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Saturday, March 11, 2017

Do two colonies of ant from the same species use the same pheromone markers?

Do two colonies of ant from the same species use the same pheromone markers?


Do two colonies of ant from the same species use the same pheromone markers?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 12:13 AM PST

I've been dealing with ants in my house, and using an ant gel poison. I poison a group of ants, and they all disappear, but about a week later more ants are arriving from a different location.

I'm wondering if the ants are "piggybacking" off the scent markers from the now-dead colony. They appear to have a different origin, but after encountering where the old ant trail was, they seem to follow it exactly. Occasionally another species of ant shows up, too, but they appear to not use the same trails.

submitted by /u/GMaestrolo
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What are the challenges that fusion power still needs to overcome to achieve ignition?

Posted: 11 Mar 2017 04:29 AM PST

What are the challenges that either magnetic confinement fusion or inertial confinement fusion still needs to overcome in order to achieve a self-sustaining reaction which is able to be used in a commercial fusion reactor?

submitted by /u/Electronitus
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What is the limit of the human ear's ability to distinguish that two sounds are coming from different distances?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 07:18 PM PST

For example, if one speaker was located 10 km to your right and one speaker was 1 m to your left and you emitted a tone from them at the same time, you'd be able to tell that the one on the left was closer. Would you be able to do that if the distances were 10 m and 1 m? What's the smallest difference in distance you could detect?

submitted by /u/JCauce
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Are all subatomic particles the same size?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 05:17 PM PST

I know certain particles are larger than others, like protons and neutrons are larger than electrons, but are some protons larger than others? Same goes for quarks and the like.

submitted by /u/skeetsauce42
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Why does the limit as x approaches infinity of (1+1/x)^x appear to approach e?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 05:34 PM PST

The limit of 1/x as x->infinity is 0, and 1anything equals 1, so I would expect the answer to be 1. But, if I plug in 10,000 for x, the limit seems to be our old friend e (2.71828...)!

I understand that this is the definition of e in terms of infinitely compounded interest, but I'm not sure why that limit wouldn't be 1.

submitted by /u/nice_prax
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Can eMmy noether theorem be explained in simple terms to a nonmathematician?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 05:36 PM PST

I read a bit about her but still do not understand her thorem. Something about symetry and conservation of energy?

submitted by /u/kirkkrunchkangaroo
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When was it first proposed that moonlight was actually sunlight reflecting?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 01:21 PM PST

Would metal rust on Mars, or other planets in our solar system?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:59 PM PST

I get that metals rust here on earth typically because liquid water allows Iron and Oxygen to bond, but I've had metal belongings rust even when they've never been directly exposed to liquid water.

I know there is some water (in ice form) on Mars, would that be enough to oxidize some steel? Would it happen, but much more slowly, or not at all? What about other planets in our solar system?

submitted by /u/atomiku121
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After a wildfire destroys plant life, is the soil in affected at risk of eroding? If so, how do engineers adapt surviving structures, like roads, to the soil's new state?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 11:10 AM PST

This picture on the front page motivated me to ask this question. How will the road leading to the house be effected by the wildfire?

submitted by /u/Edward_Campos
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What are the implications if the Lorentz Symmetry is violated?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 12:20 PM PST

Specifically, what practical applications could result if, say, neutrino oscillations were proven to break Lorentz Symmetry? What technologies could be developed in the next couple of centuries to take advantage of such a breakthrough?

submitted by /u/Haplo781
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Would photonic Bose-Einstein Condensate contain a significant energy?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 12:34 PM PST

I was just interested in understanding some of the fundamentals of Quantum Physics, so I started reading through Wikipedia starting with Spin and going through Quarks/Leptons, Hadrons, Bosons, Fermions and ending up with Bose-Einstein Condensate. Now, I am not a physics person at all, but I started wondering what would happen if you tried to create "molecules" out of photons, and wouldn't you know it, someone did. Reading through Lene Hau and Martin Weisz work in slowing light and creating "super-photons," I was curious if in some crazy theoretical world if light could be confined and condensed into a solid matter, which would have energy. If you could have a brick of condensed photonic molecules that could be bled to produce energy, etc. that was created by harnessing solar radiation, etc.

If any of this sounds very dumb, it is because I just started reading about quantum mechanics four hours ago. Any thoughts or conjecture would be really intriguing and appreciated.

edit* a word

submitted by /u/pr0npr0npr0n01
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How did spiders get on (almost) every continent? Did they hitch a ride on coconut rafts, or are their spider ancestors old enough to have walked around Pangaea?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 08:56 AM PST

How do the nuclear forces work?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:35 AM PST

Which force (strong/weak) was discovered first? What about the nuclear forces makes them special, that they do not amount to a manifestation of electromagnetism on a much smaller scale, for example...unless you consider electroweak unification?

