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Tuesday, March 14, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Daniel Kraft, Physician-Scientist, Faculty Chair for Medicine at Singularity University and Founder of Exponential Medicine. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Daniel Kraft, Physician-Scientist, Faculty Chair for Medicine at Singularity University and Founder of Exponential Medicine. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I'm Dr. Daniel Kraft, Physician-Scientist, Faculty Chair for Medicine at Singularity University and Founder of Exponential Medicine. Ask me anything!

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 05:00 AM PDT

The future of healthcare is being driven by rapidly advancing technologies and breakthrough developments in medicine, neurology, biotechnology, stem cell research, and the explosion of digital information for diagnosis and rapid analysis. From 3D-printed organs to organ regeneration - from point of care to "lab on a chip" diagnostics, synthetic biology and new gene-based therapies - our life, and quality of life are being changed by technology. Ask me questions about what new technologies are being employed or on the horizon for prevention and better diagnosis, stem cell research and understanding how new developments in brain monitoring algorithms will allow physicians to make rapid life-saving clinical decisions in the operating room.

Dr. Daniel Kraft is a Stanford and Harvard trained physician-scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, and innovator with experience in clinical practice, biomedical research and healthcare innovation. Dr. Kraft has chaired the Medicine Track for Singularity University since SU's inception, and founded and is Executive Director of Exponential Medicine, a program that explores convergent, rapidly developing technologies and their potential in biomedicine and healthcare. Following undergraduate degrees from Brown University and medical school at Stanford, Daniel was Board Certified in both Internal Medicine & Pediatrics after completing a Harvard residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital & Boston Children's Hospital, and fellowships in hematology, oncology and bone marrow transplantation at Stanford. He has multiple patents on medical device, immunology and stem cell related patents through faculty positions with Stanford University School of Medicine and as clinical faculty for the pediatric bone marrow transplantation service at University of California, San Francisco.

Speeches and Interviews

Our guest will be joining us around 4 PM ET (20 UT)!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How is it possible that satellites last far longer than planned?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 02:21 AM PDT

For example, the Meteosat-7 satellite was launched around 20 years ago and is still working fine without the need for maintenance. The satellite was supposed to stay in geostationary orbit for only 6 years.

submitted by /u/lfhde
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Does "spinning for gravity" experience drag from the people?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 12:01 AM PDT

Looking at a craft like that in "Passengers" which spins for "gravity" - Newton's First Law says once it's up to speed, it will keep spinning.

I believe work is being expended in constantly changing the direction of motion of the contents of the spinny bit (the "centripetal acceleration"). Does this slow the spinning of the wheel? What is the means by which the slowing happens? I can't get my head around "swinging people in a circle slows the spin"

Thanks!

submitted by /u/DonLaFontainesGhost
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Are there any mathematical operations that don't have an inverse?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 05:23 PM PDT

Earlier today I was thinking about how I tend to check division using multiplication, subtraction using addition etc.

This got me thinking about whether there were any operations that didn't have an inverse.

I couldn't think of any off the top of my head, and the only things I know about that I thought could be options were some kind of mappings to the complex plane or w plane or something like that.

submitted by /u/teo730
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Do insects sleep or hibernate or regenerate their bodies in a systematic, periodic way?

Posted: 14 Mar 2017 12:33 AM PDT

No flair for entomology.

submitted by /u/rcb314
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What if you were shot by the LHC beam?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 05:06 PM PDT

What would happen if you were struck with the beam from the Large Hadron Collider? Would it kill you or would the particle be too small to do any damage?

submitted by /u/ion_propulsion777
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What would happen if you threw a snowball that was near absolute zero at a person?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:28 PM PDT

Or just dropped it on the ground or something similar.

submitted by /u/scrogu
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Why do other animals not cry (with tears)?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:13 PM PDT

Why is proving or disproving the Reimann hypothesis important?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 10:26 AM PDT

So after years of being a lawyer after being awesome at math in high school, I've been dusting off my old skills by watching a lot of youtube videos recently. After years of hearing vaguely about the Reimann Zeta function, I feel like I have a good handle on what the problem is. But I seem to be butting up against my internal cynicism, finding myself wondering "who cares about this weirdly esoteric problem?"

