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Thursday, November 17, 2016

How do animals like squirrels get water when there are no nearby rivers, streams or ponds?

How do animals like squirrels get water when there are no nearby rivers, streams or ponds?


How do animals like squirrels get water when there are no nearby rivers, streams or ponds?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 06:14 PM PST

I live in a place where there are squirrels, rabbits and other small animals almost everywhere but the nearest source of water is miles away. How do animals such as these get their water?

submitted by /u/bluecheese31
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Do centipedes have more than one gait?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 06:14 PM PST

At what speed would I have to drive for the added drag of having my windows open offset the energy cost of the A/C?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 06:28 PM PST

I've always wondered this. Essentially, running the A/C costs energy, so it's worse for the environment than just having windows open. But if you're going fast, the windows being open adds a lot of drag, so you have to spend more energy to maintain the same speed than if they were closed. What speed would I need to go for the energy "benefit" of not running A/C be equal to the energy loss of that drag?

This obviously depends on car model, temperature difference, wind, air pressure... I'm more interested in order-of-magnitude guesses. Is this achievable with a standard sedan? Are cars designed so efficiently that I'd need to break the sound barrier to get close?

submitted by /u/skarpi
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If you had a helium balloon on the ISS, Would it float in a particular direction?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 04:35 AM PST

Are transparent objects like glass non-transparent for animals who have different visible spectrums?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 05:37 AM PST

Similarly to the question above, let's say an animal couldn't see our visible range of "blue". Would blue be transparent for them?

submitted by /u/RadialClock
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Why is the order of operations in mathematics as it is? Is there a natural component or is it arbitrary?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 11:01 PM PST

Why aren't we able to keep isolated brains alive?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 07:31 PM PST

So, I was on the Wikipedia page for brains that have been separated from the body and kept alive in vitro, and it's made me wonder, why aren't we able to keep the brain alive for more than a few days?

page link: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_brain

submitted by /u/Kevrj15
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Is there a way to create a 'sound bubble' where the sound is only audible within a controllable radius?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 02:39 PM PST

Without changing the medium, and with either a discrete edge or a rapidly decreasing signal past the 'radius' of the bubble.

submitted by /u/alphaMHC
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What is it about Cobalt in mixed phases that makes it suitable for catalysis in industrial processes?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 04:34 AM PST

I'm looking at cobalt as a catalyst and need to know specifically what is about Co in mixed oxides that makes it good for desulphurisation, for the production of terephthalic acid (TPA) and di-methylterephthalate (DMT) as well as reduced cobalt in hydroformylation. I'm assuming it's something to do with its transitory nature but don't know much more than that and am having a hard time finding papers that explain its efficacy instead of jumping into the hard catalysis science. Cheers.

submitted by /u/Swahliman
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How does a mother's body "know" when to start and stop producing breastmilk?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 08:05 AM PST

For instance, is breastmilk still produced when a baby is born prematurely? What about if the baby is stillborn/miscarried very late? I know some mothers breastfeed their children for several years, is there any point at which the body simply stops the supply of milk? Thanks!

submitted by /u/downtodance
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If an eletric current can create a magnetic field... a magnetic field can create an eletric current?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 07:55 AM PST

Will pre-blended gases separate under pressure?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 07:42 AM PST

I work in the beer world, installing draft systems. Certain systems call for different setups, but they often need a blend of gases (co2 and n2) in varying mixes to answer the needs of the system.

Most often this calls for a gas blender that blends the two gases actively from a pure co2 tank and a pure n2 tank. Occasionally, the setup calls for just using gas that is pre blended by the gas distributor in one tank. In this particular case, the blend is 75% n2, 25% co2. Would the gases potentially separate over time in the tank, rendering the blend ineffective? And if it's not too much to ask, what is the science behind it?

