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Friday, December 2, 2016

Discussion: SmarterEveryDay's Newest YouTube Video On Tesla Coil Guns!

Discussion: SmarterEveryDay's Newest YouTube Video On Tesla Coil Guns!


Discussion: SmarterEveryDay's Newest YouTube Video On Tesla Coil Guns!

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 08:46 AM PST

Everyone loves Tesla coils, and that includes Destin (/u/MrPennyWhistle) from SmarterEveryDay and Cameron (/u/TeslaUniverse) from www.tesluniverse.com. In Destin's new video, they go as far as building a handheld Tesla coil gun, filming their experiments with his high speed camera.

Destin and Cameron, as well as our physics and engineering panelists, will be around throughout the day to answer your questions about all things Tesla coily!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why are neutron stars so incredibly hot, even though they no longer undergo fusion?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 04:53 PM PST

What about an actively burning star prevents its mass causing it to collapse in on itself?

Posted: 02 Dec 2016 06:16 AM PST

Was wondering about this last night at the Paramount Science Summit featuring Michio Kaku, Brian Greene, and S. James Gates Jr.

When a star of sufficient mass dies it collapses in on itself to form a black hole (or other things). What prevents this from happening while the star is still burning?

submitted by /u/OneOverX
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What are some things that could go wrong for a bird in a mass migration?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 06:55 PM PST

Aviation is always having to deal with some crazy things, so I was wondering how hard flying was for actual birds(in flocks, doing mass migration). Do they ever get hit by a storm and the whole flock is killed? Birds can get lost from the flock, and if they do how likely are for them to survive in those circumstances?

submitted by /u/lucas-Al-Lima
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Is there a reason Beta Minus decay emits an antineutrino but Beta Plus emits a neutrino?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 06:31 PM PST

I am asking because I think it is curious that when an electron, matter, is released in the decay an antineutrino, antimatter, is released, but it goes the opposite way for a positron.

submitted by /u/lonestarphysics
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When scientists talk about consciousness, are they referring to the subjective experience of perceiving the world, or the ability to be self aware?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 02:17 PM PST

I am trying to learn more about the origins of consciousness, but I am confused as to what most scientists even refer to when they talk about consciousness. Is it simply the subjective experience of perceiving the world, or does it only refer to the ability to be self aware. And if it is the latter, then would animals that are not self aware but still have a subjective experience of perceiving the world, be considered not conscious?

submitted by /u/ChronoPsyche
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If the arteries have pressure and veins do not, then why is the [jugular] seen as the deadly vein?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 03:25 PM PST

okay, so i may seem kind of ignorant here... but for some reason it isn't making sense in my brain. If the arteries have high pressure and the veins just have the check valves in them, wouldn't that mean it'd be "more deadly" to cut the left or right subclavian or brachiocephalic instead of the jugular vein? I feel like you hear about people whenever they have their neck cut (eg. hockey player took a skate to the jugular vein) it's always the jugular.. sorry this question doesn't make much sense.

submitted by /u/snowboardergirl24
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Why does the Sun bypass several elements in its composition on its way to the Iron Peak?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 03:35 PM PST

It seems as though according to this only 10 elements are found in the Sun whereas there are 16 elements it's just passing on its way to The Iron Peak.

The logical answer is that they're all there, just in super small undetectable amounts. But then why are those elements so rare?

submitted by /u/Bseagully
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Some mammals have internal testes (Elephants, Rhinoceroses, Cetaceans), how do they get around the difficulties that body heat imposes on sperm production?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 12:42 PM PST

Additionally, with the exception of cetaceans, which obviously evolved a streamlined body shape, why do these few mammals have internal testes, when most other mammals get along fine with external testes?

submitted by /u/CalibanDrive
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Why would obsidian lose weight after being submerged in water?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 06:03 PM PST

We did a lab to measure how much water a rock absorbs. We did this by weighing the rock before and after submerging it in water. For many people obsidian lost weight, any idea why?

submitted by /u/Table_Patato
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What makes HeLa cells unique among immortalised cell lines? Aside from widespread availability, how are they superior for research purposes?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 12:33 PM PST

A couple more...

-Can you create an immortalised cell line from any aggressive cancer?

-For research purposes, what would an ideal immortalised cell line look like?

