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Sunday, March 12, 2017

What kinds of acids could damage a jacuzzi?

What kinds of acids could damage a jacuzzi?


What kinds of acids could damage a jacuzzi?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 09:08 PM PST

Are there any with innocuous household uses?

submitted by /u/rusoved
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In regards to the Quantum Zeno Effect, what defines "observation"?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 02:10 PM PST

What triggers the physical changes in silverback gorillas, and are there any similar changes noted in other dominant male primates (including in humans?)

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 05:20 AM PDT

Ant Hill Garnets? A simple question.

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 03:03 AM PDT

I wanted to ask a question to you people of /r/ Askscience. Is there a different process to the creation of Ant Hill Garnets compared to regular Garnet? I've always found it strange the differences the two have.

submitted by /u/Tunafish0214
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Is there an alternative to electronics for computing?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 04:11 AM PDT

Man moved from steam to electricity. What is next?

submitted by /u/redhighways
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Does Oxygen bind to Methemoglobin? If so, how?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 11:49 PM PST

Question inspired while studying but realizing that textbooks really don't care much about giving you the full picture and just like tossing random words around.

submitted by /u/WhatTheOnEarth
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In galaxy collision, how does the colliding dark matter interact?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 12:20 PM PST

I was watching a simulation of two spiral galaxies colliding and it got me wondering about what's going on with the dark matter, how is it interacting with other dark matter and with regular matter

submitted by /u/SurfWookie
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What is the temperature of steam off the surface of boiling water?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 06:08 PM PST

Realistically when I boil water, can the steam go over 100C?

submitted by /u/firetruckfiretruck
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Why are there no animals with two brains/two heads/two consciousnesses?

Posted: 12 Mar 2017 01:32 AM PST

I just saw this pic of a baboon giving birth (http://i.imgur.com/wUS0wl6.jpg) on Joe rogans faseboom and it hit me, why isn't this just a normal animal? I mean, wouldn't it be handy to have eyes in the back of your head, and someone else to consult on decisions? I'm surprised a Siamese twin or something hasn't been a massive survival advantage at some point and kicked off a new species or something?

submitted by /u/bumbaclaart
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Does light respond to changed boundary conditions instantly, proportionally to c, or at some other rate?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 12:28 PM PST

My intuition would be that light responds to boundary conditions instantly. How else would light know to almost completely pass through glass (~96%) in the incident direction and not scatter much at all to the sides? My ridiculous explanation for this is that, to a photon, all of space is a single point at any given point in time, so its entire path is known, and therefore to truly solve for the fields, the boundary conditions at every point in the photon's path must be used. Yes, I am aware that it does not make much sense to use a photon as our frame of reference which I why I call this ridiculous.
 
Now, it is my understanding that the modes within a waveguide take some nonzero time to establish. This would seem to imply that the photons do not know their boundary conditions at every point in space ahead of time (or something). This seems to undermine my above reasoning.
 
So here are some additional theoretical questions: If we take a multimode fiber and splice in a singlemode fiber, after say, two meters, my assumption (and current understanding) is that only the fundamental mode will exist at any point in the fiber. Again, my explanation is that the photons somehow know that they cannot establish those other modes because they know about that singlemode section of fiber that is coming up. Is this the case? This is obviously assuming that the incident light has a high enough frequency to support multiple modes.
 
What if we have a long section (200m) of multimode fiber then a one meter section of singlemode fiber then another 200m of multimode fiber all spliced together? Will multiple modes exist in the first section of the fiber? I assume only one mode will exist in the singlemode section. If multiple modes exist in the first section of the fiber, will multiple modes restablish themselves in the second section of multimode fiber? If these modes were transmitting different signals, will the signals be able to be recovered in the second section of multimode fiber or will they all be mixed? If multiple modes exist at any point in this spliced fiber, it again undermines my current understanding. Did the photons forget their previous boundary conditions because they have traveled so far?

submitted by /u/DisinterestingStory
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in physics I was taught that a photon is absorbed only if it carries the exact amount of energy needed for a transition. But I get to a contradiction if I try to reason about that. Shouldn't it be a small range of energies instead?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 01:06 PM PST

So the emission spectrum of the Sun gives the power emitted at each wavelength. It's a continuous spectrum. More power emitted at a particular wavelength, when switching to a particle point of view, means many photons emitted at this wavelength.

