential Medicine. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Daniel Kraft, Physician-Scientist, Faculty Chair for Medicine at Singularity University and Founder of Exponential Medicine. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Daniel Kraft, Physician-Scientist, Faculty Chair for Medicine at Singularity University and Founder of Exponential Medicine. Ask me anything!

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 05:00 AM PDT

The future of healthcare is being driven by rapidly advancing technologies and breakthrough developments in medicine, neurology, biotechnology, stem cell research, and the explosion of digital information for diagnosis and rapid analysis. From 3D-printed organs to organ regeneration - from point of care to "lab on a chip" diagnostics, synthetic biology and new gene-based therapies - our life, and quality of life are being changed by technology. Ask me questions about what new technologies are being employed or on the horizon for prevention and better diagnosis, stem cell research and understanding how new developments in brain monitoring algorithms will allow physicians to make rapid life-saving clinical decisions in the operating room.

Dr. Daniel Kraft is a Stanford and Harvard trained physician-scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, and innovator with experience in clinical practice, biomedical research and healthcare innovation. Dr. Kraft has chaired the Medicine Track for Singularity University since SU's inception, and founded and is Executive Director of Exponential Medicine, a program that explores convergent, rapidly developing technologies and their potential in biomedicine and healthcare. Following undergraduate degrees from Brown University and medical school at Stanford, Daniel was Board Certified in both Internal Medicine & Pediatrics after completing a Harvard residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital & Boston Children's Hospital, and fellowships in hematology, oncology and bone marrow transplantation at Stanford. He has multiple patents on medical device, immunology and stem cell related patents through faculty positions with Stanford University School of Medicine and as clinical faculty for the pediatric bone marrow transplantation service at University of California, San Francisco.

Speeches and Interviews

Our guest will be joining us around 4 PM ET (20 UT)!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How is it possible that satellites last far longer than planned?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 02:21 AM PDT

For example, the Meteosat-7 satellite was launched around 20 years ago and is still working fine without the need for maintenance. The satellite was supposed to stay in geostationary orbit for only 6 years.

submitted by /u/lfhde
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Does "spinning for gravity" experience drag from the people?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 12:01 AM PDT

Looking at a craft like that in "Passengers" which spins for "gravity" - Newton's First Law says once it's up to speed, it will keep spinning.

I believe work is being expended in constantly changing the direction of motion of the contents of the spinny bit (the "centripetal acceleration"). Does this slow the spinning of the wheel? What is the means by which the slowing happens? I can't get my head around "swinging people in a circle slows the spin"

Thanks!

submitted by /u/DonLaFontainesGhost
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Are there any mathematical operations that don't have an inverse?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 05:23 PM PDT

Earlier today I was thinking about how I tend to check division using multiplication, subtraction using addition etc.

This got me thinking about whether there were any operations that didn't have an inverse.

I couldn't think of any off the top of my head, and the only things I know about that I thought could be options were some kind of mappings to the complex plane or w plane or something like that.

submitted by /u/teo730
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Do insects sleep or hibernate or regenerate their bodies in a systematic, periodic way?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 12:33 AM PDT

No flair for entomology.

submitted by /u/rcb314
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What if you were shot by the LHC beam?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 05:06 PM PDT

What would happen if you were struck with the beam from the Large Hadron Collider? Would it kill you or would the particle be too small to do any damage?

submitted by /u/ion_propulsion777
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What would happen if you threw a snowball that was near absolute zero at a person?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:28 PM PDT

Or just dropped it on the ground or something similar.

submitted by /u/scrogu
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Why do other animals not cry (with tears)?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:13 PM PDT

Why is proving or disproving the Reimann hypothesis important?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 10:26 AM PDT

So after years of being a lawyer after being awesome at math in high school, I've been dusting off my old skills by watching a lot of youtube videos recently. After years of hearing vaguely about the Reimann Zeta function, I feel like I have a good handle on what the problem is. But I seem to be butting up against my internal cynicism, finding myself wondering "who cares about this weirdly esoteric problem?"

I realize this is a weird question to ask about any pure math problem (inasmuch as who cares about any of it) but even among math problems this one seems very famous, and there's a million dollar prize out there for solving it. Why? As far as I can tell, the only practical consequence of the problem that I can find (at least that's intelligible to a layman) is that it somehow impacts the way we calculate the distribution of prime numbers, which, again...who cares?

I'm genuinely not trying to be cynical with this question - when I say "who cares", I say it with the admission that I care. I'm not saying caring about it is stupid. I'm just trying to understand why this problem seems to have such a place of prominence in math.

submitted by /u/VStarffin
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Why do old recordings have so much static/hissing/background noise to them?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 02:36 PM PDT

Whenever you listen to old recordings (before 1960ish) you hear a persistent background noise that's quite loud. I think all recordings, even today, have some, but not nearly the same amount as they used to.

submitted by /u/ch1214ch
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Are there organisms that fall somewhere between single cell organisms and complex organisms?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:10 PM PDT

I know you have single cell organisms like say a paramecium. And complex organisms which can run the gamut from say a dust mite to a human being or blue whale. Are there organisms that fall somewhere between these two though? Like something that is made up of not one or billions of cells but say five different cells that share a common genetic code?

submitted by /u/turkeygiant
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When synthesizing new elements, how do scientists know about the number of atoms they produced and how do they measure the rate of decay?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 10:58 AM PDT

I'm very sorry if this is a noob question. I never paid attention in chemistry class. Anyway, here we go:

I've been watching some videos about the synthetization of Ununoctium / Oganesson recently and got some questions: In the video I watched, they said that they synthesized x atoms of Ununoctium. How can you measure something this small?

