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Tuesday, November 15, 2016

What happens when two previously converged plates diverge?

What happens when two previously converged plates diverge?


What happens when two previously converged plates diverge?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 12:18 PM PST

If two tectonic plates converge to form a mountain, and the two plate then diverge, what happens to the mountain?

submitted by /u/the_panda0704
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What's the most powerful an earthquake could be? What would this look like?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 05:26 AM PST

Is there any way to accurately test/verify the age of a living bonsai tree?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 05:36 AM PST

I have heard of carbon dating on dead things, but never anything about living things. In bonsai i hear claims all the time that trees are "X" years old, and want to know. Is there any way to verify those claims scientifically?

submitted by /u/Fruition_Factory
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Is eating fruit important, or when people say 'fruit and vegetables', are the vegetables the important part of that?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 06:48 AM PST

I've always had a suspicion that when the government recommends you eat '5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day' or when studies show that people who eat enough fruit and vegetables live longer, they might well achieve the same result if they were only looking at vegetables. What does the evidence suggest?

submitted by /u/North_London_Gunner
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In the U.S. alone, there are over 250 million cars on the road. How complicated/accurate are car keys that any key only communicates with its paired car, and vice-versa?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 09:21 PM PST

Lets just say I have the keys to my car. Surely there has to be some other car on earth that responds to my keys, right? Are the keys and cars so precise that they can differentiate between minute differences in frequencies, or is the spectrum of car key signals simply huge. If the latter, how big is that spectrum?

submitted by /u/the_hobbgobbler
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How did we treat cancer in the past (pre 1900) Did we even know about it?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:44 PM PST

How did we go about dealing with cancer before radiation treatment. Did we even know that cancer is what was killing some people? When did we learn it was cancer causing the deaths?

submitted by /u/nigelito
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Why does old coffee stick only to the highest level in a cup?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 04:13 PM PST

I've noticed that whenever a cup of coffee or hot chocolate is left out and cools, it always leaves behind a ring where the highest level was. Why does this happen to drinks and soups when hot but not when cold?

submitted by /u/SevanEleven
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How Much Did the Methane Gas Leak in California Contribute to Global Warming?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:07 PM PST

Was this single event large enough to significantly contribute to global warming and affect global temperature projections?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliso_Canyon_gas_leak

submitted by /u/onenose
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What recent, interesting discoveries have been made about hominins?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 09:08 PM PST

Are tectonics a prerequisite for volcanism?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 06:39 AM PST

Can volcanism occur on celestial bodies that do not have active tectonics?

submitted by /u/Dudewad
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Why can an inner ear infection cause temporary taste loss?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 07:20 PM PST

I recently had a minor inner ear infection and along with the normal slew of symptoms (headache, earache, and overall discomfort) I experienced temporary taste loss in the front half of my tongue. After some googling, I discovered that ear infection can be accompanied by taste loss (https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/what-numbers-mean-epidemiological-perspective-taste-smell) but I haven't yet found a source that explains why. Can anyone explain?

submitted by /u/persnickety_pea
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Are Hops plants of a particular variety essentially all cuttings/trimmings or rhizomes of one "mother-plant" many generations before?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:38 PM PST

I've been reading a lot about the cultivation of Hops and have found myself uncertain of much of the biology from a practical standpoint.

Hops are most often grown from clippings or a rhizome which (presumably) is taken from a mother plant, and I have to imagine that in most cases this more or less goes back many generations. Additionally (though my understanding is admittedly limited) hops are also diecious and heterozygous which leads to an immense difficulty in selecting desirable traits and selecting others out through sexual reproduction. With this taken into consideration does this mean that any plant called a "cascade" or "brewer's gold" is basically an n-generations removed clone (for lack of a better term) of an original "prime" version of the same plant?

If not, what am I missing? How are these plants being cultivated with such similarity?

