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Sunday, March 5, 2017

What happens when we run out of space on the radio frequency spectrum(s)?

What happens when we run out of space on the radio frequency spectrum(s)?


What happens when we run out of space on the radio frequency spectrum(s)?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 03:25 PM PST

Why is it matter in the Sun's core can undergo fusion at 15 million degrees but our fusion reactors need to be 100+ million degrees?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 04:27 AM PST

How hot would molten metal have to be to become a gas?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 05:05 PM PST

So if I heat iron into molten iron. How much more would I have to heat it for it to become a gas?

submitted by /u/ayyan67
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Do oscillations truly go to zero, and if not, do we now how small they can decrease to?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 06:00 PM PST

Consider a simple system of a 1 degree of freedom spring-mass/damper oscillator. When solving the differential equation that represents the equation of motion, we often get results that decay to a limit of 0 due to an exponential--i.e. overdamping, underdamping, and critical damping.

I was wondering, do these ever truly go to zero? I realize it's most likely similar to cutting something in half over and over again trying to get to zero mass, but at SOME point you hit subatomic particles and can't get anywhere. So do we know of a point at which oscillations seem to stay at a constant value very near zero?

More importantly, is my body still feeling that punch from the 3rd grade?

submitted by /u/Howardyoudoing95
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What's the difference between carbonite and carbon dioxide? They both have the same formula . . .

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 05:54 PM PST

Would it be right to say that semiconductors are produced by doping?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 02:41 PM PST

I'm doing some research on semiconductors, and I've gotten onto the subject of doping. It appears that doping creates the p-n junction found in semiconductors. Since this seems to be a vital part of semiconductors, would it be right to say that doping is the process in which semiconductors are produced?

submitted by /u/GregorGuy
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I don't understand "Nuclear Radiation". How does it work and what separates it from other forms of matter/elements in our world that seem to make it so much more dangerous?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 11:39 AM PST

I understand that it's 'bad', is most closely related nuclear power plant meltdowns and atomic bombs. But I don't understand HOW it works. Are there different types of radiation? Is the radiation our phones give off the same exact thing, except at a much lower level?

What is happening to our body when radiation gives us cancer? Why do we use radiation therapy to cure cancer when it also gives us cancer.

It also seems a property of it is that you can't really stop it - it seems like putting up walls or barriers is not effective unless they are ridiculously thick, and even then it seems like we just do that because we don't really know what else to do and it's better than nothing

Basically just looking for Nuclear Radiation 101 explanation.

submitted by /u/SlatheredButtCheeks
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Why do we consider that a e- n=3 in hydrogen atom has more energy than in n=1, when in reality the energy needed ionize the eletron is more in n=1 than in n=3? Why do eletrons have tendecy to go to lower states of energy? What do you consider a lower state of energy?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 07:40 AM PST

So.. what its bugging my mind is this.. N=3 has is suppose to be a higher energy leve than n=1 right?However in this level the ionization energy is lower than it is for n=1.As such shouldn´t it be that n=3 is a lower energy level than n=1? And how come eletrons have tendecy to go to a lower energy level?And what do you consider to be a low energy level? Do you consider a low energy level when eletrons are only subject to Zef?Like i can´t stop thinking about this.. What is a lower energy level.. I know schrodinger equation and all that stuff and how he gets it there mathematically.. i just want to understand though

submitted by /u/SleepDaoist
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If you turned on every power-hungry function of your phone, could it lose battery even while charging?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 07:36 AM PST

What causes a light to burn out?

Posted: 05 Mar 2017 06:07 AM PST

My wife always leaves the dryer door open. I have asked her not to, as I didn't want the tiny, hard to replace bulb inside to burn out. It finally did today, but she tells me it has nothing to do with how long it burns, but rather how many times it is turned on and off. There seems to be some logic in that, but I'm not willing to let my indignation go that easily. Does duration of burning play a role here and, if so, how big of one?

submitted by /u/drdantron3030
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What is the relationship of quantum field theory to quantum mechanics?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 08:03 AM PST

The way I see QM is as a sort of general "protocol" for making predictions at the quantum scale. First, choose a Hilbert space representing all the possible states of your system; then choose a self-adjoint operator A representing the variable you want to measure; find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A; use the Born rule to calculate the probability distribution; exponentiate iA to find the time evolution.

My understanding of QFT is that it uses this protocol to model fields like the EM field, so that the basic procedure is the same; the difference is that you use classical fields as a guide for choosing Hilbert spaces and operators, and this leads to things like Feynman diagrams and whatnot. How correct is this?

submitted by /u/BanachFan
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Is it possible to divide the frequency of the light?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 04:51 PM PST

In electronics there are devices named "frequency dividers" which basically reduce the frequency of the incoming signal by counting zero-crossings. For example 1000 Hz oscillation on the input could be turned into 500 Hz.