Also, how do you measure the time for it to decay, which is also a very small time?

submitted by /u/fanaticlychee
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If I cut open a fruit (e.g a pomelo), does it continue to ripen?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 04:19 PM PDT

Is it possible for organic matter to be blown off earth during an asteroid strike and land on the moon?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 06:58 AM PDT

I recently came across a Joe Rogan episode on why he changed his stance on the moon landing. One part of it was talking about a "moon rock" given as a gift that turned out to be petrified wood. While this instance is theft or deceit, it got me thinking about the asteroid impact that caused our last mass extinction. Was there enough force in that impact to Launch debris into space? Would the speed required to leave our atmosphere vaporize any organic matter traveling with it? I guess my main question is if a piece of wood were left on the moon for an extended period of time, what would it's aging process look like? How would it differ depending on if it were sitting on the surface or had been driven into the ground? I assume that due to less gravity nothing would be under the same amount of pressure that it is here on Earth.

submitted by /u/polarbearrape
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When birds migrate north for the spring, if there is a sudden drop in temperature where they're flying, do they just return back south?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:24 PM PDT

Do some animals die due to climate change and coming out of hibernation early?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 12:21 PM PDT

I live in Ohio where the temperature fluctuates as much as my love/hate relationship with Frito Twists. Anyway, on some days it was 70 degrees in December and January, and some days where it was 10-20 degrees F in February. It's now March and last week it was 60F outside and I went out running; now it's snowing and 25F. My question is, how many animals break out of hibernation due to the warm sunny weather in February, eat their buried food, only to be snowed on and hit by sub-30 degree weather a few days later? Is this a non-issue for most animals? How about birds who [might] migrate due to the weather, thinking it is Spring when it is actually the middle of January? (I don't know if this is actually true, just something that I think about) Are most animals smarter than that? Will this become a bigger issue when climate change makes an even larger impact or will animals seemingly adapt to these changes?

submitted by /u/PooplaiKhan
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Would your sperm still turn into you if it got with a different egg?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:34 PM PDT

It might sound dumb but here is a drawing of what I mean. https://i.gyazo.com/66f9c5dfe97bf7ddf7e9c5d3b7f60004.png

There are 2 sets of sperm/eggs, but 4 different possibilities. Would there be 2 different people regardless of the matches or could there be 4 different outcomes of people?

submitted by /u/Whoseyodaddy
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Is English evolving in a predictable way?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 05:20 AM PDT

Monday, March 13, 2017

What happens in wet wood that allows you to bend it?

What happens in wet wood that allows you to bend it?


What happens in wet wood that allows you to bend it?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 11:06 AM PDT

To bend wood you have to wet it, whether through steaming or just water. What changes within the wood which allows the wood to be bent?

submitted by /u/hallonkatastrof
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Why do bubbles in carbonated drinks or beers form from imperfections or scratches in glass? What causes them to form from surface imperfections vs randomly within the liquid?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 09:20 AM PDT

When a star is forming does it reach a critical temperature and 'turn on' or is there a smoother transition from protostar to star?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 07:46 PM PDT

Carriers of bacterial pathogens: Can populations of bacteria like S. aeurus, or Salmonella enterica in healthy carriers play an integral part in one's microbiome?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:13 PM PDT

Has it been shown that typically pathogenic bacteria like the examples listed can play an important (nonpathogenic or even benificial ) part in our bodies?

submitted by /u/Friendship_or_else
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Are energies in general relativity "relative" or "absolute"?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:21 PM PDT

Within quantum mechanics, energy zeros are arbitrary and only energy differences affect the dynamics of a system. Shifting the energy higher or lower will simply cause a rotation of the global phase of a system.

However within general relativity energy warps space. If I add a field of constant energy field over the whole universe (with no spatial variation) does this alter dynamics within the universe? I feel at zero time after this change it does not since the gravitational field from this extra mass will cancel out at every point (except at the boundaries). However, after some time passes the extra energy field may be attracted to other masses and this uniformity will break down and then the energy field will start having an effect? It seems therefore that energy is an absolute quantity, but I am not sure about my analysis.