I realize this is a weird question to ask about any pure math problem (inasmuch as who cares about any of it) but even among math problems this one seems very famous, and there's a million dollar prize out there for solving it. Why? As far as I can tell, the only practical consequence of the problem that I can find (at least that's intelligible to a layman) is that it somehow impacts the way we calculate the distribution of prime numbers, which, again...who cares?

I'm genuinely not trying to be cynical with this question - when I say "who cares", I say it with the admission that I care. I'm not saying caring about it is stupid. I'm just trying to understand why this problem seems to have such a place of prominence in math.

submitted by /u/VStarffin
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Why do old recordings have so much static/hissing/background noise to them?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 02:36 PM PDT

Whenever you listen to old recordings (before 1960ish) you hear a persistent background noise that's quite loud. I think all recordings, even today, have some, but not nearly the same amount as they used to.

submitted by /u/ch1214ch
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Are there organisms that fall somewhere between single cell organisms and complex organisms?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:10 PM PDT

I know you have single cell organisms like say a paramecium. And complex organisms which can run the gamut from say a dust mite to a human being or blue whale. Are there organisms that fall somewhere between these two though? Like something that is made up of not one or billions of cells but say five different cells that share a common genetic code?

submitted by /u/turkeygiant
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When synthesizing new elements, how do scientists know about the number of atoms they produced and how do they measure the rate of decay?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 10:58 AM PDT

I'm very sorry if this is a noob question. I never paid attention in chemistry class. Anyway, here we go:

I've been watching some videos about the synthetization of Ununoctium / Oganesson recently and got some questions: In the video I watched, they said that they synthesized x atoms of Ununoctium. How can you measure something this small?

Also, how do you measure the time for it to decay, which is also a very small time?

submitted by /u/fanaticlychee
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If I cut open a fruit (e.g a pomelo), does it continue to ripen?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 04:19 PM PDT

Is it possible for organic matter to be blown off earth during an asteroid strike and land on the moon?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 06:58 AM PDT

I recently came across a Joe Rogan episode on why he changed his stance on the moon landing. One part of it was talking about a "moon rock" given as a gift that turned out to be petrified wood. While this instance is theft or deceit, it got me thinking about the asteroid impact that caused our last mass extinction. Was there enough force in that impact to Launch debris into space? Would the speed required to leave our atmosphere vaporize any organic matter traveling with it? I guess my main question is if a piece of wood were left on the moon for an extended period of time, what would it's aging process look like? How would it differ depending on if it were sitting on the surface or had been driven into the ground? I assume that due to less gravity nothing would be under the same amount of pressure that it is here on Earth.

submitted by /u/polarbearrape
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When birds migrate north for the spring, if there is a sudden drop in temperature where they're flying, do they just return back south?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:24 PM PDT

Do some animals die due to climate change and coming out of hibernation early?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 12:21 PM PDT

I live in Ohio where the temperature fluctuates as much as my love/hate relationship with Frito Twists. Anyway, on some days it was 70 degrees in December and January, and some days where it was 10-20 degrees F in February. It's now March and last week it was 60F outside and I went out running; now it's snowing and 25F. My question is, how many animals break out of hibernation due to the warm sunny weather in February, eat their buried food, only to be snowed on and hit by sub-30 degree weather a few days later? Is this a non-issue for most animals? How about birds who [might] migrate due to the weather, thinking it is Spring when it is actually the middle of January? (I don't know if this is actually true, just something that I think about) Are most animals smarter than that? Will this become a bigger issue when climate change makes an even larger impact or will animals seemingly adapt to these changes?

submitted by /u/PooplaiKhan
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Would your sperm still turn into you if it got with a different egg?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 03:34 PM PDT

It might sound dumb but here is a drawing of what I mean. https://i.gyazo.com/66f9c5dfe97bf7ddf7e9c5d3b7f60004.png

There are 2 sets of sperm/eggs, but 4 different possibilities. Would there be 2 different people regardless of the matches or could there be 4 different outcomes of people?

submitted by /u/Whoseyodaddy
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Is English evolving in a predictable way?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 05:20 AM PDT

Monday, March 13, 2017

What happens in wet wood that allows you to bend it?