Would it be somehow possible to sense the light as an oscillation and consequently divide its frequency to lower ones? Dare I say – audible ones?

As I understand, it is actually tera-hertz range and regular electronics don't work well in such high frequencies.

submitted by /u/mrkwa
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Why do Faraday cages not block visible light?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 10:12 AM PST

I know, really stupid question, but I can't find an answer nor reasonably work it out myself.

Faraday cages block out electromagnetic fields, and radio signals.

Radio signals are simply part of the radiation spectrum, which, visible light is also a part of, just a different frequency.

I suppose I don't understand radiation as much as I wish I did, but could someone explain this in a qualitative or quantitative manner? (I'm an engineer so math won't be lost on me)

submitted by /u/Trigger93
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Why does the fusion of iron atoms absorb rather than result in energy ?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 07:06 PM PST

Reading an article about the evolution of a star into a super nova I encountered these sentences, " The star forges progressively heavier elements until iron is created. But iron is not a stellar fuel. Fusing it with other atoms doesn't release energy; it saps it from its surroundings." (Science News 2/18/17 pg 22). I thought, evidently wrongly, that fusion always resulted in the conversion of matter to energy, so my question is why?

submitted by /u/nadanutcase
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What sort of velocities are expected from alpha and beta radiation particles?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 10:32 PM PST

A recent question here about how radiation works has got me thinking about radiation trajectories. I understand electromagnetic radiation would follow a pretty much straight trajectory, because it's pretty much photons, but what about the other massive types of radiation?

I expect them to follow parabolas, but what is the usual initial velocity from the decay? Can we predict the sort of kinetic energies involved?

submitted by /u/ZackyZack
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Why can't a microwave oven be made to cook more evenly?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 05:37 PM PST

How do we know an electron is matter or antimatter?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 03:03 PM PST

I understand whether we define a particle as matter or antimatter is fairly arbitrary, but what is the reasoning behind classifying groups of particles together as matter / anti-matter?

i.e why do we say both protons and electron are matter, and is it possible that protons are matter and electrons anti-matter?

I'm hoping for some more insight into whether the matter anti-matter imbalance in the universe is just a mistaken assumption on what we classify as matter and anti-matter.

submitted by /u/_unique
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Why is the energy for a lightning bolt so much higher than what is expected from these capacitance equations?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 04:24 PM PST

I have always been taught how lightning could be viewed as the discharge of a capacitor being the air between the clouds and the ground.

So I was fiddling around with the equations:

The equation for capacitance is:

\[C = e_r e_0 A/d \]
this

So if we assume:

  • the relative permittivity ([;e_r;]) for air is ~1

  • the Area of the capacitors ([;A;]) ~ 1x105 m2 (100 km2 ) which is a fair approximation

  • [;e_0;] is just standard electric constant

  • The separation between the 'plates' ([;d;]) is on average ~ 3*103 m (3km)

C ~ 2.95*10-10 F

We also know due to messing around with the equation that:

\[W_{stored} = (1/2) CV^2 \] this

Though if we put that equation in with the capacitance we got & assuming a voltage of about 3*105 V which is a fair assumption

The energy stored in the capacitor is apparently ~ 13 J !!

That seems much less than I would expect a lightning bolt to be or at least this 'capacitor' to store.

I am wondering where I've messed up.

Thanks for any help! (Also I am sorry if I'm completly wrong about most of this - only just teaching myself about capacitors)

submitted by /u/pokuit
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What's more effective at reflecting heat, a sheet of aluminum that is polished or a sheet of aluminum painted white?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 07:47 AM PST

I've been wondering if something that was polished to a mirror finish was better at not absorbing heat through light than something painted with pure white paint. Any responses are appreciated!

submitted by /u/Its_Gingie
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[Physics] Could one rip an electron from a neutral atom solely by applying a magnetic field?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 08:06 AM PST

From outside the atom, there would be no net charge. However, if a magnetic field penetrates the boundaries of the atom, it should have differing effects on the nucleus and electron, correct? If this is true, how strong of an electric field would you have to produce to separate a hydrogen nucleus from an electron?

submitted by /u/Ununtrumpnium
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Saturday, March 4, 2017

If photons have a minimum wavelength, what happens when photons at that energy are blue shifted?

If photons have a minimum wavelength, what happens when photons at that energy are blue shifted?