This seems quite profound to me that there could be this difference between our two most fundamental theories of how the universe works. If there is a zero of energy, what is it? Does this relate to the cosmological constant etc?

submitted by /u/somedave
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Do all EM radiation carry the same momentum?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 06:28 AM PDT

Since all EM radiation is photons traveling at c, do they all have the same momentum? Or does their wave length play into it too? If you had two foils being hit by waves at different wave lengths, would one travel faster than the other?

submitted by /u/JTsyo
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Are there any superconductors that would work on Earth orbit without requiring artificial cooling?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 12:28 AM PDT

If so what use could this have currently out in the foreseeable future?

submitted by /u/dontpet
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Why does the sound of cold water hitting steel sound different than hot water hitting steel?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 06:15 AM PDT

Yesterday at work I was cleaning the sink and I heard that the cold water made a different sound than hot water when it hit the sink.

submitted by /u/dutchhenkerdd
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How do scientists determine how many millions of years ago 2 or more separate organisms shared a common ancestor?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:08 PM PDT

I mostly understand the process of how they determine what the common ancestors were, but I don't understand how they place a time on it. This question was sparked by this post about beetles and ants, and in it, the scientists determined that the 12 beetles examined shared a common ancestor ~105 million years ago.

How do scientists go about determining the time period for when these species started to evolve separately?

submitted by /u/BobHogan
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Why are elements/isotopes with odd numbered atomic mass' fissile while their even numbered isotopes are not?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:32 PM PDT

Just curious, reading on Plutonium 239, 241 and obviously U-235 and its neutronics. Also, why are cross sections of even numbered atoms not the same as odd numbered, ie Li-6 and Li-7 and B-10 and B-9? Thanks.

submitted by /u/mgutwald
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How can water be both ionized and electrically neutral?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 12:49 PM PDT

From this site:

Acidic and alkaline water, pH all water and all aqueous solutions contain both H+ and OH– ions. If the quantity of H+ exceeds that of the OH-, the water is said to be acidic. If there are more OH- ions than H+, the water is alkaline. Pure water, which contains equal numbers of both ions, is said to be neutral. Chemists express the degree of acidity or alkalinity on the pH scale which runs from about 0 to 14. Acidic solutions have pH values of less than 7, alkaline solutions more than 7. Pure water, being neutral, has a pH of exactly 7. Each unit on the pH scale represents a hundred-fold change in the ratio of the two kinds of ions; for example, if the pH is 8, there are 100 times as many OH- ions than H+ ions (that is, [H+] = 10-8, [OH-] = 10-6.) Whether a water is acidic or alkaline, it will always contain equal numbers of positive and negative electric charges.

I don't understand how the last sentence does not contradict the rest of the paragraph.

submitted by /u/joe462
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What is the most basic form of life that still displays sleep-like behavior?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 09:33 AM PDT

Can some one explain synaptic pruning to me?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 07:03 PM PDT

I've gone to other places to look for answers but none of it is making much sense.

submitted by /u/im_trying_as_much
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How would the interstellar medium behave for an object traveling at relativistic velocities?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:47 AM PDT

If we could build a spacecraft to travel at significant fraction of the speed of light, would the interstellar medium be a factor worth considering? Would it cause drag, or compress into a shock wave? Could it cause damage to the spacecraft?

submitted by /u/Paralititan
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Why is turbulence less dangerous than it seems, and when should we actually be worried while on a flight?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 11:32 AM PDT

Is there a limit to successive stimulated emission?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 06:51 PM PDT

If you have a single Hydrogen atom in the excited state, it can emit a photon corresponding to the 21 cm line.

But if for example there is a long linear chain of Hydrogen atoms with a velocity gradient (i.e. atom 1 at the beginning of the chain is moving at 1 m/s, atom 2 moving 2 m/s, atom 3 moving 3 m/s, ..., atom N moving N m/s), then is there a limit to what N can be if I want atom 1 to induce stimulated emission in atom N?

Since atom 1 will emit a photon at approximately the 21 cm line, it will also be able to stimulate atoms near it to emit a photon. But atom N (= 108 m/s) which is moving at 108 m/s would observe the incoming stimulating photon at significant redshift and thus a frequency shift away from 21 cm. Thus I am wondering: is there a limit, Nmax , for this frequency shift beyond which the atom is unlikely to be stimulated?

Perhaps it is not a strict cutoff, but how does stimulated emission vary based on the frequency difference of the incoming photon's frequency versus its own transition frequency?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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Is it possible to measure single photons with a common CCD-Sensor?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:19 PM PDT

I am wondering if it is possible to use a simple CCD-Sensor to detect single photons? If so, what would be the best/simplest way to perform a detection experiment? Also is there any way to emit single photons with simple/ cheap devices you can buy on ebay for example?

submitted by /u/TillJobl
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Are all gas in space ionized?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:53 AM PDT

I'm thinking about interstellar travel and more specifically the problem of passing trough the interstellar medium. If you travel in speeds close to the speed of light, even small particles will be a pretty bad to collide with. However, as far as I know, all particles in space are ionized. Is this correct? If so, a strong magnetic field could be used to deflect the particles. Perhaps interstellar spaceships will also have a heatshield to mitigate the effects of incoming particles. I would also be interested in knowing more about different techniques for solving this problem

submitted by /u/ForHumanitie
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