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Saturday, December 17, 2016

Could intelligent apes pass on what we've taught them?

Could intelligent apes pass on what we've taught them?

Could intelligent apes pass on what we've taught them?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 02:42 PM PST

This is in regards to things like understanding sign language in various apes and in some cases spoken-English. I'm very curious if we taught to mating partners, or entire social groups of apes these methods of communication, would they teach it to their offspring, and from there have deeper understanding of the language and become more intelligent through direct parental teaching rather than cross species.

I'd love to hear about this!

submitted by /u/PhazePyre
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Does the Moon have anything to do with plate tectonics?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 06:04 PM PST

I did a cursory search of the relation between the moon and earthquakes and found little to nothing, but I was wondering if the moon's rotation, if it is enough to cause tides is enough to affect plate tectonics or the core of the earth itself. It's molten after all, it must have some sort of fluid dynamics to it, right?

I was wondering why the ring of fire is where it is, and came to the conclusion that the shape of the pacific ocean seems conducive to an oceanic suction effect that might add stress to plate tectonics in a ring shape. I'm no physicist but I don't see why a substance covering most of the earth's surface can't affect the earth in much more substantial ways than rising and falling tides.

To follow up, would rising sea levels mean more/stronger earthquakes due to the greater stress exerted by water on plate boundaries?

submitted by /u/tidalnotmusic
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Why can other mammals stay underwater for so much longer in just one breath?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 02:09 PM PST

When healing from a cut or gash (may or may not require stitches), what happens to the damaged blood vessels? Do they reconnect perfectly, are new ones formed, or do damaged veins and capillaries just have a dead end now?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 12:06 PM PST

If we don't know the exact value for Pi, how can we know the exact area of a circle if that is 2(pi) Rad?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 05:25 PM PST

Hey I'm curious as to the origins of humans having different blood types. Do we know when they began to diversify and why?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 09:53 PM PST

Is it possible to have a soccer ball made of only hexagons?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 03:52 PM PST

Every soccer ball I have seen has a combination of hexagons and pentagons as its faces. Is it possible to have one with only hexagons?

submitted by /u/chickenbomb52
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How does the human body regulate its normal temperature and what effect does external temperature have on it?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 04:01 PM PST

I live in Montana and it just recently got very cold out here. I'm not thinking so much about the outside temperature, but specifically about our living space temperature. We keep our house at a balmy 65° F in the winter and in the summer we don't use AC. Fat, clothing, and any other insulation aside, how does the body make up for that difference?

submitted by /u/LaughingRochelle
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At what temperature does moving water freeze?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 10:26 AM PST

I was thinking about this as it get colder out. Small ponds will freeze at 32 but does it need to be even colder to freeze a stream since the water is in motion? If so how cold?

submitted by /u/Commandoalien
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Gravitomagnetism is to general relativity as electromagnetism is to ... what?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 09:46 AM PST

Gravitomagnetism is a weak field, linearized approximation of GR and Gravito-electrostatics (?) is basically newtonian gravity (right?). Is it possible that electromagnetism is the linearized weak field approximation of a more general, nonlinear theory?

submitted by /u/ultraking_x2
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What is the standard Hilbert space for a spinless particle moving in 1D?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 01:57 PM PST

I am trying to learn QM as rigourously as possible. When trying to learn what the Hilbert space (H) associated with one spacial degree of freedom is, I found two answers:

1) It is the completion of the subspace of continuous everywhere differentiable functions on R that are square integrable.

2) It is L2 (R) (taking the classes of equivalence of functions that are equal if they differ in at most a set of zero measure).

Most books (Jauch's Foundations on QM and Prugovecki's QM in Hilbert Space) go for the second option. However, in case 1) we do have a good way of defining a functional Fa such that Fa(g)=g(a) (since I know nothing about distributions, I guess I'll loosely call them the delta functions). However, since in option 2) the elements of H are classes of functions, the delta functions seem to not be well defined as elements of the dual of H.

