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Thursday, November 24, 2016

What environmental impacts would a border wall between the United States and Mexico cause?

What environmental impacts would a border wall between the United States and Mexico cause?


What environmental impacts would a border wall between the United States and Mexico cause?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 11:00 AM PST

Why isn't the Sun Blue?

Posted: 24 Nov 2016 01:53 AM PST

The Sun has a surface temperature of about 6,000 kelvins, and to my knowledge, two things are happening when fire is blue:

  • The flame is very hot.
  • It is gas molecules that are glowing rather than pieces of soot. Very hot gas molecules glow blue.
submitted by /u/Hamlock1998
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If Earth is twice the size of Mars, then why are we able to see Mars as a bright star from Earth, but in all the pictures of Earth from Mars, Earth appears as a tiny dot and not twice as large?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 09:48 PM PST

Mathematically speaking, is there anything special about three spatial dimensions?

Posted: 24 Nov 2016 12:10 AM PST

Are there any quirky symmetries or other mathematical properties that are unique to R3, beyond the readily perceptible?

submitted by /u/pequotlibrary
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Are babies born with gut flora or do they get them overtime from eating food?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 06:41 PM PST

Why is the James Webb Space Telescope being launched from French Guiana?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 03:47 PM PST

Why is it advantageous to be closer to the equator for launch?

submitted by /u/benji_miller
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What happens if I take an ant and drop it far away from it's trail? Can it find its way back to its colony?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 04:32 PM PST

[Engineering] If fusion power is the holy grail of renewable energy, what is the holy grail of battery technology?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 10:55 AM PST

To be more specific, scientists know that fusion exists and are trying to develop technology to harness its vast amounts of power. Is there a similar "holy grail" with battery tech that engineers and scientists are working towards that would revolutionize energy storage?

submitted by /u/ButtersStotch88
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Can electric propulsion be used to launch rockets into space?

Posted: 24 Nov 2016 04:12 AM PST

I've been looking at the differences between chemical engines and electric propulsion (EP) engines for rockets. Whilst the EP engines work well in space they don't seem to have enough thrust to launch a rocket into space and completely replace chemical engines. Does anyone know if this has been done or could possibly be done with the technology we have now?

submitted by /u/theguywiththebowtie
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Does electromagnetic shield block all forms of radio waves?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 01:02 PM PST

For example if I was in a room that was RF shielded, does that mean that a ham radio, CB radio, my cellphone, a 5 year old cellphone, wifi, data, location services, my GPS would all stop working? Or does it only prevent one band?

submitted by /u/ttrellion
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Why is Iron more stable than Nickel even though it has a lower binding energy per nucleon?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 11:48 AM PST

Im studying nuclear physics in school and we were looking at the binding energy per nucleon graph. The element becomes more stable as the binding energy per nucleon increases. So from the graph you can see that smaller elements carry out fusion, and larger elements fission, in order to become more stable. We were told that iron is the most stable element, however nickel has a higher binding energy per nucleon. Why is Iron more stable?

submitted by /u/RavernousPenguin
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What happens in the rest frame of a particle that is causing Cherenkov radiation?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 11:01 AM PST

I understand that Cherenkov radiation is what happens when a charged particle in a medium exceeds the local speed of light (not c). What does this look like in that particle's rest frame? Are the photons travelling backwards?

submitted by /u/gatherinfer
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Can we track tectonic movements to predict what the plates will look like in the future? If so, what will they look like?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 03:23 PM PST

Are there any naturally-occurring large-scale organic materials that don't decompose?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 05:33 PM PST

I know that in the Carboniferous, the ability to digest lignin hadn't been evolved yet, and that contributed to the vast coal beds laid down at the time.

Are there any such organic digestive dead-ends in contemporary times? I know that many plastics are indigestible, but they're man-made. Crude oil is by-and-large indigestible (I believe some specialized bacteria can actually digest it).

Thanks in advance!

submitted by /u/whythecynic
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Why is there Kilometer,Kilobyte,Kilogram and more but no Megameter or Gigameter? And if they exist why are they almoust never used?