How are color and flavor physically observed, experimentally speaking?

submitted by /u/JuliusROppenheimer
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How can a single particle have no temperature?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 07:39 AM PST

I was reading Neil deGrasse Tyson Death by Black Hole when it says, "a single particle can't have a temperature because temperature is how fast all the particles of something are moving so a single particle can't have a temperature."

The definition I understand but something having no temperature I can't understand.

submitted by /u/FlexibleFryingPans
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How is mental concentration measured?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 09:23 AM PST

When a medication or other product says it enhances your ability to concentrate, how is this tested?

On the same coin, how do I know if I was able to complete a task due to better concentration, rather than due to the problem being easy enough for me to complete without aid?

Obviously, you can't make people do the same task without and then with the substance, because you might argue they have now practiced the task and become better, yielding better results.

submitted by /u/EquationTAKEN
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There is chlorine in this tap water. If I shake the bottle and then open it back up, will it evaporate any faster?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 02:15 PM PST

Friday, March 10, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: I am Tracee Gilbert, a systems engineer who started a company that provides engineering and management services to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Tracee Gilbert, a systems engineer who started a company that provides engineering and management services to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Ask Me Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Tracee Gilbert, a systems engineer who started a company that provides engineering and management services to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 05:00 AM PST

Dr. Tracee Walker Gilbert is a passionate entrepreneur and systems engineering executive. Dr. Gilbert owns and operates System Innovation, LLC, which provides systems engineering and program management services to various clients in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). She has over 17 years of experience leading large-scale initiatives and driving strategy for systems engineering research and engineering programs across various domains including: defense, homeland security, medical and public health, commerce/census, and the education sector. Her experience includes: developing systems from concept through deployment; providing oversight to engineering programs and research; developing the future state of systems engineering practice; and providing STEM education and workforce outreach. She has a personal commitment to excellence, integrity, and motivating women and minorities to succeed in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) fields. She earned both her Ph.D. (Industrial and Systems Engineering) and M.S. degrees from Virginia Tech. She also holds a B.A. degree in Physics (minors: Japanese and Math) from Lincoln University.

Our guest will be joining us at 2:00 ET (19 UT). Ask her anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If liquid water is the densest at 4°C, is the water always at 4°C at the bottom of the ocean?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 11:18 AM PST

What is the smallest nuclear explosion possible?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:48 AM PST

What is the smallest nuclear explosion that can be made? This is assuming that you use the minimum amount of fissile material required to produce the explosion. I know that there has been nuclear artillery and small form-factor "suitcase nukes" produced in the past but what I am really curious about is the effects of the absolute smallest (not form factor wise) explosion that could be produced. I realize this is probably different depending on which fissile material is used to produce the explosion.

I am more interested in the actual explosive properties than the radiological effects of the device. If you made a bomb designed to produce the smallest nuclear explosion that the laws of physics deem viable how much explosive power would it yield? Could you make a nuclear device small enough to level only a ten foot diameter for example? Or would the smallest feasible nuclear explosion be bigger than that?

submitted by /u/antitheros
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[Trigonometry] How does one find the point where tan theta = x?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 03:35 AM PST

I'm taking Pre-Calculus, and tho this isn't something that I need to know for the course, I DO love playing around with functions and graphs to look for patterns.

The tan function returns the quotient of y/x for all (x,y) co-ordinate pairs that describe a circle of unit radius—got it. In this case, the absolute value returned by the function is always larger than the absolute value of y (or equal when y = 0).

I'd like to find the point where the value returned is equal to x. Is this something covered in calculus, or am I missing something really obvious?

submitted by /u/almostambidextrous
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If a spaceship uses a planet's gravity to gain speed flying in why don't they lose the same amount flying out?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 01:45 PM PST

It's always puzzled me how a spaceship could use a planet's gravity to slingshot or gain speed but wouldn't the same gravity cancel out on the other side

submitted by /u/Fraggy_Muffin
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Which type of light do solar panels run on? Thus can you run a solar calculator from room lights or does it need to be from the sun?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 02:25 AM PST

How do we observe things that are smaller than the wavelength of light?

Posted: 10 Mar 2017 06:09 AM PST

I recently read that molecules fit this description, even really big ones. Not to mention atoms and sub-atomic particles. I've tried searching and must not be doing it right.

submitted by /u/skibble
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What makes a corner a corner? Is it possible to have a shape with only 2 corners?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 04:06 PM PST

Hi Mathematics!