I took a few genetics courses in college but my knowledge on the subject is still pretty basic. Nonetheless, immortal cell lines have fascinated me recently.

submitted by /u/Flabbergastivity
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Do sea going animals ever get the bends?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 06:53 PM PST

I have just started watching Planet Earth II and saw the bit about sea iguanas can hold their breath for 30 minutes and dive down to 30 meters. I don't think this would be far enough down to cause the bends, but do whales or anything else ever get this from coming up for air to fast?

submitted by /u/GhostLupus
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Are there Brownian motion of solids?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 03:41 PM PST

I'm currently in my second year of A-Levels (A2), if you know the education system, and I am learning Physics as one of my options.

I understand that Brownian motion is the random movement of small visible particles suspended in a fluid due to collisions which much smaller, randomly moving atoms or molecules of the fluid; and that any particle above absolute zero will have constant motion as an increase in kinetic energy will result in a greater vibration of the solid around their respective equilibrium positions.

The textbook I am learning from shows me the Brownian motion of gases, liquids and solids. I also know the experiments of observing the Brownian motion for both gases and liquids, but my question to my teacher was: What is the experiment to observe the Brownian motion of solids, as shown in the textbook.

Is there a method of observing Brownian motion for solids or is it theoretical?

submitted by /u/WhiteWAFFLES
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In the history of mankind, is it likely that two people have had the same fingerprints?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 03:18 PM PST

If there is anti-matter then is there also dark anti-matter?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 08:06 AM PST

What happens if you use a spectroscope on lightning?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 12:42 PM PST

Nuclear particle exchange in solids?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 03:26 PM PST

In solid non-radioactive material at room temperature, does any exchange of particles occur between neighboring nuclei?

submitted by /u/ronck66
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How are white dwarfs able to maintain being a star?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 10:42 AM PST

From what I understand, and please correct me if I am wrong, white dwarfs are the cores of starts left behind after they go supernova, and stars go supernova because they can't maintain fusion with heavier elements like iron. I know that the inside of a white dwarf is under a redonkulous amount of pressure and that if more stuff falls into it, it eventually becomes a black hole. My question is, since fusion reactions do not occur in white dwarfs from the way I understand it, how are they able to maintain being a star?

submitted by /u/vbnmjkhf
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[Mathematics] What is the probability of finding a quarter from any given year?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 06:12 PM PST

I have a habit of looking at the dates on quarters and trying to find years that are significant to me. My question is, if I have a handful of quarters like from a $10 roll at the bank, is finding any year just as likely as another? How many quarters would likely be from the same year (or for that matter, same decade)?

submitted by /u/CoolasaPineapple
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Thursday, December 1, 2016

In this gif of white blood cells attacking a parasite, what exactly is happening from a chemical reaction perspective?

In this gif of white blood cells attacking a parasite, what exactly is happening from a chemical reaction perspective?


In this gif of white blood cells attacking a parasite, what exactly is happening from a chemical reaction perspective?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 07:52 AM PST

http://i.imgur.com/YQftVYv.gifv

Here is the gif. This is something I have been wondering about a lot recently, seeing this gif made me want to ask. Chemically, something must be happening that is causing the cells to move to that position, some identifiable substance from the parasite or something, but can cells respond direction-ally to stimuli?

Edit: thank for you for the responses! I will be reading all of these for quite a while!

submitted by /u/blast4past
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Why are Terahertz waves/radiation defined as electromagnetic waves between 0.3 to 3 teraherz?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 06:21 AM PST

I feel like I'm about to ask a stupid question but I'm going to do it anyway. Wikipedia states:

Terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, tremendously high frequency,[1] T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux or THz – consists of electromagnetic waves within the ITU-designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz (THz; 1 THz = 1012 Hz).

Is it not confusing to say that something at 300Ghz is Terahertz radiation, but something at 3.5 terahertz is not teraherz radiation? Why 0.3 - 3Thz? Why not 1Thz-999.9Thz?