So which one is it? 1)? 2)? Both? Neither? Shut up and calculate?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Paul-Lubanski
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Does electricity travel the same through snow and ice as it does through water?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 10:52 AM PST

Has it been proven that there are only 5 platonic solids and if so, how?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 12:28 PM PST

I've seen it often stated that the only platonic solids are the tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron. Is it the case that they are the only known platonic solids or has it somehow been proven that there are no other possible ones?

submitted by /u/TheScienceNigga
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Do top predator animals ever kill for sport or enjoyment?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 08:42 PM PST

How does being a twin (or descendent from a twin) increases the chances of having a twin offspring?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 06:42 AM PST

I've hard multiple stories of families with multiple sets of twins along the generations, but it never occurred to me why does it happen. Is there anything special about the genes, eggs, utherus or sperm of a twin that make this happen? Or is just some kind of statistical bias?

submitted by /u/arthurpreis
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How to epiphytes obtain nutrients to support growth, particularly nutrients not found in the atmosphere like phosphorus?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 11:27 AM PST

Is propulsion in space possible through magnetic repulsion?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 01:28 PM PST

I have limited knowledge in science but I know that you can create magnetic fields with electric current, so is it possible to get acceleration in space with just two magnets powered by solar energy.

Comical representation (picture)http://9gag.com/gag/aVD2pwd

submitted by /u/lolakuti
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vào lúc No comments:

Friday, December 16, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Marina Picciotto, the Editor in Chief for the Journal of Neuroscience. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Marina Picciotto, the Editor in Chief for the Journal of Neuroscience. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I'm Marina Picciotto, the Editor in Chief for the Journal of Neuroscience. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 05:00 AM PST

I'm the Professor of Psychiatry and Deputy Chair for Basic Science at Yale. I am also Professor in the departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and the Child Study Center. My research focuses on defining molecular mechanisms underlying behaviors related to psychiatric illness, with a particular focus on the function of acetylcholine and its receptors in the brain. I am also Editor in Chief of the Journal of Neuroscience, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the National Academy of Medicine.

I'll be here to answer questions around 2 PM EST (18 UT). Ask me anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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lim x->∞ of (e^(i * x)) is defined, but lim x->∞ of sin(x) AND lim x->∞ of cos(x) is not defined. How?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 03:58 AM PST

Was just reading Feynman's lectures in physics and there is a part where cos(x) (for Harmonic Oscillator) is written as real part of ei*x.

All good and well, until an integral of ei*x is used from 0 to ∞.

In the limits, ei*∞ evaluates to 0. But neither is cos(∞) defined nor sin(∞). Can someone please explain this contradiction?

EDIT: My doubt is now clear. Thanx to /u/lucasvb for clearing it.

submitted by /u/rusty_ballsack_42
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Is it possible that creatures very similar to those currently extint come to exist again in a very distant future? (through evolution)

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 03:25 AM PST

How do those little winter birds, like chickadees, not freeze to death, and, if they are just little well-insulated furnaces, where does all their energy come from, just seeds?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 11:25 AM PST

Is there an operator that can have an associative property without a commutative property, or vice versa?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 02:18 AM PST

It seems that operators, whether they're pertaining to numbers, sets, propositional logic, vectors or whatever, will only have an associative property (ex. (a+b)+c = a+(b+c) ) when they also have a commutative property (ex. a+b = b+a).

I can't quite put my nose on what the two properties have in common with each other; is there an abstract proof (or disproof) that they're bi-conditional, or something along those lines? Sorry if my question's not clear I'm slightly drunk and frustrated because I can't figure it out on my own.

submitted by /u/IDontLikePeaches_AMA
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If entropy is a measure for the amount of disorder in a system, why is it at its maximum when equillibrum is achieved?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 03:52 AM PST

Is gasoline entirely homonegous? If I buy Venezuelan gas at Citgo, is it any different than gas from oil from Saudi Arabia or Texas? Or does the refining process remove all differences?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 01:52 AM PST

How do Gemalto tokens work? Curious how the system knows when a numerical value off of a Gemalto token is a valid number.

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 09:45 PM PST

Is it possible to build up enough static electricity to actually damage yourself?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 07:26 AM PST

What is the amperage of the human nervous system?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 12:30 PM PST

How many truly random bits are needed to produce n "good" pseudo-random bits?

Posted: 16 Dec 2016 01:48 AM PST

Suppose one has a "good" pseudo-random number generator, which is able to take varying numbers of seeds, then how many seeds should one use to produce n "good" pseudo-random numbers? Considering a "riffle" shuffle of cards (which seems to be almost complementary to Quicksort to me), it seems that one should need about O(log n) bits --- whether to shuffle up or shuffle down on each of the seven shuffles, in this case. Is this close to right?

submitted by /u/ihaphleas
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What factors determine whether something (event, occurrence, experience, etc) makes it into our memory?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 05:42 PM PST

We obviously don't remember everything. There's got to be some system of separating the wheat from the chaff. So what determines what makes the cut and gains admittance to our cranial repository?

submitted by /u/Smooth_Caddy
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Why are elements above bismuth so very unstable?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 05:29 PM PST

Something that I can't understand is why stability suddenly drops off after bismuth. Aside from elements 43 and 61, all elements under lead (82) are stable. However, after lead, I see the following:

lead (stable) > bismuth ("stable", half-life 1019 a) > polonium (not at all stable, half-life of Po-209 is 125 a, or around 106 h) > astatine (half-life of At-210 is 8 h) > etc.