Thanks for any insight, you guys are the best.

submitted by /u/Waffuly
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How did the continental shelf form in the Atlantic Ocean?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 07:20 AM PST

What are Markov Chains?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 07:12 AM PST

Specifically, how can they be used in algorithmic production of music? Also, what is the difference between discrete and continuous chains?

submitted by /u/drainbox
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What is a Q-ball?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 07:12 AM PST

In the backstory of Danny Boyle's SciFi film Sunshine (2007), it is explained that a Q-ball enters and is caught in the Earth's Sun and is the reason why Sun is dying. What is a Q-ball and how is it capable of killing the sun?

submitted by /u/rafaellvandervaart
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How do ions in a solution conduct electricity?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 06:47 AM PST

I'm aware that ions conduct electricity, however, most of the sources I've seen give me only a really basic explanation of why this happens. Does anyone have a really in-depth way of explaining this?

submitted by /u/i_am_back_and_vegan
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Why is there salt in the ocean?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 10:37 PM PST

Mainly how did this salt get there?

submitted by /u/OregonTown
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How is colored PTFE (teflon) made? Does it change the properties?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 08:39 PM PST

I see all sorts of colors of teflon available from manufacturers claiming that coloring doesn't affect the properties of it. My basic knowledge of PTFE has me thinking that it's impossible to dye.

My best guess is some compound is mixed in before it's sintered. Does this really have an insignificant affect on the properties of the end product, specifically its friction?

submitted by /u/pyromaniac28
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If I peeled a banana or cut open a bell pepper, swabbed, and then cultured it, would anything grow? Essentially, are the insides of fruits and vegetables sterile?

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 04:13 AM PST

Do all gases expand at the same rate when heated?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 07:28 PM PST

Was reading an equation dealing with air recently "Standard cubic foot(SCF) = CF x (Pact/Pstd) x (Tstd/Tact)" and was wondering if this is applicable to all gases or if there is a constant for different gase that needs to be used for it to be accurate. Example, assume P remains constant: If CO2 is heated from 20°C to 100°C it expands by "x". Do all other gases also expand by "x" when heated from 20°C to 100°C? If so, or if not, why?

submitted by /u/Qsaway
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Does the efficacy of a vaccine go down when it is administered with other vaccines? (dead culture vaccines)

Posted: 17 Nov 2016 04:08 AM PST

So I got a tetanus shot in one arm and a flu shot in the other. I asked the nurse if the immune response was different if two vaccines were administered instead of one. She said no, because they were dead cultures.

Is there a "bandwidth" to what the immune system can respond to. Surely if I had 100 vaccinations in a minute there would be repercussions!

(Yes vaccinations work, this is a question about how they work together)

submitted by /u/herpberp
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Wednesday, November 16, 2016

Light is deflected by gravity fields. Can we fire a laser around the sun and get "hit in the back" by it?

Light is deflected by gravity fields. Can we fire a laser around the sun and get "hit in the back" by it?


Light is deflected by gravity fields. Can we fire a laser around the sun and get "hit in the back" by it?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 01:26 AM PST

Found this image while browsing the depths of Wikipedia. Could we fire a laser at ourselves by aiming so the light travels around the sun? Would it still be visible as a laser dot, or would it be spread out too much?

submitted by /u/MG2R
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Could you turn a smoke detector into a makeshift radiation detector?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 04:56 AM PST

I'm writing a nuclear war post-apocalyptic short story, and I was trying to think how people could detect pockets of radiation with everyday items. If you took a smoke detector, removed the Americium, and reversed the switch on the alarm (so that it goes off when the ionization circuit is closed instead of opened), could that function as a radiation detector? Would it pick up higher energy forms of radiation?

submitted by /u/Soloandthewookiee
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If I were to leave my fully charged laptop turned off and unplugged for five years, could I still start it up on battery only?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 12:21 AM PST

Average run-of-the-mill HP laptop, fully charged. I unplug it, turn it off, leave it at room temperature, and then I wait five years. Will I still be able to turn it on using battery power, or is the battery somehow discharged?

submitted by /u/ral008
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Why do crabs which are greyish in color turn reddish or orange when boiled or cooked?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 06:59 AM PST

Are all modern domestic dogs descended from wolves, or were some bred using other canines, such as foxes and coyotes?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 05:01 AM PST

Has there been any further studies to support the idea that the jet stream warms Europe more than the North Atlantic Current?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 05:35 AM PST

Richard Seager published a study back in 2002 that air moving eastwards from the Pacific to North America are funnelled south because of the Rockies, pick-up warm-air and then move back northwards to warm Europe, and that this has a greater effect than warm ocean waters. The lowered air pressure immediately east of the Rockies also draws cold air from the Arctic, thus enhancing the temperature contrast between Eastern seaboard and UK/Europe at the same latitude. (edit: This may be linked to the Arctic Oscillation, but I'm not sure).