If so, is this practice commonplace in any other agricultural field on such a large scale? Are there any biological concerns with such a low rate of genetic diversity among cultivars? How much genetic diversity can/does exist across various generations of the same plant?

submitted by /u/iskivolkl
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How did humanity figure out what day it was before the invention of the calender?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 05:48 AM PST

How much heat does the moon redirect to earth?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 12:51 PM PST

For an average distance between the moon and the earth. Is the amount of energy transfer phase dependent? Is it proportional to the level of light received?

submitted by /u/DilutedGatorade
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Why can't they replace a meniscus?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 07:13 PM PST

Do train tracks build up an electrical charge when a train approaches?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 04:12 AM PST

I remember growing up that if you were to touch both rails as a train approached you would receive a shock

submitted by /u/Camkoda
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Is there any chance in any solar system, that a planet like Crematoria from the Chronicles of Riddick could exist?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 08:18 PM PST

So this is how the planet looks. The whole idea of the planet is that it goes from chilling cold to scorching hot. The movie cites it as -300 to +700. Overlooking the fact that -300 is an impossibility, could conditions exist that allow a planet a 1000 celsius degree span between day and night?.

submitted by /u/Alarinth
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Did last night's supermoon cause higher tides?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 02:35 AM PST

Apparently the moon was 7% larger (than usual? average?), which corresponds to it being 7% closer. The inverse square law for gravity suggests the Moon's pull was 14.5% higher, but I haven't heard any reports of exceptionally high tides.

Did this actually happen, or are there other factors I have overlooked?

submitted by /u/paolog
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Is there a chemical rule or pattern for what is harmful to the human body? I mean when Albert Hofmann discovered LSD how could he know he would nt die taking it?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 01:48 PM PST

Why does pushing on a computer screen make the colours go weird?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 04:55 PM PST

Do we know the approximate distribution of particles in the observable universe?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 01:27 AM PST

If we can approximate the number of baryons in the observable universe, what about the ratios of those baryons to each other? What about leptons, specifically electrons? Is there any way to estimate the number of electrons in the known universe at a given time?

submitted by /u/Toyotasmith
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How does the rate of female-on-female sexual assault compare to the rate of male-on-female sexual assault?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 12:45 AM PST

Specifically, I'm wondering how common it is for lesbians to rape or sexually assault other women, compared to straight men.

submitted by /u/tailcalled
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What if a BEC touches a hot surface?

Posted: 15 Nov 2016 12:19 AM PST

Monday, November 14, 2016

How can I obtain ethanol 100% if at 95.4% is considered an azeotrope?

How can I obtain ethanol 100% if at 95.4% is considered an azeotrope?


How can I obtain ethanol 100% if at 95.4% is considered an azeotrope?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 11:59 AM PST

I am currently in my thermodynamics class and was introduce to the term of azeotropics mixtures, and learned that ethanol 95% is considered one, my question therefore is if we can by other procedures other than distillation we can obtain ethanol 100%. Sorry for the poor grammar.

submitted by /u/AMOR17
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How do you concretely exploit the fact that a qubit can be in several states knowing that observing it is fixing its state ?*

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 02:46 PM PST

I think that I understand the superposition principle but I don't understand how can a quantum system can use it to explore more combination of qbit at once. For example factorisation ?

submitted by /u/maths-n-drugs
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If we made a stage light as big as the sun, what would the light and heat output be. Would Earth be destroyed if the light was directed at it?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 06:56 AM PST

Does radioactive decay of an atom cause significant changes in the properties of chemical compounds?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 05:24 AM PST

I am not asking about the radiation, what I mean is, for instance if F-18, used in Pet scans, decays to oxygen-18, the resulting oxygen will be unsaturated. Will it immediately react with another molecule in its surroundings? What about metals in organometallic complexes, will they instantly change configuration if the new metal center is unstable in the old one?

submitted by /u/tyeunbroken
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What is the significance of Mochizuki's ABC Conjecture?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 10:11 AM PST

As someone who does not have a backing in hard mathematics, is there a wildly simplified version of what the abc conjecture is/and does for mathematics?

submitted by /u/marathon664
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Will we ever reach a point where it must become necessary for people to specialize their entire lives?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 07:28 PM PST

Like will a soft cap, where research has gone so far that it takes a lifetime to catch up, ever occur? Will we avoid this by specializing kids after they have learned all they need to research? Because eventually, it will take an immense amount of time to learn what you need to know to research, right?

submitted by /u/GravityBringer
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If you have the exact sound file that was added to something during editing, can you then remove it from the finished version?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 06:20 PM PST

Say you have a recording of some soap opera and they have added a laugh track. If you have the exact same laugh track can you remove it from the audio to hear what the soap opera would be like without it?

submitted by /u/ix_Omega
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What causes the smoke/dust unsettling during a nuclear detention? (Before the shock wave)

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 02:21 AM PST

If you watch videos of tests, you will see what looks like smoke or dust rising from structures before the blast actually hits. What causes that? Is it just the heat from the detention?

