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Wednesday, March 8, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: We are women scientists from the Homeward Bound expedition, recently returned from the inaugural voyage to Antarctica! Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are women scientists from the Homeward Bound expedition, recently returned from the inaugural voyage to Antarctica! Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are women scientists from the Homeward Bound expedition, recently returned from the inaugural voyage to Antarctica! Ask us anything!

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 05:00 AM PST

Hello /r/AskScience! Homeward Bound is a ground‐breaking leadership, strategic and science initiative and outreach for women, set against the backdrop of Antarctica. The initiative aims to heighten the influence and impact of women with a science background in order to influence policy and decision making as it shapes our planet. The inaugural 2016 voyage took place from 2 - 21 December 2016 and was the largest‐ever female expedition to Antarctica. We care about science, the concerns of others, and we think science can unite us towards seeing and managing the planet as our global home. Ask us questions about our Antarctic journey, the Homeward Bound Initiative, and why it matters, especially now, for there to be gender equity in leadership. We'll be back around 2pm U.S. Eastern Standard Time to start answering!

Answering questions today are 5 participants from the inaugural Homeward Bound expedition:

Heidi Steltzer, Ph.D. Heidi is an environmental scientist, an explorer, and a science communicator, sharing her passion for science with others. She is an Associate Professor at Fort Lewis College, Colorado. She studies how environmental changes affect mountain watersheds and Arctic systems and their link to our well-being. Heidi's research has been published in Nature and featured in the media, including the New York Times. Find her on social media and Medium.com @heidimountains.

Anne Christianson is a current PhD student in the Natural Resources Science and Management program at the University of Minnesota, researching the intersection between climate change, biodiversity conservation, and women's justice. She holds a Bachelor's degree in environmental policy from St. Olaf College and a Masters in Biodiversity, Conservation, and Management from the University of Oxford. Previously, Ms. Christianson worked in the U.S. House of Representatives writing and advising on energy and environmental legislation, for Ocean Conservancy advocating for science-based marine policy, and held the position of Vice President of DC EcoWomen, a non-profit organization working to empower women to become leaders in the environmental field. A 2016 Homeward Bound participant, Ms. Christianson was enthralled by Antarctica, and inspired by the 75 other women striving to create a global network of female change-makers.

Dyan deNapoli is a penguin expert, TED speaker, and author of the award-winning book, The Great Penguin Rescue. She lectures internationally about penguins, and is a sought-out expert on radio and TV, including appearances on BBC and CNN. A participant on the inaugural Homeward Bound expedition, she returns to Antarctica next year as a lecturer for Lindblad/National Geographic. A four-times TEDx speaker, Dyan's inspiring TED talk about saving 40,000 penguins from an oil spill can be viewed on TED.com. She is on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn as The Penguin Lady.

Ashton Gainsford is an evolutionary biologist and recently submitted her PhD thesis to the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia. Her research questioned what constitutes a species, highlighting the importance of animal behavior to the outcomes of hybridization, a common and significant evolutionary phenomena where closely related species interbreed. Her research on coral reef fish using behavior and genetic tools provides novel insights into the ecology and evolution of species. She is passionate about the marine environment, women in science, and diving. She joined the Homeward Bound network in 2016 to build future collaborations and learn within a program aimed to elevate each woman's leadership abilities and capacity to influence in the future. This was highlighted in an article written for 1MillionWomen. Connect with her on twitter at @AshtonGainsford.

Johanna Speirs, Ph.D, is a climate scientist with specific research interests in climate variability and change, alpine hydrometeorology and Antarctic meteorology and climatology. She works for Snowy Hydro Ltd. (a government-owned renewable energy company operating in Australia's alpine region), and specialises in understanding weather and climate processes that effect water resources in the Australian Alps. Johanna maintains an affiliation with the University of Queensland's Climate Research Group following her PhD on Antarctic meteorology and climatology. She wants to live in a world where quality science is used to make more informed decisions in the way this planet is managed. She thinks Homeward Bound is a pretty inspiring initiative to help get more women to the decision-making table. See google scholar for her publications, or find her on twitter @johspeirs.

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If something is a temperature of absolute zero, does that mean the electrons around the proton have completely stopped?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 04:39 PM PST

Or is it just at a molecular level Rather than atomic

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Are there any examples of vague speciation? For example species B can reproduce with A and C but A and C cannot reproduce.