This idea does crop-up quite a bit on Reddit. But I wanted to know if those in Earth Sciences actually believe it, because even Piers Sellers, director of Earth Sciences at NASA said in the "Before The Flood" video that the Gulf Stream warms Europe.

submitted by /u/RicardoWanderlust
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Would a observer in the moon see a Super Earth as we recently experienced a super moon?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 03:58 AM PST

Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Chemists: What value/use do you get out of 2D and 3D representations of compounds? (Examples provided below)

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 06:31 AM PST

I saw on Facebook today that Wikipedia posted about today being the anniversary of Albert Hoffman first synthesizing LSD, so I read up on the article. As I got sucked into the black hole I kept getting intrigued by the compounds they display on the right, for example, like this compound of DMT.

Likewise, I'm interested in the significance of what you really get out of looking at images like the compound of LSD represented in three ways. I'm particularly interested in how the one on the left says anything, but information on the middle would be cool, too!

Do these images do anything for you? Can you tell what compounds are based on these images? Do they ever point to something interesting or significant? Could you look at one of these compounds, recognize it's components, and then know how to synthesize it in providing you had the equipment?

I hope this gets answered. Thank you!

submitted by /u/Metropolis9999
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Will the moon ever impact Earth? Why or why not?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 06:26 AM PST

A few hundred thousand years after the Big Bang, the universe cooled down to the point atoms were formed. What was matter made of before the cooling?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 01:14 AM PST

Do blood transfusions "reset" things such as cholesterol or blood-borne diseases?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 06:07 AM PST

Does light change colour when passing through a medium?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 03:51 AM PST

I'm learning about light, reflection, refraction and similar topics in Physics.

The textbook says:

n = c/v = λ1/λ2 

where n = absolute refractive index, c = speed of light in vacuum, λ1 = original wavelength, λ2 = refracted wavelength.

The book uses this to explain how light disperses into colours as it passes through a prism, which I mostly understand (because speed of light in a medium depends on frequency), allowing each colour to have it's own distinct refractive index.

My question is: If n = λ1/λ2, doesn't this suggest that the wavelength is changed quite significantly as the medium changes?

For example: red light has a wavelength of about 700nm, if it passes through a glass with n = 1.5, the equation suggests it has a new wavelength in the medium of about 466nm; a significant change in colour.

In other words, does this mean that the red light that exits a prism was a different colour before entering the prism, and has been shifted to a shorter wavelength by refraction?

submitted by /u/Mynerz
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How are babies able to express how they feel with certain actions without being taught how to do so?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 03:07 AM PST

Like for example crying or laughing. Does this mean that even without learning how to express being happy we subconsciously know how to laugh or smile? If that's so whats making us automatically smile or laugh when we are feeling happy?

submitted by /u/IEatTranslations
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Purpose of Okazaki fragments?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 05:18 AM PST

Is there a reason DNA replication occurs discontinuously in an energy expensive manner on the lagging strand? Understanding evolution does not take the most efficient path, is there any reason behind the constant priming and short sequence of bases being added? Additionally the expense of DNA ligase converting all the primers made because of the nature of the lagging strand.

submitted by /u/CocoLocomotion
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Is it possible to control the automatic stimulated behavior of your body?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 05:08 AM PST

I am not talking about just heart rate when I mean regulatory behavior. I am more interested in the things that it seems we have no control over, like sweating or goose bumps. Both of these generally occur due to an environment/stimulus, is it possible to cause these reactions without an enivronment stimulus present? Thanks in advance for any in sights :)

Edit: To clarify a bit more, there are internal stimului that can cause some of these reactions to occur, like something embarrassing or being nervous causing you to sweat. I should clarify that I mean: is it possible to control these functions with the same sort of ease that we control arms/legs?

submitted by /u/dworpss
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What forces prevent speeds greater than c in this thought experiment?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 09:48 PM PST

Of course none of this is feasible with current technology and materials science, but...

Assume that we have a rod extending from the equator on Earth into space. (For the sake of the argument, assume the rod is as strong as theoretically possible and extends through the earth out the other side an equal distance to maintain the balance of the Earth's rotation) If we could make the rod long enough, what forces would stop the tip of the rod from traveling at a speed faster than c when earth is rotating?