Therefore the energy of a particular photon is a continuous random variable whose probability distribution is proportional to the spectrum of a black body at 5700°K. In order to be absorbed when it hits an atom on Earth, the photon must carry the exact amount of energy to raise the level of the electron it's going to excite. It's a particular number.

What's the probability that a continuous random variable takes the value of a particular number? IIRC from statistics, this probability is zero. By this logic the photon should never be absorbed. You only get a non-zero probability when you reason about a non-zero-width range.

But photons are absorbed. By modus tollens (of a negated implication), the probability must be non-zero, and by modus tollens again the width of the absorption range of energies must be non-zero.

Can you spot any flaws in this reasoning? Please help me understand...

submitted by /u/annitaq
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Use of Beta Decay for Alchemy?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 11:23 AM PST

Okay, so Newton tried turning Mercury into Gold, and theoretically, using Beta Decay (I learned about this recently, please pardon any ignorance of mine, and correct me if I'm wrong) one could do this. By isolating a Mercury nucleus, perhaps through positron annihilation of electrons, we could then use gamma radiation to excite the nucleus, causing emission of an Alpha Particle, making a Mercury nucleus into a Gold nucleus. After that, electrons could be added to this, hence changing Mercury to Gold.

If that's just plain wrong, let me know, if I'm onto something, expand on it.

submitted by /u/NamesElliot
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How does torque and angular momentum behave in 4 dimensions?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 07:53 AM PST

Like rotation always happens in a plane, you can use the direction that is perpendicular to describe it. But in a space of 4 dimensions there is not a line but another plane that is perpendicular to the rotation. How do you describe, for example, a rotation in the x/y axes or more complex motions in n dimensions?

EDIT: Just to clarify my question. How would beings in a 4 dimensional universe conceptualize angular momentum and torque?

submitted by /u/clumsywatch
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What was supposed to be the difference between inertial mass and gravitational mass?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 08:39 PM PST

I understand that the two are equivalent; every book on relativity I have read has stressed that. I just have a lot of difficulty understanding what the difference between them was supposed to be, or why people ever thought that they weren't equivalent.

submitted by /u/theLabyrinthMaker
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Can light escape from a shrinking black hole?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 08:41 AM PST

As far as I understand it, there is agreement that nothing can escape from a Black Hole (apart from Hawking Radiation, which does not "escape"). Does this hold true for evaporating/shrinking Black Holes?

Thoughtexperiment:

  • I throw an omnidirectional lightsource into a Black Hole.
  • As it approaches the event horizon, the lightsource emits light - some (less and less) reaches me.
  • The moment the lightsource passes the Event Horizon, even the light that should be heading directly away from the singularity will have insufficient speed to escape. If its direction is straight away from the singularity, its speed is c, and its point of origin is exactely at the Event Horizon - this light should "stand still" (?)
  • I wait for the black hole to shrink due to Hawking Radiation (in the meantime I play intergalactic garbageman and prevent any matter/energy from falling into the black hole)
  • The shrunken black hole has less mass and a smaller Event Horizon, meaning that light trapped at the former Event Horizon (e.g. some of the light from the lightsource I trew in) CAN now escape.
  • (Which in turn would futher reduce the mass of the black hole?)

Please help me find what I'm missing here!

submitted by /u/roger_g
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How much dietary iron could a person eat before setting off a metal detector?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 07:49 AM PST

Is it true that Rh- folks are more resistant to toxoplasma?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 05:57 AM PST

Hi Science! Nursing student here. Now I think we've all seen some of the weird theories about Rh- blood - my personal favorite is that it came from reptilian aliens! I recently heard that Rh- blood may confer a slight resistance to Toxoplsma gondii, but because of all the misinformation out there I wasn't sure if that was true or just more hype.

So does anyone out there know if this is true? Do we know why? Any good journal articles I could read up on?

Thanks Science wizards!

Edit: Reptilian blood thing is a joke. Don't want anyone thinking that a future nurse actually believes in that.

submitted by /u/MyOwnGuitarHero
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Just how much better is Solar technology now than five years ago?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 05:55 AM PST

How realistically could the electricity grid transfer to being based on Solar energy on a 25 or 50 year horizon? How much of an impact will new technologies (such as batteries and storage facilities) have on cost of solar electricity?

submitted by /u/JoeTheShome
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Is it necessary to understand where we learned a harmful belief or thought or is replacing them good enough?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 09:32 AM PST

The generation before mine always talks about because their parents did x they learned y.

submitted by /u/F1RST-1MPR35510N
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Saturday, March 11, 2017

Do two colonies of ant from the same species use the same pheromone markers?