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 07:08 PM PST

when Earth had a uniformly warm climate, how did plants in areas with a 5-6 month long polar night handle it?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 07:59 PM PST

Did plants even grow in such areas at all, despite having the perfect temperature conditions?

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Why is the fossil record poor for the Mesozoic in the Midwestern part of the USA?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 07:58 PM PST

How do atoms work in pilot wave theory?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 05:02 AM PST

The classic example for why the concept of electrons doing trajectories around the nucleus is wrong is that they would continuously lose energy via radiation. Pilot wave theory assigns trajectories to particles. This seems contradictory, how is it resolved?

submitted by /u/IgorEmu
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Is there any meaning to the phrase "twice as hot" or "twice as cold" as 0 degrees?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 10:54 AM PST

My understanding of temperature is that it's mostly a measurement of how fast molecules move. Do molecules move twice as fast at 80 degrees celcius as they do at 40? That's absurd, right?

Co-workers are arguing among one another.

submitted by /u/Nubberkins
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What determines how radioactive an element is? (How much radiation an element gives off).

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 02:04 AM PST

What determines how radioactive an element is...or to put it another way, how much radiation it gives off? Uranium and Americium both emit an alpha particle, but must be handled differently.

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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 07:04 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Will I generate more power if I focus sunlight with a magnifying glass onto a solar panel?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 11:24 AM PST

In what ways is our solar system like or unlike other solar systems?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 05:55 AM PST

I just read something about how we have an estimated 200 dwarf planets, and I know we have 8 planets with a potential 9th. IIRC we have two asteroid belts as well.

Do most solar systems have what we have? Is ours typical? Or do we not know that yet?

submitted by /u/HungJurror
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Do Black holes and anti-matter Black holes have different characteristics, and if so what are those characteristics?

Posted: 08 Mar 2017 06:29 AM PST

I know they both consist of having an Event horizon and a singularity, but other then that, what makes them different?

submitted by /u/Abject-Testament
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'Astronomy' Why does fusing an additional proton to a heavy element such as lead not emit energy? Instead, absorbing energy?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 05:20 PM PST

Is there a similar disease for birds like mad cow disease(Bovine spongiform encephalopathy)?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 02:32 PM PST

I tend to feed birds in the garden and I chuck the chicken leftovers out the back for themselves to feast on every sunday. I had figured that it was fine as I never heard any issues arising from it, but I am now wondering if I have set a unfortunite rolling castastrophy upon myself in the form of zombie birds...

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Could ocean water freeze under the high pressures/low temperatures at the ocean floor?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 02:22 PM PST

Why is water densest at 4 degrees Celsius?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 11:48 AM PST

I was taught in my HS Chem class a few days ago that water is densest at 4 degrees Celsius. I asked my less than stellar teacher why that is, to which she responded "it just is that way". So why is it densest at 4 degrees Celsius? Why wouldn't it be denser closer to freezing?

submitted by /u/TheThingInTheCorner
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When undersea currents flow over abyssal ridges, is there a marine equivalent of a rain shadow ?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 01:26 PM PST

When marine currents rise to cross a ridge, does the sea bottom on the far side receive a reduced level of biological debris? Is there a "marine rain shadow"?

submitted by /u/cucutano
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Are there underwater supervolcanoes?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 05:08 AM PST

I know that we are aware of supervolcanoes on land and the world is mostly ocean, are there supervolcanoes that are underwater? And if so, what would be the result of one of those erupting?

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Tuesday, March 7, 2017

How many galaxies/stars do we visually lose every year due to them accelerating and passing through the cosmological event horizon?

How many galaxies/stars do we visually lose every year due to them accelerating and passing through the cosmological event horizon?


How many galaxies/stars do we visually lose every year due to them accelerating and passing through the cosmological event horizon?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 05:19 PM PST

I was reading about dark energy on Wikipedia and this question had me pondering on a bit.

edit:

Hello everyone, I appreciate all the feedback received from this post and I'm grateful for such well presented answers. I realise that this sort of question can raise many different answers due to the question being too general.