Video for Reference (Courtesy of AtomCentral): https://youtu.be/ztJXZjIp8OA?t=16s

submitted by /u/nickster2230
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Qantum physics seems contradictory to wave functions in the photo electric effect, why?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 06:03 AM PST

So the question is, if photons actually exists in a form of a wave function, why cant they combine or positively interfere as to give rise to one larger energy state?

In the photo electric effect which we know is because of quantum physics, we could bombard a photo electric cell with intense lasers of a wavelength where the photons dont combine into an energy state with which it could knock an electron free, shouldnt this happen if photons actually existed in some form we would mathematically call a wave function.

Or am i just too ignorant of what is actually going on here? Some answers would be very welcome.

submitted by /u/baronmad
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Can we reasonably certain that laws of physics don't change over space and/or time?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 07:39 PM PST

It seems innocent enough to assume that the laws don't change but isn't that a very big assumption with far reaching consequences? Can we test this? It may be possible that small changes add up when we look very far in space and time like peering back into the moments after the big bang. Do have instruments sensitive enough over our small time and distance scales to rule out that this might be happening?

submitted by /u/PLATYPUS_DIARRHEA
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Why is there an electric field in a PN junction?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 01:01 PM PST

Hi! I am really puzzled and feel like I am missing something concerning the structure of a P-N junction. When I look at this image I see the unaffected parts (away from the junction) in both types of semiconductors labeled as "neutral".

I don't get it. Shouldn't the P semiconductor have positive overall charge thanks to a larger number of holes to electrons and vice versa for the N type (having more electrons than holes making it over all negative)?

Furthermore, when they form the junction, physical electrons from the N type should flow to the now available holes in the P type. Number of electrons in the N part of the junction decreases, lowering the overall negative charge and it feel like it should have neutral charge then? And on the P side, the excess number of holes gets filled by electrons, lowering the amount of positive charge and make it neutral, right? Then how comes that there is a positive charge on the N side and negative charge on the P side, as depicted on the picture, forming the electric field that prevents further diffusion of particles between the two parts.

I am really confused by this and would love to understand what am I missing here. Thanks and sorry for my English, not a native! :)

submitted by /u/WhereIsTheRing
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How possible or likely is it that Europa is sustaining life? Should we be optimistic or not for it's exploration?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 09:08 PM PST

Was just curious how likely it could be. If there were to be two separate starts of life in one solar system then life should be abundant across the solar system.

submitted by /u/HooksAreHard
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Can memory "degrade" from lack of use, similar to how a muscle will atrophy if not used?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 06:21 PM PST

Both long and short term memory. Say if you were in a long term (5+ years) situation where...you just weren't really required to remember anything on a daily basis, weather important or minimal. If so, is there any way of "working out" your memory to get it back? Can concentration be tied to this? Thanks :)

submitted by /u/0_Glass_0
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Is it possible to prove that any given number is irrational?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 08:29 PM PST

I've seen proofs that √2 and other square roots are irrational; but its there a generalized way in which you can take a given number and know if it's irrational? Also, if you add two irrational numbers, is the result irrational? What if you multiply, or do any operation, do they behave in a predictable manner?

submitted by /u/Samuel1698
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Does the velocity of its source influence the direction of light?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 02:20 AM PST

Say you are in a room without gravity, and you are moving upwards on an elevator at V_e = (0,1). (By 1 m/s in Y direction). You throw a ball forwards, in X direction, at velocity v_b = (1, 0). To a coordinate system fixed on the floor, the ball would be moving at V_b = (1,1).

If the elevator stops at the moment just after you have thrown the ball, the ball would then be moving at V_b = (1,1) relative to you. When it hits a wall at some distance, it will be higher than the elevator.

Visually:

 | | o| <-- place where ball hits the wall (B) | | . | | | . | | | . | |-| | <-- place where elevator stopped (A) | | | elev. wall 

If light were moving at a much lower speed so you can see the difference, and you would emit a pulse of light instead of a ball, would the pulse of light still end up at a higher location on the wall (B), or would it end up in front of you (A)?

submitted by /u/tmlnz
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Possible explanation of a cross section of a bound-free transition of a 1s Hydrogen-like atom?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 01:06 AM PST

Had to solve a problem including concepts such as: overlap integrals regarding two wavefunctions, dipole moment matrix element, and Fermi's golden rule to find this cross section. Here is a link to the specific problem. I understand the concept of wavefunctions, what all the variables mean, etc. But I become lost when it is introduced into the dipole moment matrix, and subsequently Fermi's Golden Rule. Would somebody be able to breakdown these concepts for me a bit? I was able to somewhat figure out the problem and got a mathematical answer, but I didn't know entirely what I was doing (i.e. my math felt empty, so to say).