Posted: 24 Nov 2016 04:40 AM PST

What does it mean for something to be a semi-stochastic process as opposed to a stochastic process?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 05:22 PM PST

Are people born with different pain tolerance levels, or is that a learned thing?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 01:29 PM PST

Do all babies experience pain at the same levels, and over time, some people have experiences (whether sought after or not) that increase pain tolerance? Or are some babies born with higher tolerances for pain and that continues through their life?

submitted by /u/lahimatoa
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Does a computer monitor consume energy at different levels depending on the color of the items being displayed?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 11:48 AM PST

Basically, I'm wondering if a monitor displaying bright, white colors most of the time will consume more energy than one displaying mostly dark colors. Assuming all else being equal, of course.

submitted by /u/jikki-san
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Why doesn't flat seltzer / club soda taste like plain water again?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 08:35 AM PST

It continues to taste different / seltzer-y.

submitted by /u/TrojanBunny
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How can 70% of our bodies be water if we have skin, and organs, and bones, etc?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 06:01 PM PST

What happened directly after the impact that caused the "Meteor Crater" in Arizona, and what long term effects did it have on the region or Earth?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 04:36 PM PST

Is a sour taste the opposite of sweet one?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 04:12 PM PST

Is sour just the absence of sweet or are they completely different?

submitted by /u/LogLauncher
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Wednesday, November 23, 2016

How finite are the resources required for solar power?

How finite are the resources required for solar power?


How finite are the resources required for solar power?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 09:02 PM PST

Basically I am wondering if there is a limiting resource for solar panels that will hinder their proliferation in the future. Also, when solar panels need to be repaired or replaced, do they need new materials or can the old ones be re-used?

submitted by /u/JoshuaTheGreat88
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Dumb (?) Questions about Coding and Linguistics

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 06:37 AM PST

Is computer code a 'language'?

If so, are there different codes or ways of coding that serve the same purpose but are different only insofar as they use different types of 'grammar'?

If yes, then how are these new codes created? Are they, themselves, coded via pre-existing codes? For example, does one use 'code A' to create 'code B', after which 'code B' no longer requires 'code A' and can, furthermore, replace it for all intents and purposes? (Do codes serve as the tools of their own obsolescence?)

Finally, assuming that my prior assumptions are, at least in part, accurate, how was the first code created if none already existed? In other words, how do you make a code without using another code?

Thanks for your time and consideration and I'm sorry if none of this even remotely makes sense. I created a Reddit login just so that I could ask these questions.

submitted by /u/HowardTJM00n
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Why handgun bullets are rounded?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 02:40 AM PST

I've seen plenty of handgun bullets but I actually have never seen one of them being pointy as a rifle bullet.

It seems counterintuitive to me why two things sharing same purposes have to be so different in their shape.

Example images: * Handgun ammunitions *Rifle ammunitions

submitted by /u/riccia_rwt
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Viral strains "replace" others?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 12:15 AM PST

In this article from the US National Institutes of Health, I read the following:

That year, a pandemic of H3N2 influenza, known as the Hong Kong flu, completely replaced the H2N2 and H1N1 seasonal influenza strains that circulated earlier.

How does it happen that a flu strain replaces its predecessors? Are they actively "fighting" among each other? Are they competing for finite resources? Does the immune response for H3N2 end up fighting H2N2 and H2N1 more effectively?

submitted by /u/mfukar
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Why can't we harness the energy from our car tires spinning while in motion to provide power to the engine thus lessening gas consumption?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 03:14 AM PST

Before Calculus, for example, was invented, did Mathematicians thought there was something missing or did they not even realize it? Also, is there another Math area missing today?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 04:51 AM PST

What are some of the more seriously discussed alternatives to "classical capitalism" in the economics & philosophy circles that could practically be implemented or transitioned to in the developed world?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 04:36 AM PST

How am I able to connect and interact with other online gamers nearly instantly given the distance for the information to travel?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 07:09 AM PST

Basically the title, but I'm wondering how the delay from my button press to a character's movement on another gamer's screen can be so small. What technology is primarily responsible for this incredibly small difference?

submitted by /u/PM_ME_UR_COLLARDS
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What happens to light INSIDE a blackhole?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 04:52 PM PST

If someone were to generate light from the center of a blackhole, does it just shoot to the schwarzschild radius and then orbit the blackhole? Or does it get reflected from the outer rim and then hit the source?

