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Wednesday, November 30, 2016

Given recent developments in our understanding of water/ice bodies on Mars, is it possible that we could one day be surprised by Martian fossils? Or do we have reason to believe that Martian life would be limited to microorganisms?

Given recent developments in our understanding of water/ice bodies on Mars, is it possible that we could one day be surprised by Martian fossils? Or do we have reason to believe that Martian life would be limited to microorganisms?


Given recent developments in our understanding of water/ice bodies on Mars, is it possible that we could one day be surprised by Martian fossils? Or do we have reason to believe that Martian life would be limited to microorganisms?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:20 AM PST

I keep reading about Martian water, ice sheets, Lake-Superior-sized deposits of H2O, et cetera, fascinating stuff, and I'm wondering- is it possible that we Earthlings could send astronauts to the Red Planet, to ultimately discover fossils of extinct Martian flora & fauna? Or, if we can eliminate this possibility, how?

submitted by /u/JOHANSENATOR
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How does a pregnant body "decide" when it's time to go into labor?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 07:41 AM PST

I know labor can be a long drawn-out process, but it all starts with the first contraction. What makes the body say "alright guys, this is it, let's get this sucker outta here"?

submitted by /u/Dr-Not-a-Milkman
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What are some organizations to donate to that support science?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 12:15 AM PST

This may not be the right place to post this, but I'd like to donate to organizations that support science. I'd just like to donate to the right ones.

submitted by /u/har_r
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How does Nasa communicate with their spacecrafts when they are in deep space?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 02:54 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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To what extent do female and male brains differ biologically, not taking into account cultural conditioning?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 02:24 PM PST

I have a friend who thinks female and male brains are literally the same before social conditioning. He's a feminist, and his argument seems to be based in ideology rather than science, so I just want to ask the question to you guys to resolve my confusion.

Just in basic biological terms, how does the brain of each sex differ, if at all?

submitted by /u/sapien5491
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In the Rain Forest greenhouse of Biosphere 2, there is a forest with 90 species that is 25 years old. Being in a greenhouse in Arizona, why hasn't the heat trapped in the greenhouse baked this forest?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:00 AM PST

What are some theories and principles regarding spring compression and loss of springiness?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 07:17 AM PST

So this is in regards to the spring in a handgun magazine. There's a gun debate about whether loading your magazine to max capacity, i.e. Max spring tension, for long periods of time (think year(s))will cause the spring to weaken and therefore hinder the performance of your firearm. So common tips you will find are to load your magazine with one less bullet. So if your magazine can hold 15, load 14. Another tip is to swap magazines every few months. The recommendation is 2-6 months depending on who you ask. The purpose is to let the magazines "rest" and reclaim some of their springiness. But it's also common to find people saying that these practices are obsolete with modern handgun springs. Some people claim to have found old loafed magazines from decades ago and fired them with no problem. So my question is what is the science, theories and principles of springs? Does one side make more sense than another?

submitted by /u/Siphon1
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Does 'bracing for impact' actually help during minor impacts?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 07:15 AM PST

Even mentally?

submitted by /u/TheTvdroid
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Would cooking in a tall stock pot increase the boiling point (and thus cooking temperature) at the bottom of the pot due to the water pressure?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 06:20 AM PST

I do realize that the cooking temperature at the bottom of a stock pot would also be hotter due to the fact that it gets heated from the bottom (especially if what you are cooking is thick).

submitted by /u/grondboontjiebotter
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How does electron beam lithography on a curved surface work?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 05:37 AM PST

Is there a difference between electron beam lithography on a planar surface and electron beam lithography on a non-planar? If so how does lithography on a curved surface work? For example should the electron beam be perpendicular to the surface at all times?

submitted by /u/The0010
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Does the Moon have any affect on the earth's temperature?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 05:21 AM PST

So I was having a discussion with a friend about global warming being man made which he does not believe. He brought up the idea that the Moon (and the Sun) makes the winters colder or hotter. I had never heard of this before and was unable to find anything online about it. Here are the exact quotes:

"think abou thow huge of an impact the moon alone has on our climate. it effects tides. which moves water currents. the supermoon had a huge impact on it."

"the moon affects our weather more than we could ever hope, and its cyclical in nature. so, its cycles will help determine a hotter or colder winter, months, weeks, etc.

same with solar output. we may have a super cold winter this year, because sun is in a minimal output cycle." and "the tides being effected by the moon means that the oceanic streams of hotter and colder water are also manipulated by the moon to some degree

thus, the cyclical pattern of the moon also has an effect on changing the oceanic streams, thus having an effect of bringing in cooler or warmer weather patterns"

submitted by /u/Cackfiend
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Why can't we put Cyanobacteria on planets to make them habitable?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 04:59 AM PST

So I'm a 14 year old science noob, but my question is, if there was a planet with suitable temperatures, why couldn't we just put Cyanobacteria on there to make it habitable? Because this is what made earth habitable, then why not on other planets? Please explain. I has the stoopids so if I'm missing something tell me!

submitted by /u/SfpDTheWeaboo
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I understand that the losing of an electron by silicon creates an electric field, thus how solar panels work. Do they ever run out of electrons to lose, making the solar panel have a life-span?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 06:10 PM PST

I read from this source on how solar panels work. What I want you guys to help me understand is, how can solar panels keep running if the silicon is losing electrons?