I've been long dwelling on the question as to what makes/how is a corner/angle defined?

To be specific, take a circle. Does it have any corners? If not, what about if I cut it in half? A straight edge appears, with 2 ends that then become a half circle. Are those end corners, and if so do they have an angle?

Is there a third corner in my half circle, or none? If neither and it is a 2 corner shape, is it possible to make a shape with 1 corner?

I know this is a lot of questions at once, but there is just so much I don't understand without a proper definition of a corner.

I found this: http://www.mathopenref.com/vertex.html which isn't an exact definition, and only raises more questions. Can you please help me understand them?

submitted by /u/Nolemai
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How can a country have a trade deficit every year without running out money?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 10:30 PM PST

I'm specifically talking about the US. What is being depleted each year, if any?

submitted by /u/ExperimentalFailures
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What's the deal with these possibly Lorentz-violating neutrinos?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 04:31 PM PST

I mean, assuming they exist and aren't an error in the measurements.

What are the implications, and potential applications? Could they one day be harnessed to create some type of FTL drive and/or communication? Energy source? Quantum supercomputers?

submitted by /u/Haplo781
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What is the difference between someone who can hold their breath for 6+ minutes, and someone who can barely hold theirs for 1?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 11:12 PM PST

Does training physically change your body? How?

submitted by /u/imifumei
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How can the atmosphere of planets create false positives for life?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 12:42 PM PST

I saw it mentioned in twitter, and was wondering how that worked. http://i.imgur.com/YCYawvC.jpg

submitted by /u/jazxfire
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If magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges, does that mean there are charged particles moving around in a magnet?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 02:51 PM PST

What happens to an object's temperature when in a vacuum? Would it retain it's heat indefinitely?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 04:22 PM PST

I understand that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it merely changes form. If there is no other medium to transfer this heat to, then would it never cool down? If it were to cool down, then where would that energy go?

submitted by /u/zentroguy
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Why does a sound wave get louder when it goes through a Single Slit experiment?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 08:33 PM PST

I'm doing a project, and my professor says that a tuning fork, when struck and put near the hole or a single slit, the sound will get louder. It does, from what I can hear, but why is it? Is it due to diffraction and constructive interference?

submitted by /u/TinkerDumplings
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What sort of reaction would occur if you were to mix anti-hydrogen with anti-oxygen?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 10:19 PM PST

Rather than make anti-water would you make fire or something?

I heard my Chemistry teacher (I'm doing level 2 currently) talk about anti-hydrogen but didn't explain further about any of it mechanics and what not, so I figured if there's anti-hydrogen why not anti-oxygen? and what would happen if you mixed the two.

submitted by /u/MrSkizzer
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Does the atom nucleus or the shell rotate?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 11:11 AM PST

Hello,

I always thought the atom shell rotated but how is the shell supposed to rotate when it has electron binds? Is it still the shell that rotates then or is it the nucleus?

Image for clarification

(Not sure whether this is a physics of chemistry question)

submitted by /u/LucasVL7
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If heat rises, wouldn't turning on a ceiling fan raise the ambient temperature underneath?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 09:40 PM PST

Do I have more or less boobs than a cow?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 05:49 PM PST

Do I, as a human female, have more breasts or less? Like is a cow's udder one big milk sack with tons of nipples? Or is it multiple milk sacks with corresponding nipples inside of a giant cow boob?

This is really important. This could be life or death.

submitted by /u/PlantaAliena
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Why do nuclear bombs produce mushroom clouds wile more conventional bombs do not?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 09:19 PM PST

Can bugs get fat?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 08:17 PM PST

They have exoskeletons that are fairly ridged, so how do they deal with excess calories from food?

submitted by /u/AluminiumSandworm
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Thursday, March 9, 2017

Did I detect cosmic rays in the Stratosphere with my camera?

Did I detect cosmic rays in the Stratosphere with my camera?


Did I detect cosmic rays in the Stratosphere with my camera?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 01:56 AM PST

Hi guys, last weekend I launched a weather balloon into stratosphere at night. I used the sony a7sII to capture images of the earth and stars. When viewing the footage I noticed that with higher altitude more light flashes hit the camera sensor. Could this be cosmic rays?

submitted by /u/jwastronomy
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Does electricity need a high voltage or a high current to continue through a gap in a wire?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 04:08 AM PST

Say with a 0.5 mm gap would it be possible for me to get electricity consistently jumping across without dealing with a deadly current?

submitted by /u/Kingme121
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Is there a word (similar to "resolution" in microscopy) that defines the minimum distance between two different colored points that must be attained before the points appear as a single "mixed" color?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 02:59 PM PST

Maybe I am misunderstanding how color mixing works?