Do two colonies of ant from the same species use the same pheromone markers?


Do two colonies of ant from the same species use the same pheromone markers?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 12:13 AM PST

I've been dealing with ants in my house, and using an ant gel poison. I poison a group of ants, and they all disappear, but about a week later more ants are arriving from a different location.

I'm wondering if the ants are "piggybacking" off the scent markers from the now-dead colony. They appear to have a different origin, but after encountering where the old ant trail was, they seem to follow it exactly. Occasionally another species of ant shows up, too, but they appear to not use the same trails.

submitted by /u/GMaestrolo
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What are the challenges that fusion power still needs to overcome to achieve ignition?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 04:29 AM PST

What are the challenges that either magnetic confinement fusion or inertial confinement fusion still needs to overcome in order to achieve a self-sustaining reaction which is able to be used in a commercial fusion reactor?

submitted by /u/Electronitus
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What is the limit of the human ear's ability to distinguish that two sounds are coming from different distances?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 07:18 PM PST

For example, if one speaker was located 10 km to your right and one speaker was 1 m to your left and you emitted a tone from them at the same time, you'd be able to tell that the one on the left was closer. Would you be able to do that if the distances were 10 m and 1 m? What's the smallest difference in distance you could detect?

submitted by /u/JCauce
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Are all subatomic particles the same size?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 05:17 PM PST

I know certain particles are larger than others, like protons and neutrons are larger than electrons, but are some protons larger than others? Same goes for quarks and the like.

submitted by /u/skeetsauce42
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Why does the limit as x approaches infinity of (1+1/x)^x appear to approach e?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 05:34 PM PST

The limit of 1/x as x->infinity is 0, and 1anything equals 1, so I would expect the answer to be 1. But, if I plug in 10,000 for x, the limit seems to be our old friend e (2.71828...)!

I understand that this is the definition of e in terms of infinitely compounded interest, but I'm not sure why that limit wouldn't be 1.

submitted by /u/nice_prax
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Can eMmy noether theorem be explained in simple terms to a nonmathematician?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 05:36 PM PST

I read a bit about her but still do not understand her thorem. Something about symetry and conservation of energy?

submitted by /u/kirkkrunchkangaroo
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When was it first proposed that moonlight was actually sunlight reflecting?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 01:21 PM PST

Would metal rust on Mars, or other planets in our solar system?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:59 PM PST

I get that metals rust here on earth typically because liquid water allows Iron and Oxygen to bond, but I've had metal belongings rust even when they've never been directly exposed to liquid water.

I know there is some water (in ice form) on Mars, would that be enough to oxidize some steel? Would it happen, but much more slowly, or not at all? What about other planets in our solar system?

submitted by /u/atomiku121
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After a wildfire destroys plant life, is the soil in affected at risk of eroding? If so, how do engineers adapt surviving structures, like roads, to the soil's new state?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 11:10 AM PST

This picture on the front page motivated me to ask this question. How will the road leading to the house be effected by the wildfire?

submitted by /u/Edward_Campos
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What are the implications if the Lorentz Symmetry is violated?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 12:20 PM PST

Specifically, what practical applications could result if, say, neutrino oscillations were proven to break Lorentz Symmetry? What technologies could be developed in the next couple of centuries to take advantage of such a breakthrough?

submitted by /u/Haplo781
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Would photonic Bose-Einstein Condensate contain a significant energy?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 12:34 PM PST

I was just interested in understanding some of the fundamentals of Quantum Physics, so I started reading through Wikipedia starting with Spin and going through Quarks/Leptons, Hadrons, Bosons, Fermions and ending up with Bose-Einstein Condensate. Now, I am not a physics person at all, but I started wondering what would happen if you tried to create "molecules" out of photons, and wouldn't you know it, someone did. Reading through Lene Hau and Martin Weisz work in slowing light and creating "super-photons," I was curious if in some crazy theoretical world if light could be confined and condensed into a solid matter, which would have energy. If you could have a brick of condensed photonic molecules that could be bled to produce energy, etc. that was created by harnessing solar radiation, etc.