The drop in half-life from bismuth to polonium is seventeen orders of magnitude. (and from polonium to astatine, another five.) So in total, from bismuth to astatine, half-life decreases by a factor of 1022 - a huge number. Why? Is there some sort of mechanism that breaks down as soon as z hits 84? If you say that nuclei are inherently very unstable past z=84, then how do you account for the relative stability of the actinides, and the massive jump in stability (nine orders of magnitude) from actinium to thorium?

Actinium (half-life 21 a) > thorium (half-life 1010 a)

This is a jump of nine orders of magnitude, and is followed by more relative stability:

Protactinium (half-life 104 a) > uranium (half-life 109 a) > neptunium (half-life 106 a) > plutonium (half-life 108 a) > americium (half-life 104 a) > curium (half-life 107 a). (After this, stability drops again, but not as markedly as the drop from Bi to Po.)

I'm obviously rounding half-lives here to the nearest order of magnitude as the exact numbers are unimportant, but my point stands. What is the reason for the tremendous decrease in stability after bismuth, as well as the reason for the return to long lives in the actinides? I know that nuclei with odd z are less stable than those with even z; this explains the "zig-zag" nature of the half-lives in the actinides. However, this does not account for the sudden drop in stability at polonium.

submitted by /u/18blue42
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are there materials that can change the wavelength of light?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 12:50 PM PST

I don't mean optical filters which only block certain wavelengths, I mean transparent materials that can effectively redshift or blueshift any photon passing through them.

submitted by /u/chunkylubber54
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How do scientists know what elements celestial bodies are composed of?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 03:58 PM PST

I couldn't readily find the answer to this by doing a google search, so I apologize in advance if this is too elementary of a question.

How do scientists know what they are composed of, in general, without having samples to test? More specifically, how do they know the rivers and lakes of Titan are made of liquid methane/ethane?

submitted by /u/pickle2tickle
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Can a breathable, Earth-like atmosphere actually be sustained on a planet like Mars with a substantially lower mass and gravity?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 06:48 AM PST

Just wondering how big a part Earth's gravity plays in the composition of our atmosphere. I know Venus has a dramatically thicker atmosphere at approximately the same gravity but it's made up of toxic chemicals not like ours that's mostly nitrogen/oxygen. Is it possible to get a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere on Mars with high enough air pressure to stay at less than 1/2 the gravity of Earth? If not what chemical combination would we need to best get something breathable but not exactly the same as Earth's atmosphere?

submitted by /u/trevize1138
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How do we keep stably anchored dry platforms in the deep sea?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 09:55 AM PST

This may be more of an engineering question but I am interested in the forces that must be overcome to keep a permanent mooring at sea and what solutions we've found. I've seen spar buoys and things like oil rigs that are permanently moored at sea but i don't understand how they actually manage to resist the stress of constant battering by wind and wave.

Say I have a platform anchored at sea by a tether to the sea floor, I would imagine that the wind and currents would pull the tether taut in the direction they predominantly blow. So then what happens when a large wave comes along (or, say, a storm)? The platform is going to be shifted from the lowest point right in front of the wave up to the crest, stressing the tether further. how does this not break tether? The alternative is that the platform temporarily comes underwater which i'm assuming we manage to avoid. Somehow oil rigs don't sink below the waves even for a bit, right? I get that they might avoid this by being elevated from the actual surface, such that it's the column sticking out that becomes partially submerged never actually reaching the platform on top. I'm interested in platforms floating on the surface directly and having some guarantees that they won't become submerged or have waves wash over their surface.

have we found any way to do this? is it impossible to have that guarantee without having electrical systems that regulate bouyancy or slack on the anchors? what are other things that degrade the tether? do we have to throw down new ones every so often? do we use multiple tethers? if so how do we resist the added dimension of torsion that would be caused by the wind? how do we keep platforms that don't use spars from flipping over? just making them broad? I've seen things like at-sea fishing farms where the farms and houses are all just floating tethered together, how do these overcome these forces? What about algae and barnacles and other things that naturally grow on flotsam and add weight and drag to buoys, how do we deal with that? do we just have to clean it up periodically?