If photons have a minimum wavelength, what happens when photons at that energy are blue shifted?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 01:00 AM PST

My understanding is photons can't have a wavelength smaller than the Planck length (though I'm not completely clear on why)- So what happens if you shine light at, say, twice that wavelength at someone moving towards you at 0.9c?

it seems like, in the reference frame of the person moving towards you, the wavelength would be different by a factor of 1/(1- v2/c2) so it would go from 3.2*10-35 m to 6.1*10-36 m. That would mean it was below the minimum wavelength though, so what would actually happen?

submitted by /u/bearjuani
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Does the amount of dark, paved surfaces humans have made have a measurable impact on local temperatures or global climate change?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 07:17 AM PST

For instance will cities with lots of paved roads and parking lots be hotter because of that? And if this effect exists, is there enough paving on earth for it to contribute to the global climate?

submitted by /u/turquoiserabbit
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Why do we use xenon and not for example helium in ion propulsion engines?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 02:10 AM PST

Would a being living in a hyperbolic space be able to tell that its space was a hyperbolic shape?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 06:28 AM PST

Also, if our hyperbolic being was a 18th century timid mathematician, would he be able to conceptualize euclidean geometry and see it as complex as hyperbolic is to us?

submitted by /u/TimAnEnchanter
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What are the best theories (if any) we have for what dark matter and dark energy is?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 05:33 PM PST

Is it possible for a spacecraft to re-enter the atmosphere without needing a heat shield?

Posted: 04 Mar 2017 04:19 AM PST

Can a spacecraft not just use its airodynamics to bleed its speed in the upper atmosphere without moving to an altitude where the atmosphere is dense enough to create high temperatures?

submitted by /u/finlay422
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So exactly what IS energy?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 05:18 PM PST

Is there a "safer" alternative to Uranium235 for nuclear power generation?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 11:40 PM PST

I understand that U235 decays into a number of elements that are themselves radioactive (i.e. radioactive waste). I am wondering if there is an isotope of any element that decays into stable isotopes only (and therefore produces no radioactive waste) that we could use in reactors or if there is a way to influence/control the outcome of U235 decay to make the waste products less radioactive. Any ideas?

submitted by /u/Sidiabdulassar
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Can ovaries regrow, whether completely or in part, after an overiectomy?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 06:36 PM PST

We're in a bit of a conundrum, [and are waiting for formal medical advice - appointment with the GP is next week - this is not a request for medical advice, just some basic knowledge]. A close friend had a bilateral ovariectomy and hysterectomy about 20 years ago. She is being investigated for abdominal pain, possibly a kidney stone, but the radiologist came back with this baffling statement that he can see both ovaries on her pelvian echography. Apparently one of them even has a cyst.

We're completely puzzled! She went to the archives and exhumed her surgery report from 20 years ago to be sure her memory wasn't at fault; it explicitly states that both ovaries were completely removed.

How is this possible? Can ovaries grow back? Are there alternative interpretations? Can it be some other type of tissue?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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What is the slingshot effect and how does it work?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 07:19 PM PST

Water boils at about 7 degrees in .01 atmospheres. Could you cook instant ramen in this boiling water?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 11:27 PM PST

This question was inspired by this post.

submitted by /u/CitizenPremier
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Does using two WiFi routers increase the variance in signal strength?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 02:37 PM PST

When using two WiFi routers on the same network, you'd expect to see some destructive interference—necessarily more so than you'd see in a single-router network. I infer this from fooling around with two sources of the same frequency in a ripple tank. Is this a correct conclusion to draw?

We all experience issues with dead zones in single-router setups; does using two routers exacerbate this problem?

How sensitive is this to particular conditions? Are there two-router systems that are 'smart' and send different signals depending on what connections they have?

submitted by /u/Piconeeks
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Why do certain tv channels come in when I'm close to the antenna?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 06:43 PM PST

I have a $20 Wal-Mart digital TV antenna. Why does my ABC station only come in when I am sitting at my computer, 3 ft from my antenna on a bookshelf, but not when I'm elsewhere in the room?

I've looked up the antenna strengths and they only broadcast at 1/4 of the other big stations. But still, why does me moving 2-3 feet affect the signal so much to come in almost perfectly when I'm in the right spot?

submitted by /u/Read_to_Your_Kids
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What exactly is vacuum energy and what effects can it have?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 02:02 PM PST

I've been trying to do my own research on this, but most of what I've found is a lot of quantum physics jargon that I really don't understand. Any help would be great.

submitted by /u/TheSorge
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Why is it that certain metals, glasses and plastics can be wipe or polished clean?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 08:40 AM PST

In the past, I sold a metal polishing/cleaning product called Flitz that would clean most metals all the way to the base layer. I also have glassware that needs constant cleaning that no matter how dirty it gets, I can always get it to a sparkling shine! This made me wonder how no matter how much tarnish some things can get, they can be restored to a near new look. Now, I believe it could have something to do with these materials having pores and it's a matter of flushing particles out. I've also heard somewhere that metals, glass, and plastics lose a thin layer everytime they're scrubbed or polished. I'm not exactly sure how to research this so I hope you guys have informed answers! :D Thank you in advance for your thoughtful answers!

submitted by /u/CamTasty
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Is it theoretically possible to CREATE a new planet??