As a bonus side question: I am somewhat familiar with why objects are different colors, (we see light reflected from objects and don't see light that is absorbed) but this confuses me. For example, Cu2+ absorbs light in the 600nm region of the visible spectrum and the solution appears blue/cyan. But, intuitively, if you take all the other colors not represented by this 600nm region (the colors not absorbed by Cu2+) and mix them up, it wouldn't be blue, so I don't understand how this works. Sorry for the long post, all answers appreciated.

submitted by /u/Beatminerz
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What causes the blur that we see over hot surfaces?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 06:43 AM PST

I was wondering what that distortion or blur is that we see above things that get really hot, but have no open flame.

submitted by /u/thisismycommonname
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What's the relationship between a topological dual and an algebraic dual?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 08:19 PM PST

I'm interested in infinite dimensional vector spaces as I am trying to learn formal Quantum Mechanics. As I understand it, the Hilbert Space associated with a degree of freedom corresponding to movement along a certain axis is L2 (R), that is the equivalence classes of lebesgue-integrable functions on the real line whose integral is the same. I understand that the use of continuous (or even differentiable) functions to describe states is possible without anything going wrong as the subspace of infinitely differentiable functions of compact support (C) is dense in L2 (R). So I guess that L2 is the completion of C. My questions are:

I know that in infinite dimensional vector spaces it is important to distinguish between the algebraic dual (the set of all linear functionals) and the topological dual (consisting only of the continuous ones). Also, L2 is similar to its topological dual via the Reiz representation theorem (I write similar because I think that the relationship between the spaces provided by such theorem is an antilinear transformation and I do not know if there is a regular isomorphism between both spaces). How is the topological dual embedded in the algebraic one (is it in any way in particular)?

The question arose because even if there are no free particle eigenstates in L2 (that is, for those who ignore QM, eigenstates of the laplacian operator), plane waves DO fullfill this requirement, and the later being connected (in some way I don't quite understand formally yet) via the Fourier transform to the delta functions, themselves being in the algebraic dual of C.

edit: As a bonus, if anyone could shed some light on what is the physical meaning of the states in L2 on which the position operator cannot be defined, I'd appreciate it.

submitted by /u/Paul-Lubanski
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Why do photons behave differently in different frames of reference than classical objects?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 05:57 PM PST

There is an observer A on the sidewalk at night. Person B is in a moving car passing by A with velocity 30 km/h and throws a ball in front (through the open window) with velocity 20 km/h in reference to the car. Ignoring air friction, A will observe the ball moving at 50 km/h.

Now B does the same thing but instead of throwing a ball they project light with a flashlight. If observer A measures the speed of the light B emitted, it would be c, just like if a third person C would emit light from the ground. I know this because I've read that light always travels at the same speed through vacuum (remember we are assuming no air friction). But I don't know why.

Why do photons always have the same speed in reference to any frame of reference? Why is it not the case with classical objects? What would be the speed observer A measure if the ball was thrown at 250 000 km/s and the car was travelling at 100 000 km/s?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/PM_ME_NUNUS_DICK
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Why were the alpha particles used in testing the atomic structure as proposed by the plum pudding model expected to pass through the sphere of positive charge instead of deflecting off of it due to the electrostatic forces?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 06:20 PM PST

Alpha particles are positively charged, so why were they expected to pass completely through the sphere, which was thought to be the source of positive charge before protons were discovered?

submitted by /u/just_a_reddit_hater
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[Physics] How does an "optical tractor beam" work? Specifically, does the current working optical tractor beam only work on transparent/refractive matter?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 05:01 PM PST

I've been looking into "optical tractor beams" and I think I understand the gist of the concept: shoot a pair of lasers at an object—those lasers enter at an angle, but when they exit, they exit straight out, which means they have more momentum than when they entered; and because when they exit they "push off" from the particle, it is pushed toward the source of the beams... Is this a correct interpretation? Do optical tractor beams only work on transparent particles that can refract the light beams, or can it somehow work on objects that are not transparent? Thank you very much for any responses!

submitted by /u/papawheely12
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Why does nitrogen have valence 5?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 08:13 AM PST