What I actually want to know about is how can we construct a platform floating directly on the water on the deep ocean that will stay put, not flip over, not be pulled underwater but allowing for water to crash over the platform if necessary. I'm especially interested in simple mechanical solutions that don't really depend on fancy materials engineering or on actively monitoring the slack on the tether or buoyancy.

How do we do things like this for research and/or industry?

submitted by /u/polyguo
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What are the leading theories on the non-Indo European portion of Proto-Germanic?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 07:54 AM PST

Why do some intravenous medications produce a taste response as they are being injected?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 03:15 AM PST

I've just had a few injections of Augmentin and as it is being injected I can taste it at the back of my throat. Why does this happen despite not being taken orally?

I've also been having cyclizine IV and this also has a unique 'taste'.

Why do some drugs have a 'taste', but some don't?

submitted by /u/syzmcs
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What is the lowest and highest pressure with life?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 10:11 AM PST

What is the lowest and highest pressure with life?

submitted by /u/jonnywak12
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Given 40 various dessert options with a quantity of 3 each, what are the odds that my coworker picks the exact same set of desserts as me?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 10:53 AM PST

This happened today. There were about 40 different dessert options at a company party. You could also take multiple of each option, for example 3 of the same type of cookie (setting the max at 3 for each option is probably reasonable). I took one brownie and 2 of one particular type of cookie. So 2 of the 40 options, but 3 items in total. My coworker comes by an hour later with the exact same one type of brownie and 2 of the same cookie I got. What are the odds of them picking the exact same set (not factoring in bias)?? They are not as impressed as I am, but I want to prove it's a ridiculous anomaly.

submitted by /u/RedditorSays
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vào lúc No comments:

Thursday, December 15, 2016

If fire is a reaction limited to planets with oxygen in their atmosphere, what other reactions would you find on planets with different atmospheric composition?

If fire is a reaction limited to planets with oxygen in their atmosphere, what other reactions would you find on planets with different atmospheric composition?

If fire is a reaction limited to planets with oxygen in their atmosphere, what other reactions would you find on planets with different atmospheric composition?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 06:28 PM PST

Additionally, are there other fire-like reactions that would occur using different gases? Edit: Thanks for all the great answers you guys! Appreciate you answering despite my mistake with the whole oxidisation deal

submitted by /u/DodgeBungalow
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Why does snow making a crunching noise when stepping on it?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 05:07 AM PST

When scientists suggest the universe may be a hologram, what do they mean?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 04:30 AM PST

I'm currently reading The Holographic Universe by Michael Talbot. The book is foundational to a lot of new age conspiracy theorists, and attempts to link the work of quantum physicists with the idea that the entire universe is a hologram. It provides people like David Icke a justification for believing in supernatural phenomena.

I'm struggling to understand how this link can be made. It seems like Talbot doesn't quite grasp what scientists like David Bohm were actually saying, but as a non-scientist I can't entirely understand it myself.

Can someone explain in clear terms so I can separate fact from superstition?

submitted by /u/MrCarcosa
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What IS a wavefunction?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 11:06 AM PST

Engineering undergrad here who just finished his first course in introductory quantum mechanics.

In my class, particles such as electrons were described as "being" probability amplitudes as described by the wavefunction. I'm aware that the particle isn't strictly a "particle" in the sense of a really tiny marble, but I'm having difficulty in conceptualizing what the wavefunction "is" when it's not being measured.

From what I understand, under the Copenhagen interpretation of QM the wavefunction describes the probability of the particle existing or not existing at a given location in space (and time too I presume, although we didn't go into the time-dependent Schrödinger equation). When the system is observed (measured), a location is chosen at random according to the probability amplitude described by the wavefunction, and the probability becomes 1 for that location (while it is being observed) and 0 at all other locations.

What I don't quite get is how the system behaves when it's not being observed. I'm not talking about human observation here; rather, wouldn't any interaction with any other particle count as a "measurement"? And whether or not this is the case, how does the "particle" (the wavefunction) behave when it's not being measured? The wave packet MUST exist SOMEWHERE inside the probability distribution, but it's impossible to know where specifically without measurement. But, for example, in a hydrogen atom, the electron and the proton are interacting with each other; wouldn't that affect the wavefunction of both (more significantly the electron)? We discussed Moseley's law in class, and while we would expect the Z-n term in the Lα transition to be Z-9, it's been measured to be Z-7.4 Is this because of inter-electron interference?