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 05:14 PM PST

We hear about "habitable" planets being discovered everyday.But in the future with enough technology can a planet be created to sustain human life ?OR can a planets atmosphere be altered with some technology ?

I just want to know.It maybe silly/stupid.Like theoretically is it possible.??

submitted by /u/kajnbagoat
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Is there a simple sequence of moves on a Rubik's cube that will cycle through every possible arrangement?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 03:37 AM PST

That is, would there be a sequence of moves which if repeated for long enough would ALWAYS solve the cube eventually?

submitted by /u/Ixuvia
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Now that SHA-1 has been broken, what would it take for crackers to break SHA-256 or SHA-512? Is it just a matter of processor time?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 05:47 AM PST

It's been broken: http://www.shattered.io/

They recommend moving on to SHA-256 or SHA-512:

We hope our practical attack on SHA-1 will increase awareness and convince the industry to quickly move to safer alteratives, such as SHA-256.

But if the algorithm is basically the same and only the block size changes, why is it safer? Is it only because the required processor time would be exponentially larger?

submitted by /u/annitaq
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Can glass be boiled?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 07:51 AM PST

Can materials like glass be boiled and evaporated like water? I've been trying to find a simple answer to this all morning, but the most I've been able to find is that glass at a high enough temperature appears to boil, but really it's just air bubbles that are simply rising to the surface.

submitted by /u/scaryuncledevin
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How do electrons jump the gap in a capacitor without the emf of a battery present?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 09:32 AM PST

In school we have been using a voltmeter to measure the discharge rate of a capacitor but I don't know why the electrons continue to jump the capacitor gap and discharge without a emf. Also how if you charge a capacitor is one plate negative and the other positive, surely the other would be neutral?

submitted by /u/lewlew241
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Space and time are just 2 facets of the same thing (spacetime), and this ST has been expanding in all directions since the Big Bang. I can understand what that would mean spacially (galaxies moving apart from each other), but what would that mean temporally?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 04:58 AM PST

Friday, March 3, 2017

What happens when an electron and a proton are stationary in a vacuum and are 1m apart?

What happens when an electron and a proton are stationary in a vacuum and are 1m apart?


What happens when an electron and a proton are stationary in a vacuum and are 1m apart?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 02:47 AM PST

There are no EM fields other then that produced by the particles themselves. Obviously they will attract, but will they collide and emit photons? Will they spiral down until the electron is bound? Can you even conduct this experiment (Heisenberg uncertainty)?

submitted by /u/Jqerty
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Can physicists capture a gluon particle on its own, or even collect a pure sample of gluons, and would it be massless?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 05:45 AM PST

Do quantum mechanical effects have any physiological consequences for how our brains work?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 07:34 AM PST

If substance A has a freezing point below the freezing point of substance B, does that necessarily mean substance A will have a lower boiling point as well? If not, what are some examples?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 05:06 PM PST

How do I explain this acceleration anomaly?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 03:03 AM PST

For a class investigation we were required to set up a makeshift ramp and barrier, then roll an open toy truck carrying a figurine down the ramp. We logged the data and everything seems in order however, on the software generated acceleration - time graph, I have something that I can't explain. The graph begins as expected, the acceleration increases once the truck is released, but, as time goes on, the acceleration slowly decreases before it goes negative when the truck hits the barrier. I theorized that this was due to the truck approaching its max velocity, but the truck couldn't reach terminal velocity on our ramp, not only because of its length but the fact that friction and the ramp's normal force was at play. I just need help understand why the acceleration would seemingly decrease for no good reason as it rolled down the ramp.

submitted by /u/afisc123
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[Psychology] Why do reading and writing skills excel first when we learn a new language at a later age yet children learn to listen and speak before reading and writing?