I'm guessing since the blackhole has to have a speed of light c as its escape velocity (can't be higher or lower), the density inside is not constant, but gradually increases as you go towards the outside of it. But if it's doing that, and there's more particles, then shouldn't the speed of light just inside the blackhole be much slower than the speed of light in the vacuum just outside (acting like total internal reflection)?

submitted by /u/MedianEnergy
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Why can I see an interference pattern in a well-lit room? (double-slit experiment)

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 07:14 PM PST

I have a simple setup like this one to see quantum interference. What I don't understand is that supposedly if I shine a light source on the slits, it will prevent the interference because which-path information is preserved. That's not the case when I try it but also I'm doing this experiment in a well-lit room. Why is it that the ambient light doesn't inadvertently preserve the which-path information and prevent the interference pattern from ever happening in the first place? Shouldn't a pitch black room be required to see interference?

submitted by /u/Intro24
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If a rainbow is a spectrum of visible light, does it extend to infrared light and ultraviolet light even though we cant see it?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 08:28 AM PST

What is the difference between a laser pointer and and a laser that can actually cut through things?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 06:47 PM PST

I was playing around with my laser pointer and I was wondering if this thing, under different circumstances, could cut through something thin enough.

submitted by /u/FiveAlarmDogParty
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How are rivers and lakes affected by global warming?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 04:55 AM PST

We've all seen the apocalyptic predictions of sea encroachment into areas like the American South and the European Low Countries. My limited understanding is both icecap melt and the change in ocean water volume are to blame.

I am wondering what effects the predicted change in temperature has on inland bodies of water, such as streams, rivers, and lakes. Will rainfall be different? Evaporation?

submitted by /u/AG3NTjoseph
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On a low gravity planet, it is possible to jump and injure yourself on impact from the height? Or would this be impossible due to the slower pull of gravity?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 10:35 PM PST

Assume a completely flat surface. Since you can jump on Earth and sprain an ankle, I'm guessing the same could happen in this scenario too. All injures like this aside, would your momentum from falling be enough to cause a greater impact that the human body could withstand?

submitted by /u/Aperture_Theory
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How does the stock market affect the wealth inequality in the world(top .1% etc.)?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 04:24 AM PST

More specifically: How did the invention of mathematical models such as the one by Black-Scholes, affect the stock market and different financial crisis around the world?

submitted by /u/TheNilq
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Are there any strange fears or mental disorders that exist only in specific cultures?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 07:46 AM PST

Is bringing tears in your eyes with force (doing a "fake cry") creates the same effect in your brain when you really cry?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 02:37 AM PST

Why is it that looking at a specific object moving among many makes its movement appear slower?

Posted: 23 Nov 2016 02:29 AM PST

For example, if you were driving by a field, all the plants appear to be speeding by, but the moment you focus on a specific plant, it seems to go by more slowly. Is this an example of chronostasis?

submitted by /u/Hello-TheOtherSide
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Why do we laugh at something that is funny and how does our brain determine if something is humorous?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 04:47 PM PST

Why do my kitchen sponges get warm when I spray them with hydrogen peroxide?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 01:59 PM PST

Recently I've taken to spraying my nasty kitchen sponges with hydrogen peroxide to sanitize them. They foam up--which I expect, given that they are teeming with bacteria; but then, when I go to wring them out, they are warm. Why do they get warm?

submitted by /u/hairybrains
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Is there a limit to the Surface Area to Volume ratio of a 3-dimensional object?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 07:04 AM PST

Tuesday, November 22, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I am Jerry Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence expert and author here to answer your questions. Ask me anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Jerry Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence expert and author here to answer your questions. Ask me anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Jerry Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence expert and author here to answer your questions. Ask me anything!