I guess to summarize, my basic question is: What is the wavefunction when it's not being measured?

submitted by /u/picardythird
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How in detail does CPU cooling work?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 06:11 AM PST

(sorry, english not first language)

I thought that every cooling process, where something is cooled by (blowing) air (human body, human hair, cpu cooler etc) is done by evaporative cooling. I really don't know how it works in detail, but I assumed: Air blows past something and takes water particles with them. While they evaporate, they take energy from the cooled body with them. But how does it work in detail? (especially in a cpu cooler).

I hope you guys can help me out here!

submitted by /u/gameinfos
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What causes the moon to take on a blood orange colour as it climbs up from the horizon at certain times of the year?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 06:50 PM PST

Tonight's moon was particularly large and orange as it rose tonight and prompted my 9 year old to ask a question that I couldn't answer. I thought that I'd reach out to Reddit rather than Google for this "Dad always finds the answer" info.

submitted by /u/FrostyAce81
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Why are the latest sunrises and earliest sunsets not aligned?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 05:54 AM PST

Here in Boston the sun sets at 4:11 PM EST between December 3rd and Dec 13th. On Dec 21st the sun sets at 4:14 PM EST. I would naively expect that the sun would set the earliest on or about Dec 21st, not around Dec 8th.

Likewise the latest sunrise is at 7:13 EST between Dec 30th and Jan 7th.

This is done in such a way that the shortest days are around Dec 21st, particularly between the 18th and 24th the days are 9 hours and 4 minutes.

In short, it seems the latest sunrise is around Dec 8th and earliest sunsets are around Jan 3rd. Why is this the case?

Note: I'm using wunderground.com's astronomy data for Logan International Airport.

submitted by /u/mc8675309
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How is the universe 93 billion light-years across if it has only existed for 13.4 billion years?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 08:59 PM PST

I've searched on google for this and found no answer so here I am.

If the edges of the universe are expanding away from each other at the speed of light for 13.4 billion years you would think they would be 26.8 billion light-years apart by now.

I know inflation was a period that where universe expanded much faster than the speed of light. Is that what made the universe so big? Did inflation (which according to google only lasted 32 seconds) cause the universe to expand 66.2 billion light-years? (93-26.8)

Would love to understand this.

submitted by /u/accelangel4
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What are quantum dots (in terms of quantum mechanics please), and why is the only place I see them in TVs?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 12:08 AM PST

What exactly is a BEC?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 03:21 PM PST

(Advanced) (simple) The BEC is a abundance of material which is condensed down. The atoms lost its particles and compacted. We know things at absolute 0 stop moving. With the observed behavior of the elements (fast gas, fast liquid, slow solid, almost still BEC), you could assume the next step would be negative movement or the consumption/repulsion of energy, like a magnet. What about if the particles lose mass at absolute zero? Wouldn't all be able to fit in one place because they would then be massless? What about this in respect to the big bang theory? Wouldn't that explain why everything exploded 'in the beginning of time'? Everything somehow got energy and exploded?

submitted by /u/Hydroque
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What caused the massive spike in oxygen content in Earth's atmosphere 300 Million years ago?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 01:17 PM PST

Can someone explain why a wider aperture causes a decrease in depth of field in lenses in terms of light physics?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 07:05 PM PST

This is a photography question, but I don't think most photographers understand why a wide aperture causes a decrease in depth of field, so I came here to ask you lovely people for a more scientific answer

Bonus points: why would a bigger sensor create a smaller depth of field compared to a smaller, crop sensor?

submitted by /u/bearpics16
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When an adult gains or loses a significant amount of weight (either fat or muscle), does the total volume of blood in their body change proportionally?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 10:58 AM PST

In a nuclear chain reaction, what happens when a neutron is absorbed by an atom of uranium-238 (U-238) ?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 04:12 AM PST

I was reading this wiki link and it says this -

"A possible nuclear fission chain reaction. 1. A uranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron, and fissions into two new atoms (fission fragments), releasing three new neutrons and a large amount of binding energy. 2. One of those neutrons is absorbed by an atom of uranium-238, and does not continue the reaction ........"