But as I understand from most of the replies... The reason the light from those stars will never entirely vanish is because even when the star/galaxy passes the cosmological event horizon, the space between us and them is only expanding and so the light that was sent before the star/galaxy passing the cosmological event horizon will only stretch due to the expansion and continue to reach us but through other spectrums of light as it continues to redshift. Would this be correct?

I would also like to bring forward a question that has been brought up by a few other redditors. However as it may seem there is no exact answer to it, I'd like to ask a question similar to it:

Which stars/galaxies have most noticeably redshifted or faded from visual light? I'd definitely like to read up on this topic so any names or articles would be great. Thanks again guys!

submitted by /u/RichDAS
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when I shine a flashlight at Mars, does a small amount of the light actually reach it?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 03:20 AM PST

How do we know that the universe is expanding and light is not just losing momentum?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 04:13 AM PST

We know that the universe is expanding since light coming from distant galaxies are redshifted. How do we know that the redshift isn't the result of light losing momentum over incredibly long periods of time? (As momentum decreases, wavelength increases (p=h/λ))

Are there any other methods to verify that the universe is expanding other than observing redshifts of light?

submitted by /u/rdivine
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What is happening to the organs of someone who suffers from scoliosis?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 06:33 AM PST

Depending on the level and degree of the scoliosis (curvature of the spine) the area inside the person's torso is generally smaller, and therefore leaves less room for organs. I am aware that the body doesn't fully adjust for this, i.e. the fat content on the person body is generally the same as what it would be if the person were their correct height depending on diet and weight of course.

submitted by /u/shintengo
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Does the order of operations have an deeper significance, or was it a convention that was simply agreed upon?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 05:50 PM PST

Does defibrillation work differently in people who have undergone the Nuss procedure?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 06:25 AM PST

The Nuss procedure treats Pectus Excavatum, a.k.a. Hollow Chest, by inserting a stainless steel bar under the sternum in order to push it outwards.

submitted by /u/ViktorGudjons
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What is the difference between an aeroplanes 'air speed' and its 'ground speed'?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 05:17 AM PST

What happens when an electron hits a positron when they both have different momentum?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 02:17 AM PST

I know that after the annihilation when they have the same momentum, or no momentum there are 2 photons emmited in 2 different directions, due to conservation of momentum, but what happens when they hit eachother with different momentums? Will they be emmited at an angle other than 180deg to each other, or will one have higher frequency than the other, or something completely different?

submitted by /u/Wojtabe
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If Mars and Venus switched places, would Venus be hospitable for life?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 10:17 AM PST

If light is effected by gravity of black holes, does that mean light can orbit a black hole?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 07:14 AM PST

So if the black hole was exactly the right mass and the light was at exactly the right passing trajectory could it be pulled into an orbit?

submitted by /u/Elipes_
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Why are there no stable isotopes of technetium despite it being so much lighter than all the other unstable elements?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 04:07 AM PST

Are insects affected by inbreeding like mammals?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 01:56 PM PST

Does the uncertainty principle just pertain to velocity and position, or are there other "quality pairs" that it stops us from getting perfectly?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 03:52 PM PST

if matter and energy are one and the same, shouldn't earth have been gaining tons and tons of mass over the years via sunlight?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 06:18 AM PST

Can a molecular transition be intrinsically polarized?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 03:20 PM PST

I am aware of stimulated emission where emitted photons have the same polarization as the incoming photons which induced the emission. To my knowledge, vacuum fluctuations also have no preferred polarization and thus spontaneous emission is also unpolarized.

But I was recently told by a colleague that transitions can also be intrinsically polarized and was wondering what exactly that means and how it comes about? Are certain transition only stimulated by right circularly polarized photons?

submitted by /u/CallMeDoc24
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If I am riding in a bus traveling 60 mph, and I throw a ball 30 mph from the front the bus to the back of the bus, what exactly is happening? Is the ball moving, or is the bus accelerating away from the ball at 30 mph?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 08:08 PM PST

Why are all radioactive decays electrons, positrons, or helium nuclei?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 09:19 PM PST

And as a follow up, similar to how beta+ gives a positron, could there be alpha+ that gave a 2-antiprotons, 2-neutron emission?

submitted by /u/TimAnEnchanter
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Quick question about thermal expansion?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 06:54 PM PST

Is cake or bread in an oven rising due to thermal expansion? I feel like it technically is but I'm no science master.