Posted: 03 Mar 2017 04:46 AM PST

I've been trying to learn spanish and can write a lot better than I can speak or listen, or even read. Yet when I learned English, I learned first how to listen, comprehend, and speak.

submitted by /u/hankikanto
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Are there any known "comorbidities" for human sexuality? Not in terms of orientation, but do people with a low sex drive, for example, have any other differences compared to those with a high sex drive?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 01:46 PM PST

How do we synthesize particular DNA?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 04:52 PM PST

To explain what I mean, I am referencing this post.

https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/dna-could-be-the-future-of-data-storage

It was talked about how the researchers synthesized DNA with the exact order of bases and number of bases they needed for their information (e.g. they needed to map data as GAATC and so they synthesized it exactly as so). What I'm wondering is, how is this possible? How can we synthesize exactly the DNA we want, especially one that is 200 bases long.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/yty90
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In terms of entropy, why is the big bang different from heat death?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 07:02 PM PST

I understand both are states where the universe is homogenous and energy is spread evenly.

submitted by /u/onceiknew
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Is a black hole's event horizon formed instantly or does it take time to radiate from the singularity?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 12:52 PM PST

edit Also would this be a physics or astronomy question?

submitted by /u/mrpigpuncher
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What does the Wronskian have to do with the quotient rule?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 06:12 PM PST

The determinant looks to be in the same form as the numerator of the formula for the quotient rule; I was wondering if there were any connections.

submitted by /u/AbramowitzHolmberg
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What do the data storage properties of nucleic acids mean for trans-binary computing?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 04:31 PM PST

Given the successful harnessing of DNA's information-storing properties and the fact that each "bit" (base-pair) of DNA can be one of 4 values (A, T, G, and C), DNA could theoretically be used as a storage medium for a quaternary computing system. Obviously, such a system would also need a processor capable of computing base-4 numbers, not to mention the multitude of other hardware and software components that are required to assemble a functional computer.

  • Is there any research currently being done into trans-binary computing systems?

  • Does the successful demonstration of DNA as a storage medium bring us any closer to actually developing such a system?

  • What would be the pros and cons of such a system over conventional binary computers?

Higher-order nucleic acid storage systems could be devised by including uracil (U) or even by engineering entirely new nucleobases from scratch. Would there any additional benefits of having further higher and higher order systems? My intuition tells me that systems of base-8, 16, 32, 64, etc. may have some compatibility with existing binary systems, and base-10 computers capable of storing and processing information in decimal may be more intuitive for humans to interact with.

submitted by /u/EpicHoosier
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Would it be possible to put a satellite in joint orbit around the Earth and the moon in a figure 8 pattern?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 09:09 AM PST

And has it been done?

submitted by /u/twiceblessedman
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What would prompt an electron to make a downwards transition?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 02:44 PM PST

Is there any evidence showing that longer ads are more effective than shorter ones?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 03:53 PM PST

I think poorly of companies with long ads and appreciate when an ad is short and concise.Is there any evidence showing that longer ads are more effective?

submitted by /u/jetrii
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Largest theoretically possible wind turbine?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 02:42 PM PST

I was wondering what would the size be of the largest theoretically possible wind turbine and how much power would it generate. Also if cost wasn't an issue what would the largest realistically possible wind turbine be with current materials(With normal materials or perhaps in a crazy scenario if say it was possible to build it from carbon nanotubes or somesuch) and again how much power would it generate.

Thanks~!

submitted by /u/darklywhite
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Can "talking birds" like parrots actually talk?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 11:10 AM PST

My understanding is that they only repeat sounds and phrases. Though I occasionally hear people debate it, they generally cite personal experiences as their only evidence.

submitted by /u/zachpledger
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Did ancient civilizations each develop their counting systems in base 10 independently, or was that an idea that spread with trade? Is there any record of human civilizations that didn't use base 10?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 11:42 AM PST

How do cheerios lower cholesterol?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 08:04 AM PST

Cheerios claim to lower cholesterol. They're not lipids, so they would dissolve in blood. How would they "push" cholesterol out of arteries? Or is their claim just false?

submitted by /u/noahcal11
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Is the gravity of Ceres strong enough to allow for walking or running?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 09:17 AM PST

Given Ceres' extremely low mass, would it feel more like Zero-G, or would the gravity "keep you grounded", so to speak?

submitted by /u/Tendy777
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Does breastfeeding delay menopause?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 12:14 PM PST

Pregnant and breastfeeding women don't get periods, which means during pregnancy and breastfeeding follicles are not released, which means the more time a woman spends being pregnant and breastfeeding the more follicles are left. Does it mean she will get a menopause later in life?

submitted by /u/amantonio
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If a non-condensable gas cannot become liquid, does this still hold true if it is in a mixture?

Posted: 02 Mar 2017 01:01 PM PST

For example, oxygen above -118.6C. Thanks.

submitted by /u/banterousbanana
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