Why does nitrogen (or any element in the nitrogen group) have valence 5? It's electron configuration is 2s2 2p3 , which means 2s is filled, and all three 2px, 2py, 2pz can form covalent Pauli pair bonds. The heuristic I learned for understanding why carbon (and those in its group) has valence 4, is because even though its electron configuration is 2s2 2p2 (so it would have a valence of 2), the difference in E between the 2s and 2p levels is so small that the bonding E more than offsets the E required to shift an electron from the 2s to the 2p, so that effectively the configuration is 2s1 2p3 , in which case it clearly has a valence of 4. This heuristic doesn't work anymore for nitrogen, because 2s1 2p4 can't covalently bond 5 electrons, since one of the 2s or 2p states has to be completely filled, whether 2s or 2px or 2py or 2pz. Further, I don't see how it could be energetically favorable to promote one of the 2s or 2p electrons up to the 3s level, which is a much larger jump such that if it were allowed then the valency of all the other elements would be thrown off. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/ididnoteatyourcat
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What is an atom's "orientation"?

Posted: 09 Mar 2017 07:45 AM PST

IBM recently announced they have successfully stored data on a single atom by manipulating and reading its orientation. I'm hazy on the concept of "orientation"; is it simply the physical direction the atom is facing?

submitted by /u/ortolon
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Why do "mushroom clouds" form from nuclear explosions? [physics]

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 01:30 PM PST

How does an Electron spin if it is 0-dimensional?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 03:17 PM PST

How has the acceptace of quantum mechanics changed in the educational community in recent decades?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 04:54 PM PST

I recall my high school physics teacher in the mid 90s regarding it as somewhere between an interesting fairytale and ridiculous pseudoscience. I'm wondering how attitudes have changed since then. Is it at the point where it's being taught in high school and showing up on standardized tests?

Edit: I realize now that I've probably been unfair to my old teacher. I don't think he was dismissing quantum mechanics wholesale. He did seem to do a lot of hand-waving regarding certain phenomena like the effects of observation on experiments, electrons mysteriously teleporting to different orbits, etc. It could be that he just didn't want to go down that rabbit hole in class because (a) he didn't believe that either he or experts in the field could provide definitive answers to those questions or (b) it just wasn't part of the curriculum. Which brings me back to my real question here...

Unless I'm completely mis-remembering what I learned in high school (it was over 20 years ago), I remember that the lessons were firmly in the realm of Newtonian and Relativistic physics and I'm wondering if and how the focus has changed.

submitted by /u/wiekey
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How long does typical Tidal heating last?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 07:55 PM PST

Considering conservation of energy, a moon or a planet cannot be heated through tidal warming forever? Would it fall into the object being orbited because it traded orbital energy for heat.

submitted by /u/Vlad_Bush
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Why does high electrical conductivity generally lead to high thermal conductivity?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 09:35 AM PST

I recently learned that this is true but I can't quite wrap my head around it. I looked it up a bit but wasn't completely satisfied with the answers. As well, it'd be appreciated if the explanation is kept a bit simpler since I don't know that much :)

submitted by /u/DoctarSwag
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If a acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a proton, could a atom which decays by proton emission be called a acid?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 01:13 PM PST

Would Newtonian Black Holes be black?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 09:28 AM PST

Recently I've been wondering about black holes and noticed something that I haven't before: while black holes as in bodies, whose escape velocity is greater than the speed of light could exist in Newtonian Mechanics, would they be black? The escape velocity is bigger than that of light's, yes, but light as a massless particle should not be affected by gravity, anyway. Therefore you could see every body, no matter how much its mass had been compressed.

Does this mean that the idea of a black hole was only conceived after GR had come to be and then the formula for the most basic Schwarzschild radius was then also derived from Laws of Gravity? It seems to me like the speed of light is hardly a special speed in Newtonian Mechanics, so having an object with such an escape velocity wouldn't be anything special.

submitted by /u/MeyCJey
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Relativity/Lorentz contraction/Train-Tunnel-Analogy: What does outside observer see when the train passenger triggers a cutting of the train at both ends?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 01:14 PM PST

There is an analogy to explain Lorentz contraction where a train moves through a tunnel with the same length as the train. There is an observer inside the train and one outside the tunnel. And there are guillotines at the tunnel entrances. I hope the analogy is as well known and understood as I got the impression as I have seen it in many explanations of Lorentz contraction.

My question:

The train passenger sees the train poking out of the tunnel at both ends at the same point in time. When he triggers both guillotines at this point the train passenger should see both end of the train cut at the same time.

What does the outside observer see? Is it even possible for the train passenger to do so?

submitted by /u/Skaarj
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Was water to blame for the Malta azure window collapse?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 06:44 PM PST