submitted by /u/dwadwda
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If a person were to jump while on top of a car travelling 70mph, would they land on the roof again?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 03:57 AM PST

My entire Sixth Form is stuck in a debate about whether or not you would have enough momentum to land on the car again or if the car would continue travelling, leaving you behind. None of us take physics so any answers would be greatly appreciated. :)

submitted by /u/NeedToGetOffReddit
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When talking about quarks and particle physics, what is strangeness and what does it do?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 08:41 AM PST

I can only find tiny amounts of information on quark strangeness and all my physics teachers simply tell me "not to worry about it".

submitted by /u/NachoftheMach
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Did Newton know his theory of gravity was incomplete?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 07:45 AM PST

Did Newton realize his theory of gravity was incomplete in that it did not take into account time distortion caused by gravity? If not that specific did he know something was wrong but did not know what?

submitted by /u/kirkkrunchkangaroo
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Would it be accurate to say that a stationary charge produces an electric field, but a moving charge produces a magnetic field?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 05:22 PM PST

Capacitor (no moving charge) = E- field

Current (moving charges) = Mag Field

Point charge at rest = E field

Point charge moving at speed v = Mag field

Is this a 'correct' conclusion? If so, why is this so?

submitted by /u/beitasitbe
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How is a root certificate verified?

Posted: 07 Mar 2017 01:48 AM PST

I am confused as to how a root certificate can be verified to be genuine? I found that you have something built into your browser that checks if the root certificate of a certificate chain is correct? But what if some chain just copies the root certificate from a genuine source so that your computer verifies it with that? How can you know it's actually genuine?

Also how does your browser actually know it is the root certificate? Does it have a built in public key that it decrypts the certificate with and checks it?

submitted by /u/melonsmasher100
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Why are there much more consonants than wovels in many modern laguages?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 09:59 PM PST

Monday, March 6, 2017

What would happen if you shine a green flashlight in a spaceship going 0.5c?

What would happen if you shine a green flashlight in a spaceship going 0.5c?


What would happen if you shine a green flashlight in a spaceship going 0.5c?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 03:48 AM PST

Would the light turn blue as you point it forwards, and red when you point it backwards?

submitted by /u/neshornkongen
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If a person is unconscious on a spinning object, will they wake up dizzy or not?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 06:41 PM PST

What is the difference between supercritical fluid and plasma?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 01:51 AM PST

How do we know that photons have spin 1?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 05:57 AM PST

What's the difference between sugars found in vegetables/fruits and sugars found in refined grains/candy? Why is the latter worse for us?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 02:40 PM PST

How much of the internet is now bot-on-bot traffic?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 12:08 PM PST

How are spacesuits sealed from the vacuum of space when assembled?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 03:17 PM PST

I understand that the space suit provides air pressure to keep the fluids in your body in a liquid state, and that the suits are assembled in different pieces for the limbs and such. But how are these separate pieces sealed from the vacuum of space when assembled? (i.e. where the separate pieces connect)

submitted by /u/ev-dawg
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Do nuclear bombs create shrapnel (albiet useless), or is the metal casing instantaneously vaporized?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 12:07 PM PST

Can a totally decayed element still produce radiation? Am I understanding the concept of radiation correctly?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 02:42 AM PST

Hello! I am currently doing a research regarding radiation and its effects to our body. Being a total stranger about radiation (not to mention the need of reviewing that I need to do to refresh my basic chemistry skills), as the title states, does radiation stop once an element is fully decayed?

So far, in general, in terms of radiation of elements, each has a half life wherein elements slowly decay. As an element decays, it gives out an ionizing radiation.

Finally, I want to make sure that I am understanding the general concept of radiation correctly:

Ionizing radiation comes in different forms (alpha, beta, and gamma). Alpha is less likely to cause harm to our body as their waves cannot really make it past our skin's dead skin cell. Beta radiation, on the other hand, can be blocked by our clothes and therefore a regular lab coat would be sufficient to act as protection. Finally, Gamma radiation is the meanest of them all as it can travel really far and a person needs to be fully geared by lead shields in order to be safe. Is this correct?

*EDIT: Also, I found out that, when swallowed/inhaled, Alpha radiation can cause severe damage (even death). If that is the case, how come we are not being poisoned by the potassium in our body or whenever we eat bananas

Any information and/or articles with good reads regarding this topic would be greatly appreciated!