Or, since the electron is transferred from the N-silicon to the P-silicon, do they alternately transfer to each other, virtually making the solar panel to work 'forever'?

submitted by /u/billabonski
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Electrons can be in two places at once, but how do we know it's the same electron present in Location 1 & 2?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:47 PM PST

So, this: http://bigthink.com/dr-kakus-universe/nobel-prize-awarded-to-two-quantum-physicists Impressive stuff! But I'm struggling with Point A: how do we "tag" electrons and know that it's the same electron present in Location 1 & 2?

submitted by /u/lexthesmex
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Would the seasonal temperature changes/differences be drastically different on smaller/larger planets?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 07:35 PM PST

Winter on Earth and summer on Earth are quite different temperature-wise. How different would the seasonal temperature changes be on smaller planets like Mars or Mercury? What about on larger planets like Saturn or Uranus?

submitted by /u/kwall24
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Which are some of the diseases that are caused by the replacement of one amino-acid with a different amino-acid?

Posted: 30 Nov 2016 03:24 AM PST

Example: Sickle Cell Anemia, where the Amino Acid of Glutamin Acid is replaced by Valine. This causes a severe change in the nature of hemoglobin HbA causing it to becomes HbS. As a result we have sickle cells and the disease.

Are there any other diseases with the same proteinic-background?

submitted by /u/Ghostzz
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Is entropy responsible for uncertainty in quantum physics?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 10:36 PM PST

Edit: I understand that statistical uncertainty in a system doesn't mean the same in quantum mechanics, what am I trying to say is that since entropy has to always increase, it causes particles to be unpredictable.

submitted by /u/2explosive
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Do any of the transition metals have negative charges? If so, why?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 06:42 PM PST

How are wake and drag related in objects moving through water?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 08:36 PM PST

What is happening to the animal tissue when meat gets overcooked?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 04:03 PM PST

Why are Europe and Asia considered two continents?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 07:00 PM PST

Tuesday, November 29, 2016

How do blue whales sleep?

How do blue whales sleep?


How do blue whales sleep?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 03:28 PM PST

The wikipedia article didn't say and google results were inconclusive.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/csrabbit
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Could the 2D geometry of quantum dots allow for easier or higher-temperature superconductors?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 06:57 AM PST

I'm giving my students a quiz today and just had a musing about this. Quantum dots are 2D pseudo-atoms, per my understanding, which have unique and different electron orbitals due to the 2D nature of the Q.dot.

I thought I would ask more learned heads than my own.

submitted by /u/ARSciGuy
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Why did these leaves near the street lamp turn red earlier than the rest?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 11:45 PM PST

I posted this photo to /r/mildlyinteresting yesterday, nobody there seem to have a definite explanation so far.

Does anybody know why these leaves that are closer to a street lamp turned red earlier than the rest?

submitted by /u/ozgurakgun
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Why do desktop fans look more like boat propellers than aircraft propellers?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 08:09 PM PST

Is deriving symetric?

Posted: 29 Nov 2016 07:25 AM PST

Usually derivation is explained like how the function changed when the variable changed. The way we do it is comparing the current point with a close previous one. (f(x)-f(x-h))/h with small h My question here is, can we compare the current point with the close next one? Like doing a mirror at x (f(x+h)-f(x))/h with small h I did a few tries with simple functions and it's working and makes sense but I don't know if it's something general or not.

submitted by /u/Juanda1995
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How is it possible for galaxies at the edge of the universe to travel faster than the speed of light?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 10:33 PM PST

I watched recently a video on how dark energy makes it possible for galaxies to move faster than the speed of light. I still don't understand how though because I've always thought the speed cap for any object is the speed of light!

submitted by /u/moistenoki
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Long after a major meteorite impact, does seismic activity around the crater increase or decrease?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 04:57 PM PST

For example, after the KT extinction impact. Does such an impact force a release of seismic stress? Cause more stress? Have no effect?

submitted by /u/cantgetno197
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What would the night sky be like on a planet near to the core of the galaxy?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 12:16 PM PST

Since the density of stars grows as we approach the center of the milky way, I wonder if the night sky on a planet similar to ours would be brighter than it is here.