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 05:19 AM PST

Jerry Kaplan is a serial entrepreneur, Artificial Intelligence expert, technical innovator, bestselling author, and futurist, and is best known for his key role in defining the tablet computer industry as founder of GO Corporation in 1987. He is the author of Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure. His new book, Artificial Intelligence: What Everyone Needs to Know, is an quick and accessible introduction to the field of Artificial Intelligence.

Kaplan holds a BA in History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Chicago (1972), and a PhD in Computer and Information Science (specializing in Artificial Intelligence) from the University of Pennsylvania (1979). He is currently a visiting lecturer at Stanford University, teaching a course entitled "History, Philosophy, Ethics, and Social Impact of Artificial Intelligence" in the Computer Science Department, and is a Fellow at The Stanford Center for Legal Informatics, of the Stanford Law School.

Jerry will be by starting at 3pm PT (6 PM ET, 23 UT) to answer questions!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Can a parabola be translated, scaled and rotated in such a manner that it would perfectly superimpose one half of a hyperbola?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 02:27 AM PST

Why can't we integrate "e^(sin(x)) dx"?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 01:36 AM PST

We can differentiate all sorts of functions, as far as i know, but why are there limitations in integration? is there a possibility of a "first principle OR Newton's Difference Quotient" in integration too that we haven't stumbled upon yet?

submitted by /u/RAyLV
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In l’Hospital’s Rule, Why is the limit of a function the derivative of f(x) divided by the derivative of g(x)? Isn’t that like saying: to determine a person’s location you must know their speed?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 11:07 PM PST

What are the Effects of Climate Change and Oceanic Acidification on Phytoplankton?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:38 PM PST

How are babies born with heroin (or any drug) addiction medically treated? And what are their symptoms that lead to the diagnosis?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:42 PM PST

Why is Moon full of craters but not the Earth?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 09:05 PM PST

do asteroids always hit only the Moon?

submitted by /u/prettytrump
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We know that matter is transformed in energy inside stars. Is there anything else on the universe that does the opposite, where energy is converted to matter ?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 04:41 PM PST

If microwaves and routers work at same frequency, can enough routers be used to heat up water?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 10:33 PM PST

Does the brain have a clock, like a CPU?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:41 PM PST

A CPU has a centralized clock which in which instruction(s) are executed in each clock cycle.

Neural oscillation, or "brain waves" are repetitive neural activities where the firing of the neurons are usually in synchronization with the oscillation. From what I've read, these are the following known waves and frequencies:

Delta wave – (0.1 – 3 Hz) Theta wave – (4 – 7 Hz) Alpha wave – (8 – 15 Hz) Mu wave – (7.5 – 12.5 Hz) SMR wave – (12.5 – 15.5 Hz) Beta wave – (16 – 31 Hz) Gamma wave – (32 – 100 Hz) 

My question is, how do CPU clocks and brain waves differ? They both synchronize the operations being executed, and they are for the most part, central as well. A brain would better analogous to a GPU than a CPU, since it's massively parallel, but a GPU still runs on a clock.

One more question, would "overclocking" a brain (increasing the frequency) necessarily make it faster, like it would for a CPU?

submitted by /u/LAN_of_the_free
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Why can humans distinguish between simultaneous instruments in a piece of music but have difficulty following simultaneous conversations?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 04:50 PM PST

Why are avocados and kiwis green on the inside?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 09:38 AM PST

Most fruits are either the same colour on the outside as the inside or a duller, whitish colour on the inside. In my mind I associate green parts of plants with photosynthesis and there isn't any of that going on inside of an avocado

submitted by /u/Robdawgg
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How do the LHC detectors differentiate the particle collisions that occur considering the fact that there are 600,000,000 interactions per second at peak luminosity?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 12:29 PM PST

How often must big cats and other wild predators kill prey in order to survive?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 05:27 PM PST

I know this all depends on the animal in question but I am watching Planet Earth (original; I live in the US and can't watch part 2 yet) and witnessed the snow leopard struggle to make a kill. Do predators go days or weeks without eating or must they make a kill every day? Do animal carcasses provide them with food for a week(s)?