While I'm at it, what comes after 3Thz? Is that classed as petahertz radiation or what?

submitted by /u/neoKushan
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On a cellular level, what is a memory and how are they stored/accessed in the brain?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 08:01 AM PST

I understand that neurons can rearrange themselves to change what other neurons they are connected to. Are memories just a specific sequence of neuron activations or is there more to it? If that is the case, how does a neuron activation pattern incite a picture or a smell in our brain?

submitted by /u/Flannman95
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Why are the north and south poles not aligned with the magnetic field poles of Earth?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 02:42 AM PST

The Earth's magnetic north pole is somewhere in Greenland. Why does it not align with the rotational North pole?

submitted by /u/wtf_is_gravity
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Would it be possible to oxidise Gold using Chlorine Trifluoride ?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 09:39 PM PST

Just asking, to be honest. I'm not really a chemistry guy but things that go ''Boom'' are always interesting, and Chlorine Trifluoride being a super-dangerous chemical that can set fire to Asbestos, would it be possible to oxidise Gold using it ? Ib haven't found a single article, paper or anything on the matter. I'd really like to see if Gold could potientially oxidise. Thanks !

submitted by /u/BaconFlavor23
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Why is Vacuum Birefringence viewed as a signature of Lorentz violation?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 02:23 AM PST

What are the current barriers to generating magnetic fields around space ships to protect crew from radiation?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 08:24 PM PST

In the much-aligned 2009 sci-fi tv show Defying Gravity, the ship Antares had special generators to produce a magnetic field to mimic that of earth, such that the ship's occupants would be protected from radiation. I never see this as a considered option in talks about possible solutions for extended duration trips in space. Why is that? How much power would be needed to generate such a field, and how could we do it?

submitted by /u/Hardshank
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Is there a substance that when heated becomes more viscous?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 05:47 AM PST

I know in many and possibly all cases fluids becomes less "thick" when heated, is this the case for all fluids?

submitted by /u/bentspog
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What is the physical attribute of matter that allows for less or more heat transfer?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 04:11 AM PST

Why, physically, do some materials radiate heat very well, and some do not?

Is this a physical effect of 'keeping' its vibration?

submitted by /u/ohmscience
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Was it coffee or tea to evolve the biosynthesis of caffeine first?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 08:03 PM PST

Am having a hard time finding an answer to this. Also it is well documented what enzymes the coffee plant uses in its pathway but what NMTs (N-methyltransferases) does the tea plant use?

submitted by /u/littledecaf
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What happens when dissolving salts of phospholipids in organic solvent?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 01:43 AM PST

Let's say I would dissolve a sodium salt of phosphatidylserine (http://imgur.com/a/uAXz2) in chloroform, would the it (The sodium) disassociate, and what would the relative charge be?

Or would it not disassociate and be fully protonated? Any insights you could offer would be helpful, thanks!

submitted by /u/Parasiterex
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How does the Earth produce its magnetic field?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 06:10 PM PST

New skin cells push to the surface constantly. So in effect you get new skin every month. When this happens why don't scars, burns, and blemishes disappear? How does the new skin get "damaged"?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 05:15 AM PST

What is the entropy operator in QM?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 08:17 PM PST

Why do I have to use a password rather than my fingerprint to unlock my phone after a restart?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 04:37 AM PST

[Physics] If electricity follows the path of least resistance, then why is lightning jagged and irregular rather than one straight line?

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 03:49 AM PST

Would ionized hydrogen gas be more or less reactive with oxygen compared to neutral hydrogen?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 11:25 PM PST

Neutral hydrogen combines readily with oxygen to form water because the oxygen is electronegative and hydrogen has electrons to give. If we strip the electrons from hydrogen and just introduce a bunch of protons to a chamber of oxygen gas, would it react less than if we had used regular hydrogen gas?

submitted by /u/CuriousXYZ
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Does cosmic radiation have a malignant effect on people outside of Earth's Magnetic Field?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 08:16 PM PST

I was watching Cosmos recently, and the wonderful Neil deGrasse Tyson made a remark about the adverse effect of cosmic radiation on biological things such as DNA. He then proceeded to remark that the Earth's magnetic field repels much of this radiation. This brings me to my question. If the magnetic field is what protects us from cosmic radiation, doesn't that mean that if we leave the Earth's magnetic field we would be susceptible to all of that dangerous cosmic radiation? Or do we have external ways to repel the radiation on things like space shuttles or astronaut suits?

submitted by /u/jmart541
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Do shorter people have healthier hearts than taller people?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 10:24 AM PST