submitted by /u/throwaway3141598
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What sort of lab/equipment is used to study quantum entanglement of particles?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 12:33 AM PST

I'm working on a short film that involves a bit of pseudoscience where the main character discovers how to entangle particles. It's not going to be 100% accurate by any means, but I'd like to at least make it somewhat believable.

submitted by /u/esotericsean
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If you combined 2 containers of water the same temperature, would would there be a temp change due to the interaction of molecules?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 05:38 PM PST

What is the maximum theoretical energy a perfectly efficient solar panel can get? How much energy is the sun hitting us with?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 07:15 AM PST

In other words, how big of a perfectly efficient solar panel would I need to power my cell phone? A car?

submitted by /u/blarghusmaximus
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How loud of a sound could occur within Earth's atmosphere?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 05:12 PM PST

Assuming an average density of molecules in the atmosphere of Earth, how loud of a sound could there be? Sound is a release of energy. Energy can rip apart atoms. Ipso-facto, how loud could a sound be before it rips apart the atoms of the medium it is travelling through (in this case the atmosphere)? And would the atoms being torn apart be enough to stop the sound from travelling?

submitted by /u/B_Wilks
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We all know that the that it takes light 20 min to reach mars to Earth thus meaning it takes information 20 min to reach Mars, so here is my question? What will the download speed be in Mars?

Posted: 14 Nov 2016 04:25 AM PST

Is it possible for a deaf person to have tinnitus?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 02:51 PM PST

I was wondering because it's not actual sound, but rather the perception of sound that is what causes the ringing sound so I was wondering if deaf people have to deal with this ever, or is it not possible?

submitted by /u/evan3138
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What is the difference between the functions(not structure) of reducing and non-reducing sugar?

Posted: 13 Nov 2016 08:20 PM PST

Sunday, November 13, 2016

Can a computer simulation create itself inside itself?

Can a computer simulation create itself inside itself?


Can a computer simulation create itself inside itself?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 08:13 PM PST

You know, that whole "this is all computer simulation" idea? I was wondering, are there already self replicating simulations? Specifically ones that would run themselves inside... themselves? And if not, would it be theoretically possible? I tried to look it up and I'm only getting conspiracy stuff.

submitted by /u/oneofthosenamethings
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Why does water make a rumbling sound when heated?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 09:19 AM PST

Even before the water is visibly bubbling, there is a low rumbling sound. What causes this?

submitted by /u/Slightly_Tender
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Since wifi has trouble going through walls, does it have as much trouble going through a wall of glass than a wall made of bricks? and what would the best material for wifi to travel through is the best?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 08:32 PM PST

How can both nuclear fission and fusion release energy?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 05:48 PM PST

I understand that nuclear fission releases energy such as a nuclear bomb. I also get that nuclear fusion such as how the sun power itself, also releases energy. How can two opposite processes both release energy?

submitted by /u/ketchup_farts
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What would happen if you stepped onto the Martian surface without a spacesuit? How quickly would you die, and what symptoms would you experience?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 11:41 PM PST

Is WiFi effected by elevation? For instance, in a hotel that has free WiFi, is the WiFi signal strength the same on the 30th floor as it is in the lobby?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 09:27 PM PST

Computing, engineering, mathematics, physics

submitted by /u/GGJallDAY
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Is there any functional difference at either the hardware or software level between selecting 'restart' to restart your computer, or pressing shut down, and turning it back on?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 10:42 AM PST

What causes this effect? Is it chromastrobic light?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 02:01 PM PST

At the link below, you can see at the 10th normal mode of an oscillating string, you get color production if the light from a projector shines on the string. Does this have to do with how the projector creates white light, as well as the frequencies of the string and refresh rate of the projector being close? Is this the same thing that Paul Friedlander uses in his chromastrobic light sculptures? An explanation would be fantastic. :) Thank you.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJLnabIM_v4

submitted by /u/ChemistBuzzLightyear
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How are colors determined when coloring pictures taken with an Electron Microscope?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 08:50 PM PST

I understand that colors are added in to Electron Microscope images but I am curious as to how the colors are chosen. Are they colored to imitate what the actual color is? Are they chosen randomly? Any information would be awesome!

submitted by /u/yeesper
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Are propellers on nuclear subs/ships connected directly to the steam turbine of the reactor?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 02:43 PM PST

Or is the steam turbine connected to a generator to make electricity to power electric motors for the propellers?

submitted by /u/FTLSquid
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Do sharks get dizzy?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 11:26 PM PST

This is probably a stupid question.