If any of this sounds very dumb, it is because I just started reading about quantum mechanics four hours ago. Any thoughts or conjecture would be really intriguing and appreciated.

edit* a word

submitted by /u/pr0npr0npr0n01
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How did spiders get on (almost) every continent? Did they hitch a ride on coconut rafts, or are their spider ancestors old enough to have walked around Pangaea?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 08:56 AM PST

How do the nuclear forces work?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:35 AM PST

Which force (strong/weak) was discovered first? What about the nuclear forces makes them special, that they do not amount to a manifestation of electromagnetism on a much smaller scale, for example...unless you consider electroweak unification?

How are color and flavor physically observed, experimentally speaking?

submitted by /u/JuliusROppenheimer
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How can a single particle have no temperature?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 07:39 AM PST

I was reading Neil deGrasse Tyson Death by Black Hole when it says, "a single particle can't have a temperature because temperature is how fast all the particles of something are moving so a single particle can't have a temperature."

The definition I understand but something having no temperature I can't understand.

submitted by /u/FlexibleFryingPans
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How is mental concentration measured?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 09:23 AM PST

When a medication or other product says it enhances your ability to concentrate, how is this tested?

On the same coin, how do I know if I was able to complete a task due to better concentration, rather than due to the problem being easy enough for me to complete without aid?

Obviously, you can't make people do the same task without and then with the substance, because you might argue they have now practiced the task and become better, yielding better results.

submitted by /u/EquationTAKEN
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There is chlorine in this tap water. If I shake the bottle and then open it back up, will it evaporate any faster?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 02:15 PM PST

Friday, March 10, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: I am Tracee Gilbert, a systems engineer who started a company that provides engineering and management services to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Tracee Gilbert, a systems engineer who started a company that provides engineering and management services to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Ask Me Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Tracee Gilbert, a systems engineer who started a company that provides engineering and management services to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 05:00 AM PST

Dr. Tracee Walker Gilbert is a passionate entrepreneur and systems engineering executive. Dr. Gilbert owns and operates System Innovation, LLC, which provides systems engineering and program management services to various clients in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). She has over 17 years of experience leading large-scale initiatives and driving strategy for systems engineering research and engineering programs across various domains including: defense, homeland security, medical and public health, commerce/census, and the education sector. Her experience includes: developing systems from concept through deployment; providing oversight to engineering programs and research; developing the future state of systems engineering practice; and providing STEM education and workforce outreach. She has a personal commitment to excellence, integrity, and motivating women and minorities to succeed in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields. She earned both her Ph.D. (Industrial and Systems Engineering) and M.S. degrees from Virginia Tech. She also holds a B.A. degree in Physics (minors: Japanese and Math) from Lincoln University.

Our guest will be joining us at 2:00 ET (19 UT). Ask her anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If liquid water is the densest at 4°C, is the water always at 4°C at the bottom of the ocean?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 11:18 AM PST

What is the smallest nuclear explosion possible?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:48 AM PST

What is the smallest nuclear explosion that can be made? This is assuming that you use the minimum amount of fissile material required to produce the explosion. I know that there has been nuclear artillery and small form-factor "suitcase nukes" produced in the past but what I am really curious about is the effects of the absolute smallest (not form factor wise) explosion that could be produced. I realize this is probably different depending on which fissile material is used to produce the explosion.

I am more interested in the actual explosive properties than the radiological effects of the device. If you made a bomb designed to produce the smallest nuclear explosion that the laws of physics deem viable how much explosive power would it yield? Could you make a nuclear device small enough to level only a ten foot diameter for example? Or would the smallest feasible nuclear explosion be bigger than that?

submitted by /u/antitheros
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[Trigonometry] How does one find the point where tan theta = x?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 03:35 AM PST

I'm taking Pre-Calculus, and tho this isn't something that I need to know for the course, I DO love playing around with functions and graphs to look for patterns.

The tan function returns the quotient of y/x for all (x,y) co-ordinate pairs that describe a circle of unit radius—got it. In this case, the absolute value returned by the function is always larger than the absolute value of y (or equal when y = 0).