What happens when this neutron is absorbed ? Does it lead to the formation of a heavier atom ? Is the product stable ?

submitted by /u/Hitesh0630
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How is my computer password (eg. log in) stored on my computer and how safe is it compared to how a website would store that password?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 12:15 AM PST

I've seen videos on hashes and and the correct and safe ways for websites to store your username and password, but what about on my PC?

Back when I had a macbook I used to be able to access pretty much every password I'd saved with a built in app called 'keychain access' or the likes I don't know if that's a thing with windows now but in hindsight that doesn't feel very safe.

Whats stopping a hacker from say accessing that Application and seeing what my stored password is for my bank account or email?

How securely are my saved passwords stored on my PC?

Edit: this video by Computerphile is what I mean, also this one

submitted by /u/MagratheanDawn
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Are there any known deposits of organic material that are expected to become fossil fuels over the next few hundred, thousand or million years?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 07:10 PM PST

I know the coal production peaked in the carboniferous era, but have we found any coal/oil/natural gas deposits that are still 'in development'?

submitted by /u/sacrelicious2
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Are spaceship docks and doorways backwards compatible?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 10:50 AM PST

Just curious if a standard has been developed and how recently? Could Apollo modules dock to the ISS? What about Vostok and other early craft?

submitted by /u/dammitkarissa
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How would the combination of multiple salts in a solution affect the freezing point depression of the liquid?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 02:35 PM PST

I have been doing some more work in my job to attempt to get a already quite saturated solution that freezes at about -2 degrees Celsius to freeze at approximately -20 degrees so that it can be used over a greater geographical area.

I have been looking into and trying single salt brines (Currently Potassium formate) at varying concentrations of that to neat product however been having issues with the contents of the product crashing out of solution from the higher salt content).

I have been looking into a mix of Sodium formate and Potassium formate. My question is which I haven't been able to find an explanation on is how does a multi salt brine compare to single salt brines with regards to the freezing point depression of the liquid.

(As note we have tried the usual antifreeze chemicals (MPG, MEG, glycerine) which have caused the product to crash out again)

submitted by /u/NatureLovingChemist
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How is a spinning black hole different from a static black hole, and how can you know it is spinning if you cannot see inside the event horizon?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 11:27 AM PST

How Malagasy(Madagascar's language) belongs to Austronesian language family (Indonesian)?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 04:19 PM PST

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png Recently I saw this and I wonder, there is thousands kilometers between Madagascar and Indonesia. It looks impossible to belonging same language family, but it happened. I wonder how it is possible?

submitted by /u/huseyin1345
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Why don't we know everything, just by looking at the fundamental laws?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 12:45 AM PST

Thanks for reading my question :)

I've always wondered why we can't just make a computer simulation which strictly follows the most basic laws of physics and from there tell everything. Why is it necessary to derive special-case laws?

Take Electromagnetism for example: as far as I've been told at my uni-course, the four Maxwell equations basically tell us everything we need to know. So how come there is still need for research?

Another example would be aerodynamics of objects approaching supersonic speeds. I mean we know the most fundamental rules to which airmolecules must abide, so how is this still not a solved problem?

The examples I came up with aren't perfect, but I don't know how to describe my question otherwise. I hope you can get the gist of it :)

submitted by /u/The_Chosen_Pessimist
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How do quantum effects apply to the singularity of a black hole?

Posted: 14 Dec 2016 01:56 PM PST

I understand that general relativity breaks down at the singularity and then usually my professors say that "singularities probably don't really exist in nature and quantum effects become important and should be taken into account". But in which way is this being done? Should I for example imagine some kind of uncertainty principle applying to the singularity making it 'fuzzy' instead of 'point like'? I understand we have no complete theory of quantum gravity but are there any 'semiclassical' ideas that give some hint of what those quantum effects would do to a singularity? Thanks.

submitted by /u/ultraking_x2
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If Astatine and Francium have half-lives measured in minutes/hours, how on Earth are they naturally occurring?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 12:10 AM PST

Sorry for the pun.

submitted by /u/figurativelypam
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Do bacteriophage commonly contain genes encoding tRNAs?

Posted: 15 Dec 2016 12:01 AM PST

I was watching a lecture through about pathogenicity islands and the lecturer mentioned that they have a tendency to occur near tRNA genes due to them being highly conserved. I also know that when prophages excise themselves they can take some of the chromosomal DNA with them. Now if this was the case then surely lots of bacteriophage would contain tRNA due to them integrating near these sites?

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