Does the actual length of how far a body has to pump blood and how much it has to work against gravity provide any positive health benefits?

submitted by /u/ArkGuardian
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Is it possible for a photon to "hit" another photon (transfer energy, momentum, break up into multiple lower energy photons)?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 04:14 PM PST

How is gene sequencing performed in labs for eukaryotes and how much does it cost?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 09:15 PM PST

I was inspired for this question by a recent article talking about the species of Yellow bellied three toed skinks where one population at higher elevations is giving live birth, and the population at sea level lay eggs. It made me curious about finding the difference in genes that control live birth vs egg laying.

submitted by /u/Meekswel
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How does lightning work? (Don't know exactly how to ask this)

Posted: 01 Dec 2016 12:59 AM PST

I don't really know how to describe/ask this, but I was watching a video earlier which showed lightning in slow motion and something about how it moves caught my attention. There were times in which the lightning sped up and went awry, and after a few milliseconds it disappeared that made me question "Why is it speeding up when seemingly nothing has changed?"

Link to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fTC_Ud_k3U

It happens at around 7:38

Edit: I was unsure in what category to put this in, if it's in the wrong category just ask me to change it

submitted by /u/Slades-TheBananaKat
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Does an integer n exist such that e^n is also an integer? If so, what does n equal? If not, why not?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 02:50 PM PST

Wednesday, November 30, 2016

Given recent developments in our understanding of water/ice bodies on Mars, is it possible that we could one day be surprised by Martian fossils? Or do we have reason to believe that Martian life would be limited to microorganisms?

Given recent developments in our understanding of water/ice bodies on Mars, is it possible that we could one day be surprised by Martian fossils? Or do we have reason to believe that Martian life would be limited to microorganisms?


Given recent developments in our understanding of water/ice bodies on Mars, is it possible that we could one day be surprised by Martian fossils? Or do we have reason to believe that Martian life would be limited to microorganisms?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:20 AM PST

I keep reading about Martian water, ice sheets, Lake-Superior-sized deposits of H2O, et cetera, fascinating stuff, and I'm wondering- is it possible that we Earthlings could send astronauts to the Red Planet, to ultimately discover fossils of extinct Martian flora & fauna? Or, if we can eliminate this possibility, how?

submitted by /u/JOHANSENATOR
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How does a pregnant body "decide" when it's time to go into labor?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 07:41 AM PST

I know labor can be a long drawn-out process, but it all starts with the first contraction. What makes the body say "alright guys, this is it, let's get this sucker outta here"?

submitted by /u/Dr-Not-a-Milkman
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What are some organizations to donate to that support science?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 12:15 AM PST

This may not be the right place to post this, but I'd like to donate to organizations that support science. I'd just like to donate to the right ones.

submitted by /u/har_r
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How does Nasa communicate with their spacecrafts when they are in deep space?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 02:54 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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To what extent do female and male brains differ biologically, not taking into account cultural conditioning?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 02:24 PM PST

I have a friend who thinks female and male brains are literally the same before social conditioning. He's a feminist, and his argument seems to be based in ideology rather than science, so I just want to ask the question to you guys to resolve my confusion.

Just in basic biological terms, how does the brain of each sex differ, if at all?

submitted by /u/sapien5491
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In the Rain Forest greenhouse of Biosphere 2, there is a forest with 90 species that is 25 years old. Being in a greenhouse in Arizona, why hasn't the heat trapped in the greenhouse baked this forest?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:00 AM PST

What are some theories and principles regarding spring compression and loss of springiness?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 07:17 AM PST

So this is in regards to the spring in a handgun magazine. There's a gun debate about whether loading your magazine to max capacity, i.e. Max spring tension, for long periods of time (think year(s))will cause the spring to weaken and therefore hinder the performance of your firearm. So common tips you will find are to load your magazine with one less bullet. So if your magazine can hold 15, load 14. Another tip is to swap magazines every few months. The recommendation is 2-6 months depending on who you ask. The purpose is to let the magazines "rest" and reclaim some of their springiness. But it's also common to find people saying that these practices are obsolete with modern handgun springs. Some people claim to have found old loafed magazines from decades ago and fired them with no problem. So my question is what is the science, theories and principles of springs? Does one side make more sense than another?

submitted by /u/Siphon1
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Does 'bracing for impact' actually help during minor impacts?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 07:15 AM PST