submitted by /u/Slymass
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Are there any real photos of Black Holes, or are all "pictures" simply artist renditions?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 12:26 PM PST

I cant seem to figure out if there are any real pictures of a Black Hole. I was thinking that becasue no light can escape it, and all light that touches it enters it, would it even be posible for us to see a black hole, or would we just see everything around it and infer that their must be a black hole there?

submitted by /u/AmericanMeat
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Why do some minerals crystallize into cubes while others form hexagons?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 08:01 PM PST

first derivative of a curve equal to 0 indicates a minimum or maximum point. Second derivative equal to zero indicates a point of inflection. Does the third derivative being zero mean something as well?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 02:54 PM PST

Does general relativity really affect GPS?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 03:32 PM PST

Various (seemingly reliable) sources on the internet seem to suggest that GPS must account for time dilation due to the Earth's gravitational field. It seems to me, however, that since all of the satellites are at about the same altitude, we should expect this time dilation to affect all of them equally and thus have no effect on the position determined by the receiver.

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/throwawayForGR
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Does acceleration decrease as velocity increases??

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 04:34 PM PST

So everyone knows that achieving the speed of light is impossible. So say for instance you were on a spacecraft at a velocity just below the speed of light, and you continued to have the same amount of thrust as in speeds prior. What would happen to your acceleration? Would you not be able to accelerate to or past the speed of light? That being said, would the same principle apply for velocity in general? As your velocity increases your acceleration decreases? Would, with the same amount of thrust, your acceleration differ from flying through space at 3,000 mph and flying through space at 100,000 mph. I'm sure there's a sturdy explanation to this but I just thought about this today and thought I should share. Also, hope I've explained my mind well enough.

Thank you for your time, Caleb

submitted by /u/Calebkeller2
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[Physics] What are the maths behind the wavefunction psi?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 08:18 PM PST

Hi, we had the wave/particle duality for electrons in the lecture today and described the different orbitals with it. Furthermore we spoke about the mathematical/theoretical concept behind it briely. But now im asking myself what the wavefunction is!

submitted by /u/Tirunculus
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Why is e-e+ -> μ-μ+ such an important reaction?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 10:23 AM PST

It's the first example of "real" process worked out in Peskin and Schroeder, and they mention that it's used as a calibration for detectors. Can anyone tell me about this? Specifically, I'd naively expect e- e+ -> e- e+ to be easier to observe, because the right-hand mass is lower.

It's possible I could answer the question by computing the cross-section myself, or reading more, but I'm a mathematician and don't know anything about experiments so I'd probably get it wrong.

submitted by /u/Homomorphism
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[Physics] In a hypothetical empty universe, a single hydrogen atom pops into existence. Will that atom remain as an atom forever?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 03:13 AM PST

If not, what will be the first thing that makes the hydrogen atom no longer an atom? Some bizarre quantum stuffs?

submitted by /u/StupidPencil
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Why are Sierpinski numbers important and what are they used for?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 04:47 AM PST

related news: "At more than 9 million digits long, the new prime number is the seventh largest prime ever found, and it just cut the six possible candidates for the elusive Sierpinski number down to five."

Why are Sierpinski numbers important and what are they used for?

submitted by /u/rebootko
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Why are there no volcanoes or trenches at the bottom of the ring of fire?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 12:30 PM PST

Like this. My friend suggested that it is because they are close to the poles, but she thought that also might not be the case because there are volcanoes very far north.

submitted by /u/the_panda0704
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Why did it take longer to find the Higgs than the top quark?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 07:26 AM PST

So as best we can tell, the top quark is about 35-40% heavier than the Higgs and decays in a few hundredths of the time. Why were we able to confirm the top so much earlier and at much less energy than needed for the Higgs?

submitted by /u/bigscience87
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Monday, November 28, 2016

What led Max Planck to assume energy levels are quantized?

What led Max Planck to assume energy levels are quantized?


What led Max Planck to assume energy levels are quantized?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 03:24 PM PST

What causes the randomness of internet speeds, even on Ethernet?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 06:00 AM PST

Is acquiring a taste for something like black coffee a physical change, a psychological change, or a combination of both?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 02:02 PM PST

Why aren't we seeing organic photovoltaics solar cells everywhere? What's the catch?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 06:48 AM PST

What prevents individual cell phone radios from "stepping on" each other's transmissions?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 05:15 AM PST

I understand how channel hopping works in wifi and other basic radio technologies, but it seems like deconflicting the transmissions of cell phones in a busy city would pose a problem of a much greater magnitude. How do they do it?

submitted by /u/AirRoboted
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Why do we need a Higgs Boson for the electroweak force?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 05:13 AM PST

I've read about the Higgs field, and seen that it was needed to make the weak forces behave in the way we observe. What I do not get is why can't the W and Z bosons just have mass themselves? What problems would arise if the W and Z bosons themselves had mass?