Calculating, I get:


c = 299792458 m/sec

1 light day = 25902068371200 m (this is also the circumference of the circle needed for the end of the rod to be traveling at the speed of light over the course of 24 hours)


pi(d) = 25902068371200 m (get the diameter of circle above)

diameter = 8244884435161 m

radius (length of rod) = 4122442217581 m = 4,122,442,218 km


Distance to Neptune = 4,700,000,000 km


Maintaining Earth's rotational speed, we would need a rod that extended out from the equator 4,122,442,218 km (somewhere between Saturn and Neptune) for the tip of the rod to be traveling faster than c. If you have something that rotates faster (Jupiter for example), the distance you need for the rod is dramatically decreased. I get the distances are insanely far, but it's still infinitely less than infinite.

So where's the weak point in the thought experiment. Would the atoms break apart in the rod, or would the earth's rotation slow for some reason?

submitted by /u/dtom-76
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Do objects actually have a centre of mass, or is it something we made make equations easier?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 03:43 AM PST

Usually we treat objects as if they have a centre of mass, as in all the forces act on the objects centre of mass, and moments etc originate from the objects centre of mass. Although it doesn't make much sense to me that all the weight of an object acts on one point, as in, if you added an atom to the side of a tennis ball, it doesn't make sense that the atom then has no weight, and the weight is transferred to the objects centre of mass.

So, to put it simply, do objects actually have a centre of mass?

submitted by /u/Jaffas-Ahoy
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What is the etymology of Stoichiometry?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 01:56 AM PST

Stoichiometry is a term used in Chemistry and it pertains to the calculation of the quantities of chemical elements or compounds involved in chemical reactions. It is usually a 5-step process which uses ratios (generally, whole numbers) to determine mols or mass of a compound or element in a certain reaction. What is it's etymology?

submitted by /u/TALPERS
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What are some examples of second order phase transitions?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 11:10 PM PST

For polymers, the glass transition is second order. I'm wondering what other types of 2nd order transitions are out there.

submitted by /u/slogmog
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From where do plants grow?

Posted: 16 Nov 2016 01:02 AM PST

Like trees which grows from the outer rim from the cambium, where do plants grow from? My proffesor doesn't know so hope anyone can help clear that up! Thanks..

submitted by /u/Glenn1BoY
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Why does UV light cause burns but not light on the other parts of the spectrum?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 07:02 PM PST

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

What happens when two previously converged plates diverge?

What happens when two previously converged plates diverge?


What happens when two previously converged plates diverge?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 12:18 PM PST

If two tectonic plates converge to form a mountain, and the two plate then diverge, what happens to the mountain?

submitted by /u/the_panda0704
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What's the most powerful an earthquake could be? What would this look like?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 05:26 AM PST

Is there any way to accurately test/verify the age of a living bonsai tree?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 05:36 AM PST

I have heard of carbon dating on dead things, but never anything about living things. In bonsai i hear claims all the time that trees are "X" years old, and want to know. Is there any way to verify those claims scientifically?

submitted by /u/Fruition_Factory
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Is eating fruit important, or when people say 'fruit and vegetables', are the vegetables the important part of that?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 06:48 AM PST

I've always had a suspicion that when the government recommends you eat '5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day' or when studies show that people who eat enough fruit and vegetables live longer, they might well achieve the same result if they were only looking at vegetables. What does the evidence suggest?

submitted by /u/North_London_Gunner
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In the U.S. alone, there are over 250 million cars on the road. How complicated/accurate are car keys that any key only communicates with its paired car, and vice-versa?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 09:21 PM PST

Lets just say I have the keys to my car. Surely there has to be some other car on earth that responds to my keys, right? Are the keys and cars so precise that they can differentiate between minute differences in frequencies, or is the spectrum of car key signals simply huge. If the latter, how big is that spectrum?

submitted by /u/the_hobbgobbler
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How did we treat cancer in the past (pre 1900) Did we even know about it?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:44 PM PST

How did we go about dealing with cancer before radiation treatment. Did we even know that cancer is what was killing some people? When did we learn it was cancer causing the deaths?

submitted by /u/nigelito
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Why does old coffee stick only to the highest level in a cup?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 04:13 PM PST

I've noticed that whenever a cup of coffee or hot chocolate is left out and cools, it always leaves behind a ring where the highest level was. Why does this happen to drinks and soups when hot but not when cold?