Some of these predators live in such remote areas where food is scared, I can't imagine food being available every single day.

submitted by /u/bradtrux412
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What happens in "The Monkey and the Hunter" experiment when the monkey wears a parachute?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 07:04 PM PST

Does a thrown object really follow a parabolic arc or does it follow part of an ellipse with an eccentricity of 0.999...?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 05:32 AM PST

I've always been told that a thrown object will follow a parabolic curve if you ignore air resistance and wind. However, since I've been playing KSP I began to realise that the curve is probably an elliptical path with one focus just below the object and the other focus at approximately the center of the Earth. Is the parabolic explanation just a simplification since a parabola has an eccentricity of 1 and the ellipse I am visualising has an eccentricity extremely close to 1 (0.9999999...)?

submitted by /u/Perlscrypt
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Why can't dark matter just be ordinary matter that doesn't happen to be in a star?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 05:42 PM PST

What is the (engineerical) knowledge concerning the longevity of Batteries in relation to their performance?

Posted: 22 Nov 2016 04:15 AM PST

For example a lithium ion battery (48v / 29 Ah). Does the performance of either 1 kwh, 2 kwh or 3 kwh influence the longevity, if so in which way?

submitted by /u/Teutonindahood
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Why dogs use their tongue to drink liquids?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 06:35 PM PST

Humans drink by sucking a liquid and then swallowing it. But I have spotted that dogs bend their tongue and use the tongue as a bag to pick up the liquid. But why dogs use their tongue to perform this kind of action?

submitted by /u/PapaGeeky_
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Magnetic containment or inertial containment fusion?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 08:36 AM PST

What are the advantages/disadvantages between magnetic containment and inertial containment fusion?

It seems to me that magnetic containment is more practical, since you theoretically can run the reactor for a very long period of time.

Inertial containment seems simpler but less practical, since it reacts explosively. You would have to pressurise the chamber each time a pellet needs to get reloaded, which doesn't seem effective.

Please correct me I'm I'm wrong. It would be great if sources were included in the replies!

submitted by /u/Chasar1
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How does density and buoyancy behave in zero gravity?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 05:12 PM PST

So recently the new teaser of the movie "Passenger" was published. The teaser is interesting because it's a scene all about fluid dynamics in space. Here you see a pool on a space-ship when the "artifical-gravity" is turned off and Jennifer Lawrence gets trapped in a water bubble. On one side i think the scene is wrong in making the water move so violently, since in space there's no friction or opposite force that makes the water do that, but other than that, my question is about how hard would be to get out from the bubble of water, since i've seen contradictory opinions about the buoyancy of the body in zero gravity. What i saw is that a lot of people think that in this case, when everything hits zero G, Jennifer would lose her buoyancy and gets trapped inside the bubble, only having her swimming force to get her out of the water "blob". What i think, is that buoyancy and the density of the water would take her body to the nearest part of the circumference, because in this case there's no up or down, but there would be a more dense fluid (water) and a less dense fluid (air) all in a 1 atm pressure, so buoyancy and density still are present. I think that would be the case and i think this video of NASA kind of shows it when the bubbles of air tend to the circumference of the water (but there are other forces here too): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKs1mXcA_A4

In any case, based on that. my hypothesis would be that in space, if you have a vessel with fluids of different density, after a while and assuming you have the right amount of every fluid (and not to much force moving the whole thing), these would tend to make a sphere with the fluids in different layers of the sphere. What do you think? Is there any experiment about it? because i haven't find any.

"Passengers" teaser on entertainment weekly site: http://www.ew.com/article/2016/11/17/passengers-jennifer-lawrence-exclusive-clip

submitted by /u/Walkin_mn
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If male seahorses incubate and birth the babies why aren't they just considered female?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 05:58 PM PST

How are earthquake magnitudes revised hours or days later?

Posted: 21 Nov 2016 04:00 PM PST

Often when an earthquake occurs you'll get an initial magnitude. Hours or Days later it might get revised higher or lower.

What causes the long delay between initial measurement and the revision? Is there human intervention that cannot be automated? Is there data being taken that far out that the wave just takes so long to get there?

submitted by /u/wrghyjtukiulihgfd
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