submitted by /u/Sulfafnir
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Do animals consumed whole by predators (such as snakes) go through rigor mortis? If so, how does this affect digestion and the predator's movement, especially for larger prey?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 06:54 PM PST

Clouds. What determines the point when clouds are too saturated and start to rain, and what controls the intensity at which rain falls over time?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 02:38 PM PST

Read the Title

submitted by /u/tubob
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How is this cardboard guitar able to withstand the 200+ lbs of tension applied by the strings?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 08:26 PM PST

If gravity "moves" at the speed of light and is "emitted" in waves, why does it pull and not push?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 02:46 AM PST

Sorry, if this is a stupid question.

submitted by /u/Fr4t
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Why do some fruits grow in 'slices'?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 02:31 PM PST

For example, the clementine or the orange, they come in slices that each have a sort of skin separating them from other slices. Why do these and many other fruits grow like this?

submitted by /u/Mr_JohnUsername
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Is it possible for a virus to attack your genetics? Like actual DNA or something? What would be possible through something like that?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 06:58 PM PST

Does rice contain squalene and linoleic acid?

Posted: 28 Nov 2016 04:25 AM PST

From what I researched, only the bran contains such nutrients. Does the rice grain itself, separated from the bran, still retain squalene and linoleic acid?

submitted by /u/anemonas1
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Why does putting a hole in a balloon cause it to pop instead of leaking air from that hole?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 03:50 PM PST

Is it possible for a disease to span across multiple branches of the animal kingdoms?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 07:30 PM PST

Like Arthropods and vertebrates and etc. would suffer from the same disease? Like an ant and spider and snake and dog and pelican could suffer from the exact same disease?

submitted by /u/dnovantrix
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Does Carnot Heat Efficiency Only Apply to Processes of Turning Heat into Work?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 08:53 PM PST

I've seen solar panels that have been said to have over 40% efficiency. I know the Carnot cycle applies to a heat engine, but can you generalize it to say that it's for all processes of turning heat into work?

submitted by /u/mostlyAScientist
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How do MC fusion reactors extract usable energy?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 02:20 PM PST

Fission reactors seem straight forward enough: hot rods in water produce steam to power turbines.

Magnetic confinement fusion seems a but less intuitive. There is no contact between the plasma and structure. How does it convert this energy into electricity or another useful form?

submitted by /u/FTLSquid
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How do Micro pipettes and Pipettes function?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 06:48 PM PST

I understand it works by vacuum, but how did engineers figure the right amount of vacuum for each value?(e.g. how much vacuum is applied to each ml)

submitted by /u/vongola17
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Is it possible for other elements to be the basis of biometabolism?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 03:20 PM PST

I read somewhere that hydrogen and sulfur are both possible substitutes for oxygen in the form of redox energy source. How is this possible and are there any examples of organisms getting their energy this way?

submitted by /u/Epicpinguin
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Does magnetic and electric field follow surface area of a sphere?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 04:33 PM PST

In the Biot-Savart and Coulomb's law, the denominator has r2, and it's always explained that these laws follow an inverse square relationship with distance.

Looking at the formula, though, there's a 4pi term in the denominator. Does this imply that these laws are really operating on the surface area of a sphere, given that the full denomimator is 4pir2 ? After all, the field expands in every direction, so really, saying that it follows an inverse square relationship is a shorthand way of the full explanation that it's inversely-square with distance because an inverse square (r2) means you're dividing the field strength by the surface area of a sphere of radius r.

I think this is correct, but am hoping someone can tell me if I am correct or just jumping to conclusions that don't actually exist.

submitted by /u/quesman1
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How does amusia affect speaking tonal languages?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 02:17 PM PST

People with amusia are unable to process pitch, meaning they can't distinguish different pitches. Since tonal languages use pitches to distinguish meanings, I'd imagine people with amusia have trouble understanding it. Has there been any research on how this influences speaking and comprehension among other things?

submitted by /u/Iasper
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How does xenon gas produce a positive ion when impacted by an electron?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 01:45 PM PST

In ion drives, xenon gas is bombarded by a electron gun which produces positive ions. The ions gets accelerated out of the spacecraft to produce thrust.

How does a negative electron make the xenon positive when impacting? Does it impact a electron in the outer shell of the xenon atom and makes it loose conection to the forces of the nucleus? If so, how come that the electrons does not immediately fill this gap to make the xenon neutral again?

submitted by /u/ForHumanitie
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Why can't we see the Andromeda Galaxy?

Posted: 27 Nov 2016 09:58 AM PST

I keep reading that the Andromeda Galaxy would be larger than the moon in our sky if we could see it. Why can't we?

submitted by /u/markahix
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