submitted by /u/SevanEleven
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How Much Did the Methane Gas Leak in California Contribute to Global Warming?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:07 PM PST

Was this single event large enough to significantly contribute to global warming and affect global temperature projections?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso_Canyon_gas_leak

submitted by /u/onenose
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What recent, interesting discoveries have been made about hominins?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 09:08 PM PST

Are tectonics a prerequisite for volcanism?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 06:39 AM PST

Can volcanism occur on celestial bodies that do not have active tectonics?

submitted by /u/Dudewad
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Why can an inner ear infection cause temporary taste loss?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 07:20 PM PST

I recently had a minor inner ear infection and along with the normal slew of symptoms (headache, earache, and overall discomfort) I experienced temporary taste loss in the front half of my tongue. After some googling, I discovered that ear infection can be accompanied by taste loss (https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/what-numbers-mean-epidemiological-perspective-taste-smell) but I haven't yet found a source that explains why. Can anyone explain?

submitted by /u/persnickety_pea
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Are Hops plants of a particular variety essentially all cuttings/trimmings or rhizomes of one "mother-plant" many generations before?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:38 PM PST

I've been reading a lot about the cultivation of Hops and have found myself uncertain of much of the biology from a practical standpoint.

Hops are most often grown from clippings or a rhizome which (presumably) is taken from a mother plant, and I have to imagine that in most cases this more or less goes back many generations. Additionally (though my understanding is admittedly limited) hops are also diecious and heterozygous which leads to an immense difficulty in selecting desirable traits and selecting others out through sexual reproduction. With this taken into consideration does this mean that any plant called a "cascade" or "brewer's gold" is basically an n-generations removed clone (for lack of a better term) of an original "prime" version of the same plant?

If not, what am I missing? How are these plants being cultivated with such similarity?

If so, is this practice commonplace in any other agricultural field on such a large scale? Are there any biological concerns with such a low rate of genetic diversity among cultivars? How much genetic diversity can/does exist across various generations of the same plant?

submitted by /u/iskivolkl
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How did humanity figure out what day it was before the invention of the calender?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 05:48 AM PST

How much heat does the moon redirect to earth?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 12:51 PM PST

For an average distance between the moon and the earth. Is the amount of energy transfer phase dependent? Is it proportional to the level of light received?

submitted by /u/DilutedGatorade
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Why can't they replace a meniscus?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 07:13 PM PST

Do train tracks build up an electrical charge when a train approaches?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 04:12 AM PST

I remember growing up that if you were to touch both rails as a train approached you would receive a shock

submitted by /u/Camkoda
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Is there any chance in any solar system, that a planet like Crematoria from the Chronicles of Riddick could exist?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:18 PM PST

So this is how the planet looks. The whole idea of the planet is that it goes from chilling cold to scorching hot. The movie cites it as -300 to +700. Overlooking the fact that -300 is an impossibility, could conditions exist that allow a planet a 1000 celsius degree span between day and night?.

submitted by /u/Alarinth
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Did last night's supermoon cause higher tides?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 02:35 AM PST

Apparently the moon was 7% larger (than usual? average?), which corresponds to it being 7% closer. The inverse square law for gravity suggests the Moon's pull was 14.5% higher, but I haven't heard any reports of exceptionally high tides.

Did this actually happen, or are there other factors I have overlooked?

submitted by /u/paolog
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Is there a chemical rule or pattern for what is harmful to the human body? I mean when Albert Hofmann discovered LSD how could he know he would nt die taking it?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 01:48 PM PST

Why does pushing on a computer screen make the colours go weird?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 04:55 PM PST

Do we know the approximate distribution of particles in the observable universe?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 01:27 AM PST

If we can approximate the number of baryons in the observable universe, what about the ratios of those baryons to each other? What about leptons, specifically electrons? Is there any way to estimate the number of electrons in the known universe at a given time?

submitted by /u/Toyotasmith
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How does the rate of female-on-female sexual assault compare to the rate of male-on-female sexual assault?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 12:45 AM PST

Specifically, I'm wondering how common it is for lesbians to rape or sexually assault other women, compared to straight men.

submitted by /u/tailcalled
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What if a BEC touches a hot surface?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 12:19 AM PST