What happens in wet wood that allows you to bend it?


What happens in wet wood that allows you to bend it?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 11:06 AM PDT

To bend wood you have to wet it, whether through steaming or just water. What changes within the wood which allows the wood to be bent?

submitted by /u/hallonkatastrof
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Why do bubbles in carbonated drinks or beers form from imperfections or scratches in glass? What causes them to form from surface imperfections vs randomly within the liquid?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 09:20 AM PDT

When a star is forming does it reach a critical temperature and 'turn on' or is there a smoother transition from protostar to star?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 07:46 PM PDT

Carriers of bacterial pathogens: Can populations of bacteria like S. aeurus, or Salmonella enterica in healthy carriers play an integral part in one's microbiome?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:13 PM PDT

Has it been shown that typically pathogenic bacteria like the examples listed can play an important (nonpathogenic or even benificial ) part in our bodies?

submitted by /u/Friendship_or_else
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Are energies in general relativity "relative" or "absolute"?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:21 PM PDT

Within quantum mechanics, energy zeros are arbitrary and only energy differences affect the dynamics of a system. Shifting the energy higher or lower will simply cause a rotation of the global phase of a system.

However within general relativity energy warps space. If I add a field of constant energy field over the whole universe (with no spatial variation) does this alter dynamics within the universe? I feel at zero time after this change it does not since the gravitational field from this extra mass will cancel out at every point (except at the boundaries). However, after some time passes the extra energy field may be attracted to other masses and this uniformity will break down and then the energy field will start having an effect? It seems therefore that energy is an absolute quantity, but I am not sure about my analysis.

This seems quite profound to me that there could be this difference between our two most fundamental theories of how the universe works. If there is a zero of energy, what is it? Does this relate to the cosmological constant etc?

submitted by /u/somedave
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Do all EM radiation carry the same momentum?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 06:28 AM PDT

Since all EM radiation is photons traveling at c, do they all have the same momentum? Or does their wave length play into it too? If you had two foils being hit by waves at different wave lengths, would one travel faster than the other?

submitted by /u/JTsyo
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Are there any superconductors that would work on Earth orbit without requiring artificial cooling?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 12:28 AM PDT

If so what use could this have currently out in the foreseeable future?

submitted by /u/dontpet
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Why does the sound of cold water hitting steel sound different than hot water hitting steel?

Posted: 13 Mar 2017 06:15 AM PDT

Yesterday at work I was cleaning the sink and I heard that the cold water made a different sound than hot water when it hit the sink.

submitted by /u/dutchhenkerdd
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How do scientists determine how many millions of years ago 2 or more separate organisms shared a common ancestor?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:08 PM PDT

I mostly understand the process of how they determine what the common ancestors were, but I don't understand how they place a time on it. This question was sparked by this post about beetles and ants, and in it, the scientists determined that the 12 beetles examined shared a common ancestor ~105 million years ago.

How do scientists go about determining the time period for when these species started to evolve separately?

submitted by /u/BobHogan
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Why are elements/isotopes with odd numbered atomic mass' fissile while their even numbered isotopes are not?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:32 PM PDT

Just curious, reading on Plutonium 239, 241 and obviously U-235 and its neutronics. Also, why are cross sections of even numbered atoms not the same as odd numbered, ie Li-6 and Li-7 and B-10 and B-9? Thanks.

submitted by /u/mgutwald
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How can water be both ionized and electrically neutral?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 12:49 PM PDT

From this site:

Acidic and alkaline water, pH all water and all aqueous solutions contain both H+ and OH– ions. If the quantity of H+ exceeds that of the OH-, the water is said to be acidic. If there are more OH- ions than H+, the water is alkaline. Pure water, which contains equal numbers of both ions, is said to be neutral. Chemists express the degree of acidity or alkalinity on the pH scale which runs from about 0 to 14. Acidic solutions have pH values of less than 7, alkaline solutions more than 7. Pure water, being neutral, has a pH of exactly 7. Each unit on the pH scale represents a hundred-fold change in the ratio of the two kinds of ions; for example, if the pH is 8, there are 100 times as many OH- ions than H+ ions (that is, [H+] = 10-8, [OH-] = 10-6.) Whether a water is acidic or alkaline, it will always contain equal numbers of positive and negative electric charges.