I saw this gif and then the question popped into my head. It really just applied to fish that can swim fast. With their speed and being able to make extreme turns and with their ability to go up and down, do they get dizzy? I know going in a circle makes humans dizzy, but what about sharks?

submitted by /u/IAmTrident
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When did modern ocean currents develop?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 11:20 AM PST

I'm writing a paper right now about El Niño and North Atlantic Oscillation in the stratigraphic record and it got me wondering how far back we could actually hope to see these events.

Did Atlantic currents start as soon as the ocean opened? If not, what caused the delay, and how do we know?

submitted by /u/SweetNatureHikes
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Where does the energy go in a solar cell when it is disconnected?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 06:48 PM PST

In a diesel generator, if you increase the load, you have to supply more fuel to keep the engine-generator turning at the same speed. Accordingly, if you electrically disconnect the generator, the engine has to burn less fuel or it will overspeed.

With a solar array, if E amount of energy is hitting the panel, some is turned to electricity, some is reflected, some is turned to heat, some passes through it, etc.... Presumably E-X(generatedkw) is going somewhere like reflected light and heating.

If the array is generating 5kw of power and it is suddenly disconnected from the grid, what happens to that 5kw of energy? A shade doesn't extend and the sun doesn't dim, so E is still striking the surface. I would think that 5kw has to "go" somewhere, probably in the form of heat, but I've never heard of a panel getting brighter/hotter/whatever if it's "unplugged" compared to plugged in. Or maybe it does? 5kw of energy (~1.5 tons) would probably be a noticeable heat or light increase, I would think.

ELI15: Where does the energy go, or what happens?

submitted by /u/a_cute_epic_axis
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Is entropy uniformly distributed?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 06:19 PM PST

Either in a local system or in the universe as a whole. Do we have any indication if you could have pockets if disorder and unpredictability?

submitted by /u/NotBlaine
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We worry about astroids hitting the earth, but could the moon ever come so close as to collide ?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 09:48 PM PST

Saw that the moon is passing by Monday at its closest in over 60 years. Wanted to know if this would ever be a risk factor.

submitted by /u/GarciaJones
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Why is it that the inverse function of non-commutative operations is so difficult?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 11:44 AM PST

The inverse of adding and multiplying is subtracting and dividing. Both addition and multiplication are commutative, and subtracting or dividing two numbers seems to require a very simple algorithm. Yet, for all operations as or more complex than exponentiation, it seems to take a lot of computing power, and no algorithm is simple enough to teach in grade school. What is the underlying mathematical reason behind this

submitted by /u/furutam
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Is there a reason we prefer instruments to start flat when tuning by ear?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 01:43 PM PST

When I've talked to musicians about tuning by ear, they often say that it is easier to hear the pitch differences and tune accordingly if it is going from flat -> in-tune, as opposed to sharp -> in-tune. For instance, when tuning a guitar, often musicians will make the string they want to tune wildly flat and then bring it up to tune as opposed to making it sharp. Is there a known reason our ears would favor this transition more than a sharp-> in-tune transition?

submitted by /u/theDumpiest
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Are there any simulations of the ocean levels in case of global cooling available?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 04:42 PM PST

I have managed to find plenty of ones for global warming, but I'm curious about how the world would look if significant global cooling would occur, such as might be caused by a super volcano eruption.

submitted by /u/notbatmanyet
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How is rocket fuel made?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 07:12 PM PST

If the universe is constantly expanding, was the value of the Planck's length different 8 billion years ago compared to now?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 02:31 PM PST

What causes a binary star system to rotate and is it possible to have one that doesn't rotate but eventually coalesces?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 10:32 AM PST

What cause the orbital dynamics of binary star systems and binary black hole systems that spiral in until they coalesce? If the binary stars or black holes are perfectly identical do they cancel out the gravitational waves that each emits during their rotations? Can two stars or black holes just coalesce without spiraling?

submitted by /u/glidepath
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Do bubbles increase size and speed as they surface?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 08:31 AM PST

[Astronomy] Is it theoretically possible to observe singular stars in other galaxies?

Posted: 12 Nov 2016 09:43 AM PST