I'd like to find the point where the value returned is equal to x. Is this something covered in calculus, or am I missing something really obvious?

submitted by /u/almostambidextrous
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If a spaceship uses a planet's gravity to gain speed flying in why don't they lose the same amount flying out?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 01:45 PM PST

It's always puzzled me how a spaceship could use a planet's gravity to slingshot or gain speed but wouldn't the same gravity cancel out on the other side

submitted by /u/Fraggy_Muffin
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Which type of light do solar panels run on? Thus can you run a solar calculator from room lights or does it need to be from the sun?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 02:25 AM PST

How do we observe things that are smaller than the wavelength of light?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:09 AM PST

I recently read that molecules fit this description, even really big ones. Not to mention atoms and sub-atomic particles. I've tried searching and must not be doing it right.

submitted by /u/skibble
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What makes a corner a corner? Is it possible to have a shape with only 2 corners?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 04:06 PM PST

Hi Mathematics!

I've been long dwelling on the question as to what makes/how is a corner/angle defined?

To be specific, take a circle. Does it have any corners? If not, what about if I cut it in half? A straight edge appears, with 2 ends that then become a half circle. Are those end corners, and if so do they have an angle?

Is there a third corner in my half circle, or none? If neither and it is a 2 corner shape, is it possible to make a shape with 1 corner?

I know this is a lot of questions at once, but there is just so much I don't understand without a proper definition of a corner.

I found this: http://www.mathopenref.com/vertex.html which isn't an exact definition, and only raises more questions. Can you please help me understand them?

submitted by /u/Nolemai
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How can a country have a trade deficit every year without running out money?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 10:30 PM PST

I'm specifically talking about the US. What is being depleted each year, if any?

submitted by /u/ExperimentalFailures
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What's the deal with these possibly Lorentz-violating neutrinos?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 04:31 PM PST

I mean, assuming they exist and aren't an error in the measurements.

What are the implications, and potential applications? Could they one day be harnessed to create some type of FTL drive and/or communication? Energy source? Quantum supercomputers?

submitted by /u/Haplo781
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What is the difference between someone who can hold their breath for 6+ minutes, and someone who can barely hold theirs for 1?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 11:12 PM PST

Does training physically change your body? How?

submitted by /u/imifumei
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How can the atmosphere of planets create false positives for life?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 12:42 PM PST

I saw it mentioned in twitter, and was wondering how that worked. http://i.imgur.com/YCYawvC.jpg

submitted by /u/jazxfire
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If magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges, does that mean there are charged particles moving around in a magnet?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 02:51 PM PST

What happens to an object's temperature when in a vacuum? Would it retain it's heat indefinitely?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 04:22 PM PST

I understand that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it merely changes form. If there is no other medium to transfer this heat to, then would it never cool down? If it were to cool down, then where would that energy go?

submitted by /u/zentroguy
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Why does a sound wave get louder when it goes through a Single Slit experiment?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 08:33 PM PST

I'm doing a project, and my professor says that a tuning fork, when struck and put near the hole or a single slit, the sound will get louder. It does, from what I can hear, but why is it? Is it due to diffraction and constructive interference?

submitted by /u/TinkerDumplings
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What sort of reaction would occur if you were to mix anti-hydrogen with anti-oxygen?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 10:19 PM PST

Rather than make anti-water would you make fire or something?

I heard my Chemistry teacher (I'm doing level 2 currently) talk about anti-hydrogen but didn't explain further about any of it mechanics and what not, so I figured if there's anti-hydrogen why not anti-oxygen? and what would happen if you mixed the two.

submitted by /u/MrSkizzer
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Does the atom nucleus or the shell rotate?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 11:11 AM PST

Hello,

I always thought the atom shell rotated but how is the shell supposed to rotate when it has electron binds? Is it still the shell that rotates then or is it the nucleus?

Image for clarification

(Not sure whether this is a physics of chemistry question)

submitted by /u/LucasVL7
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If heat rises, wouldn't turning on a ceiling fan raise the ambient temperature underneath?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 09:40 PM PST

Do I have more or less boobs than a cow?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 05:49 PM PST

Do I, as a human female, have more breasts or less? Like is a cow's udder one big milk sack with tons of nipples? Or is it multiple milk sacks with corresponding nipples inside of a giant cow boob?

This is really important. This could be life or death.

submitted by /u/PlantaAliena
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Why do nuclear bombs produce mushroom clouds wile more conventional bombs do not?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 09:19 PM PST

Can bugs get fat?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 08:17 PM PST

They have exoskeletons that are fairly ridged, so how do they deal with excess calories from food?

submitted by /u/AluminiumSandworm
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