I don't understand how the last sentence does not contradict the rest of the paragraph.

submitted by /u/joe462
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What is the most basic form of life that still displays sleep-like behavior?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 09:33 AM PDT

Can some one explain synaptic pruning to me?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 07:03 PM PDT

I've gone to other places to look for answers but none of it is making much sense.

submitted by /u/im_trying_as_much
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How would the interstellar medium behave for an object traveling at relativistic velocities?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:47 AM PDT

If we could build a spacecraft to travel at significant fraction of the speed of light, would the interstellar medium be a factor worth considering? Would it cause drag, or compress into a shock wave? Could it cause damage to the spacecraft?

submitted by /u/Paralititan
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Why is turbulence less dangerous than it seems, and when should we actually be worried while on a flight?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 11:32 AM PDT

Is there a limit to successive stimulated emission?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 06:51 PM PDT

If you have a single Hydrogen atom in the excited state, it can emit a photon corresponding to the 21 cm line.

But if for example there is a long linear chain of Hydrogen atoms with a velocity gradient (i.e. atom 1 at the beginning of the chain is moving at 1 m/s, atom 2 moving 2 m/s, atom 3 moving 3 m/s, ..., atom N moving N m/s), then is there a limit to what N can be if I want atom 1 to induce stimulated emission in atom N?

Since atom 1 will emit a photon at approximately the 21 cm line, it will also be able to stimulate atoms near it to emit a photon. But atom N (= 108 m/s) which is moving at 108 m/s would observe the incoming stimulating photon at significant redshift and thus a frequency shift away from 21 cm. Thus I am wondering: is there a limit, Nmax , for this frequency shift beyond which the atom is unlikely to be stimulated?

Perhaps it is not a strict cutoff, but how does stimulated emission vary based on the frequency difference of the incoming photon's frequency versus its own transition frequency?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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Is it possible to measure single photons with a common CCD-Sensor?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:19 PM PDT

I am wondering if it is possible to use a simple CCD-Sensor to detect single photons? If so, what would be the best/simplest way to perform a detection experiment? Also is there any way to emit single photons with simple/ cheap devices you can buy on ebay for example?

submitted by /u/TillJobl
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Are all gas in space ionized?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 08:53 AM PDT

I'm thinking about interstellar travel and more specifically the problem of passing trough the interstellar medium. If you travel in speeds close to the speed of light, even small particles will be a pretty bad to collide with. However, as far as I know, all particles in space are ionized. Is this correct? If so, a strong magnetic field could be used to deflect the particles. Perhaps interstellar spaceships will also have a heatshield to mitigate the effects of incoming particles. I would also be interested in knowing more about different techniques for solving this problem

submitted by /u/ForHumanitie
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Sunday, March 12, 2017

What kinds of acids could damage a jacuzzi?

What kinds of acids could damage a jacuzzi?


What kinds of acids could damage a jacuzzi?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 09:08 PM PST

Are there any with innocuous household uses?

submitted by /u/rusoved
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In regards to the Quantum Zeno Effect, what defines "observation"?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 02:10 PM PST

What triggers the physical changes in silverback gorillas, and are there any similar changes noted in other dominant male primates (including in humans?)

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 05:20 AM PDT

Ant Hill Garnets? A simple question.