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/papercut03
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What advances would be required for us to see galaxies farther beyond the 700 million year mark?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 02:52 PM PST

Why can't we just use solar panels and wind turbines on aircrafts to give them a better efficiency?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 04:14 AM PST

What happens when the human immune system encounters a bacterium it has seen before?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 11:02 AM PST

I know what happens when the immune system meets a bacterium for the first time, including cell-mediated and humoral response but what happens when it meets a bacterium it has seen before?

submitted by /u/mentalcasethrowaway
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In the scene from Passengers where Jennifer Lawrence is trapped in a swimming pool during zero gravity, would a human really have a hard time escaping the water in these conditions?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 10:51 AM PST

What is the earliest record we have of humans supplementing their diet with spicy (hot) foods?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 12:54 PM PST

It's my understanding that spicy foods such as hot peppers contain the chemical capsaicin. Humans have no taste receptors for capsaicin. Rather, capsaicin activates the pain receptors in the tongue and mouth. This causes no damage. There is no physical harm even though we refer to the sensation as burning. Many birds do not have pain receptors that react to capsaicin. So, I have always assumed birds were selected as a vehicle to spread the seeds of hot peppers because they would spread them farther whereas they deterred humans and other animals by causing pain. Humans, at some point, realized that spicy hot foods effect us in a weird way. Capsaicin causes pain which releases endorphins in the brain. This endorphin rush makes spicy foods a conditioned food source for us. I have always assumed Humans circumvented this defense mechanism of the hot pepper, but is that true. What is the earliest evidence we have of humans supplementing their diet with spicy (hot) foods? At what point did we circumvent this defense mechanism?

Additional: I have heard of scientists analyzing scat in anthropology/archeology digs. Can we determine capsaicin from these digs? Also, I am assuming a lot in the above question. Please correct anything I have written.

submitted by /u/GombyJabbared
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How do we know that Lucy is a direct human ancestor?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 11:13 AM PST

Hey - fairly simple question I'm having trouble googling. How do we know that Lucy is a direct human ancestor and not just some other random ape/hominid? Besides the fact that her body fits our theories for a transition from ape to human, is there some other kind of evidence that proves Lucy is a part of our ancestry and not some random offshoot of another ape line? (If that makes sense).

submitted by /u/galaxy_guest
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What are Sub Shells in Regards to Electron Configuration?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 12:20 AM PST

Can send superfast wifi though space?

Posted: 06 Mar 2017 06:08 AM PST

So i know currently the technology isnt viable to say video chat on mars like a concept on the film The Martian, because wifi/microwave signals cant travel fast enough leaving like a 21 minutes delay or summit. But ive heard of superfast internet that uses superfast flickering led lights to transmit wifi signals boosting currant tech- i heard this a few years ago that maybe a Edinburgh university had been testing and was going to be realised but i dont know what happened. So my question is:- can we send faster internet signals using superfast flickering led lights presumably at the speed of light?

I will add as people will just poke holes in my unperfect grammer and logic. - i mean the leds flash so fast you wouldnt even notice them switching off so no headaches etc as was stated in the article i read - the speed of light naturally being a light source that travels the speed of light

submitted by /u/Evilboytravis
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What is the significance of this invention?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 11:41 PM PST

Recently my grandfather, Stuart Libby died, and I am trying to learn more about what he did for a living.

It seems like he was the inventor of SuperTan technology, when he worked for Tansitor in the 1980-90s, before they got bought out by Vishay.

Below are some links regarding some history of the capacitors.

Please tell me the significance of his work, I am eager to know.

http://www.vishay.com/landingpage/50year/sprague.html

http://patents.justia.com/inventor/stuart-e-libby

submitted by /u/zlibby1998
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Is Anti-M production after transfusion due to antigen recognition?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 02:33 PM PST

What are the most likely causes of anti-M production after an operation? Could it be due to the recognition of M antigens received from a donors blood?

submitted by /u/Georgeredrup
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What, chemically distinguishes rocks from other solid chemicals (I.E. metal)?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 12:07 PM PST

Why does MDMA affect serotonin levels when it is structurally similar to dopamine?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 02:39 PM PST

Shouldn't it mimic the effects of dopamine? Both are phenethylamines.

submitted by /u/lax_incense
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