Even mentally?

submitted by /u/TheTvdroid
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Would cooking in a tall stock pot increase the boiling point (and thus cooking temperature) at the bottom of the pot due to the water pressure?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 06:20 AM PST

I do realize that the cooking temperature at the bottom of a stock pot would also be hotter due to the fact that it gets heated from the bottom (especially if what you are cooking is thick).

submitted by /u/grondboontjiebotter
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How does electron beam lithography on a curved surface work?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 05:37 AM PST

Is there a difference between electron beam lithography on a planar surface and electron beam lithography on a non-planar? If so how does lithography on a curved surface work? For example should the electron beam be perpendicular to the surface at all times?

submitted by /u/The0010
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Does the Moon have any affect on the earth's temperature?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 05:21 AM PST

So I was having a discussion with a friend about global warming being man made which he does not believe. He brought up the idea that the Moon (and the Sun) makes the winters colder or hotter. I had never heard of this before and was unable to find anything online about it. Here are the exact quotes:

"think abou thow huge of an impact the moon alone has on our climate. it effects tides. which moves water currents. the supermoon had a huge impact on it."

"the moon affects our weather more than we could ever hope, and its cyclical in nature. so, its cycles will help determine a hotter or colder winter, months, weeks, etc.

same with solar output. we may have a super cold winter this year, because sun is in a minimal output cycle." and "the tides being effected by the moon means that the oceanic streams of hotter and colder water are also manipulated by the moon to some degree

thus, the cyclical pattern of the moon also has an effect on changing the oceanic streams, thus having an effect of bringing in cooler or warmer weather patterns"

submitted by /u/Cackfiend
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Why can't we put Cyanobacteria on planets to make them habitable?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 04:59 AM PST

So I'm a 14 year old science noob, but my question is, if there was a planet with suitable temperatures, why couldn't we just put Cyanobacteria on there to make it habitable? Because this is what made earth habitable, then why not on other planets? Please explain. I has the stoopids so if I'm missing something tell me!

submitted by /u/SfpDTheWeaboo
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I understand that the losing of an electron by silicon creates an electric field, thus how solar panels work. Do they ever run out of electrons to lose, making the solar panel have a life-span?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 06:10 PM PST

I read from this source on how solar panels work. What I want you guys to help me understand is, how can solar panels keep running if the silicon is losing electrons?

Or, since the electron is transferred from the N-silicon to the P-silicon, do they alternately transfer to each other, virtually making the solar panel to work 'forever'?

submitted by /u/billabonski
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Electrons can be in two places at once, but how do we know it's the same electron present in Location 1 & 2?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:47 PM PST

So, this: http://bigthink.com/dr-kakus-universe/nobel-prize-awarded-to-two-quantum-physicists Impressive stuff! But I'm struggling with Point A: how do we "tag" electrons and know that it's the same electron present in Location 1 & 2?

submitted by /u/lexthesmex
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Would the seasonal temperature changes/differences be drastically different on smaller/larger planets?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 07:35 PM PST

Winter on Earth and summer on Earth are quite different temperature-wise. How different would the seasonal temperature changes be on smaller planets like Mars or Mercury? What about on larger planets like Saturn or Uranus?

submitted by /u/kwall24
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Which are some of the diseases that are caused by the replacement of one amino-acid with a different amino-acid?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 03:24 AM PST

Example: Sickle Cell Anemia, where the Amino Acid of Glutamin Acid is replaced by Valine. This causes a severe change in the nature of hemoglobin HbA causing it to becomes HbS. As a result we have sickle cells and the disease.

Are there any other diseases with the same proteinic-background?

submitted by /u/Ghostzz
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Is entropy responsible for uncertainty in quantum physics?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 10:36 PM PST

Edit: I understand that statistical uncertainty in a system doesn't mean the same in quantum mechanics, what am I trying to say is that since entropy has to always increase, it causes particles to be unpredictable.

submitted by /u/2explosive
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Do any of the transition metals have negative charges? If so, why?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 06:42 PM PST

How are wake and drag related in objects moving through water?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:36 PM PST

What is happening to the animal tissue when meat gets overcooked?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 04:03 PM PST

Why are Europe and Asia considered two continents?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 07:00 PM PST