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 03:03 AM PDT

I wanted to ask a question to you people of /r/ Askscience. Is there a different process to the creation of Ant Hill Garnets compared to regular Garnet? I've always found it strange the differences the two have.

submitted by /u/Tunafish0214
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Is there an alternative to electronics for computing?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 04:11 AM PDT

Man moved from steam to electricity. What is next?

submitted by /u/redhighways
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Does Oxygen bind to Methemoglobin? If so, how?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 11:49 PM PST

Question inspired while studying but realizing that textbooks really don't care much about giving you the full picture and just like tossing random words around.

submitted by /u/WhatTheOnEarth
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In galaxy collision, how does the colliding dark matter interact?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 12:20 PM PST

I was watching a simulation of two spiral galaxies colliding and it got me wondering about what's going on with the dark matter, how is it interacting with other dark matter and with regular matter

submitted by /u/SurfWookie
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What is the temperature of steam off the surface of boiling water?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 06:08 PM PST

Realistically when I boil water, can the steam go over 100C?

submitted by /u/firetruckfiretruck
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Why are there no animals with two brains/two heads/two consciousnesses?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:32 AM PST

I just saw this pic of a baboon giving birth (http://i.imgur.com/wUS0wl6.jpg) on Joe rogans faseboom and it hit me, why isn't this just a normal animal? I mean, wouldn't it be handy to have eyes in the back of your head, and someone else to consult on decisions? I'm surprised a Siamese twin or something hasn't been a massive survival advantage at some point and kicked off a new species or something?

submitted by /u/bumbaclaart
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Does light respond to changed boundary conditions instantly, proportionally to c, or at some other rate?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 12:28 PM PST

My intuition would be that light responds to boundary conditions instantly. How else would light know to almost completely pass through glass (~96%) in the incident direction and not scatter much at all to the sides? My ridiculous explanation for this is that, to a photon, all of space is a single point at any given point in time, so its entire path is known, and therefore to truly solve for the fields, the boundary conditions at every point in the photon's path must be used. Yes, I am aware that it does not make much sense to use a photon as our frame of reference which I why I call this ridiculous.
 
Now, it is my understanding that the modes within a waveguide take some nonzero time to establish. This would seem to imply that the photons do not know their boundary conditions at every point in space ahead of time (or something). This seems to undermine my above reasoning.
 
So here are some additional theoretical questions: If we take a multimode fiber and splice in a singlemode fiber, after say, two meters, my assumption (and current understanding) is that only the fundamental mode will exist at any point in the fiber. Again, my explanation is that the photons somehow know that they cannot establish those other modes because they know about that singlemode section of fiber that is coming up. Is this the case? This is obviously assuming that the incident light has a high enough frequency to support multiple modes.
 
What if we have a long section (200m) of multimode fiber then a one meter section of singlemode fiber then another 200m of multimode fiber all spliced together? Will multiple modes exist in the first section of the fiber? I assume only one mode will exist in the singlemode section. If multiple modes exist in the first section of the fiber, will multiple modes restablish themselves in the second section of multimode fiber? If these modes were transmitting different signals, will the signals be able to be recovered in the second section of multimode fiber or will they all be mixed? If multiple modes exist at any point in this spliced fiber, it again undermines my current understanding. Did the photons forget their previous boundary conditions because they have traveled so far?

submitted by /u/DisinterestingStory
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in physics I was taught that a photon is absorbed only if it carries the exact amount of energy needed for a transition. But I get to a contradiction if I try to reason about that. Shouldn't it be a small range of energies instead?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 01:06 PM PST

So the emission spectrum of the Sun gives the power emitted at each wavelength. It's a continuous spectrum. More power emitted at a particular wavelength, when switching to a particle point of view, means many photons emitted at this wavelength.

Therefore the energy of a particular photon is a continuous random variable whose probability distribution is proportional to the spectrum of a black body at 5700°K. In order to be absorbed when it hits an atom on Earth, the photon must carry the exact amount of energy to raise the level of the electron it's going to excite. It's a particular number.

What's the probability that a continuous random variable takes the value of a particular number? IIRC from statistics, this probability is zero. By this logic the photon should never be absorbed. You only get a non-zero probability when you reason about a non-zero-width range.

But photons are absorbed. By modus tollens (of a negated implication), the probability must be non-zero, and by modus tollens again the width of the absorption range of energies must be non-zero.

Can you spot any flaws in this reasoning? Please help me understand...

submitted by /u/annitaq
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Use of Beta Decay for Alchemy?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 11:23 AM PST

Okay, so Newton tried turning Mercury into Gold, and theoretically, using Beta Decay (I learned about this recently, please pardon any ignorance of mine, and correct me if I'm wrong) one could do this. By isolating a Mercury nucleus, perhaps through positron annihilation of electrons, we could then use gamma radiation to excite the nucleus, causing emission of an Alpha Particle, making a Mercury nucleus into a Gold nucleus. After that, electrons could be added to this, hence changing Mercury to Gold.

If that's just plain wrong, let me know, if I'm onto something, expand on it.

submitted by /u/NamesElliot
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How does torque and angular momentum behave in 4 dimensions?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 07:53 AM PST

Like rotation always happens in a plane, you can use the direction that is perpendicular to describe it. But in a space of 4 dimensions there is not a line but another plane that is perpendicular to the rotation. How do you describe, for example, a rotation in the x/y axes or more complex motions in n dimensions?

EDIT: Just to clarify my question. How would beings in a 4 dimensional universe conceptualize angular momentum and torque?

submitted by /u/clumsywatch
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What was supposed to be the difference between inertial mass and gravitational mass?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 08:39 PM PST

I understand that the two are equivalent; every book on relativity I have read has stressed that. I just have a lot of difficulty understanding what the difference between them was supposed to be, or why people ever thought that they weren't equivalent.

submitted by /u/theLabyrinthMaker
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Can light escape from a shrinking black hole?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 08:41 AM PST

As far as I understand it, there is agreement that nothing can escape from a Black Hole (apart from Hawking Radiation, which does not "escape"). Does this hold true for evaporating/shrinking Black Holes?

Thoughtexperiment:

  • I throw an omnidirectional lightsource into a Black Hole.
  • As it approaches the event horizon, the lightsource emits light - some (less and less) reaches me.
  • The moment the lightsource passes the Event Horizon, even the light that should be heading directly away from the singularity will have insufficient speed to escape. If its direction is straight away from the singularity, its speed is c, and its point of origin is exactely at the Event Horizon - this light should "stand still" (?)
  • I wait for the black hole to shrink due to Hawking Radiation (in the meantime I play intergalactic garbageman and prevent any matter/energy from falling into the black hole)
  • The shrunken black hole has less mass and a smaller Event Horizon, meaning that light trapped at the former Event Horizon (e.g. some of the light from the lightsource I trew in) CAN now escape.
  • (Which in turn would futher reduce the mass of the black hole?)

Please help me find what I'm missing here!

submitted by /u/roger_g
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How much dietary iron could a person eat before setting off a metal detector?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 07:49 AM PST

Is it true that Rh- folks are more resistant to toxoplasma?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 05:57 AM PST

Hi Science! Nursing student here. Now I think we've all seen some of the weird theories about Rh- blood - my personal favorite is that it came from reptilian aliens! I recently heard that Rh- blood may confer a slight resistance to Toxoplsma gondii, but because of all the misinformation out there I wasn't sure if that was true or just more hype.

So does anyone out there know if this is true? Do we know why? Any good journal articles I could read up on?

Thanks Science wizards!

Edit: Reptilian blood thing is a joke. Don't want anyone thinking that a future nurse actually believes in that.

submitted by /u/MyOwnGuitarHero
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Just how much better is Solar technology now than five years ago?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 05:55 AM PST

How realistically could the electricity grid transfer to being based on Solar energy on a 25 or 50 year horizon? How much of an impact will new technologies (such as batteries and storage facilities) have on cost of solar electricity?

submitted by /u/JoeTheShome
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Is it necessary to understand where we learned a harmful belief or thought or is replacing them good enough?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 09:32 AM PST

The generation before mine always talks about because their parents did x they learned y.

submitted by /u/F1RST-1MPR35510N
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