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Friday, November 11, 2016

How do you optimally place two or more Hot Pockets in a Microwave?

How do you optimally place two or more Hot Pockets in a Microwave?


How do you optimally place two or more Hot Pockets in a Microwave?

Posted: 11 Nov 2016 04:30 AM PST

Not joking. Given two or more Hot Pockets, what is the optimal configuration to insure they all get cooked evenly?

submitted by /u/piedpipernyc
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How stable are USB thumbdrives for long-term storage?

Posted: 11 Nov 2016 07:10 AM PST

If I get a high-quality USB thumbdrive and put some files on it, will they still be there if I don't touch the drive for 5-10 years? Does the memory lose charge over time and eventually corrupt data? Should I plug it in to refresh the data every few months?

submitted by /u/killerguppy101
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Can we stand on both the ceiling and the floor of a ring shaped space station?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 08:47 PM PST

If there were a space station in outer space where it has a ring that spins around to create gravity (like the ones in the movie The Martian or ones from the game Elite Dangerous) would it be possible to stand on both the ceiling and the floor due to the centripetal and centrifugal forces?

submitted by /u/Nick_Fyurey
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Why is alpha decay always in the form of helium-4? Why does the particle never break apart into larger particles, like lithium?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 05:05 PM PST

Is it to do with the amount of electrons on the outer shell? Because that would make sense as to why it's always helium. Just curious.

submitted by /u/conalfisher
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How does music recognition/identification software work?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 09:03 PM PST

I am curious of how music recognition apps, such as Shazam and Grooveshark, work. If someone could shed some light on the process that they go through from when they hear a song, up until the point where they determine what song is playing. Thank-You.

submitted by /u/shantysaint
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If volcanoes spew up magma from the mantle, is there any finite amount of magma that can be spewed up? Will the mantle ever run out of magma?

Posted: 11 Nov 2016 07:42 AM PST

Can a strong permanent magnetic induce enough current in a motherboard or cpu to destroy the components?

Posted: 11 Nov 2016 07:42 AM PST

Does a strong permanent magnetic such as a large rare earth magnetic have a strong enough magnetic field that moving it close to a processor would damage it? Alternatively could a large magnet near a cpu cause errors during its operation?

submitted by /u/stradivarius117
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How close can an object be to a black hole when orbiting it, without eventually getting sucked in?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 08:54 PM PST

Assuming a black hole is a singularity, under classical mechanics, an object can get arbitrarily close to the black hole and still remain in stable orbit, provided it is traveling fast enough.

What exactly breaks down at large scales? Does the necessary orbital velocity reach the speed of light past the event horizon? What would it be like to be on a planet currently orbiting near a black hole, according to special relativity?

Also, does general relativity cause the orbiting object to lose momentum, in some way, from its own gravitational effects? (Forgive me, I don't know anything about general relativity)

submitted by /u/dhelfr
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Can metabolic activity of cells be measured in the used media after the cells have been cultured?

Posted: 11 Nov 2016 04:15 AM PST

As far as i am aware the most common ways for testing if cells have been metabolic active is to perform tests on the actual cells themselves. Is there any noticeable or measurable changes in the media after cells have been cultured in them?

submitted by /u/DeciduousAlpaca
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[GEO] What could cause these higher elevation mountains to be the warmest place in New Mexico?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 05:22 PM PST

According to the USDA Plant Hardiness Map the warmest spots in New Mexico reach zone 9a (compare to central Florida). These are elevated areas at 6000-7200 feet above sea level--the Las Uvas and Florida mountains, respectively. The surrounding plains of southern New Mexico at 4000 feet above sea level are zones 7b and 8a (compare to Arkansas). What factors are causing these mountains to remain so much warmer than the rest of the state? If a resistance to inversion is to blame, why are those two mountainous areas the only places resistant to it?

submitted by /u/thewindandrain
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What molecular properties determine a material's heat capacity?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 09:58 PM PST

For cancer, is tumour grade and degree of malignancy the same thing? If not, how is malignancy defined and determined?

Posted: 11 Nov 2016 01:36 AM PST

How often are wild animals born nearsighted or farsighted compared to their species norm?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 09:09 PM PST

It sure seems like a lot of humans are, so I was wondering if there'd been much study of wild animals (especially primates I suppose).

submitted by /u/gatfish
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[Physics]Does beta decay violate the law of conservation of mass and/or energy?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 02:54 PM PST

A proton has a mass of "1" amu, a neutron has a mass of "1" amu, and an electron has a mass of "1/1836" amu. Using these values, beta decay would violate the law of conservation of mass. Where does the mass of the electron come from?

submitted by /u/Maronti
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[Astronomy] What theories are there for Phobos becoming a moon of Mars, and is one considered the most likely?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 11:42 PM PST

Why are some specific amino acids in a protein sequence phosphorylated and other not? Ex. Serine 10 is and Serine 20 is not?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 01:44 PM PST

I am trying to research why certain amino acids (serines) are post translationally modified (glycosylated, lipidated, phosphorylated) while the serines in other same terminus are not affected at all. The same goes for glycosylation of asparagine and lipidation of cysteine. The prompt is specific to ADRB1 (adrenergic receptor beta 1).

Any response is greatly appreciated!

submitted by /u/JustBlazeEveryday
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[Mathematics] Is there a formula to how many perfect shuffles it takes for a certain amount of cards to go back to order?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 12:51 PM PST

I was playing with some cards. I wanted to know how many perfect shuffles it takes for cards to go back to order. I then started with a low amount of cards and did more and more. but didn't do more than 14.

A perfect shuffle is taking half the cards and then putting one behind the other if i have 4 cards- 1 2 3 4 (works best with even number of cards) i take 1 and 2 and shuffle them. 3 1 4 2 then again till it goes back to order.
*number of cards, number of shuffles *2 2 *4 4 reverses order after 2 shuffles. *6 3 *8 6 reverses order after 3 shuffles. *10 10 reverses order after 5 shuffles. *12 12 reverses order after 6 shuffles. *14 4

*why does 14 cards only take 4 shuffles?

submitted by /u/PenmanshipIsBest
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How is the enzyme Lactase produced within a cell?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 07:36 PM PST

I tried researching it a bit but couldn't find a good source of information.

submitted by /u/Emiya_
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If a person studies a certain subject, will they lose their skill at other subjects they have studied?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 03:40 PM PST

For example, if I focus on studying electrical engineering as a hobby for five years, then switch to studying chess for the next year, will I "lose" my skill at electrical engineering? Or will my brain retain everything I have studied in both areas? Does studying more topics as hobbies simply help your brain become more well rounded? Or do you only have a finite amount of brain power (seems likely unfortunately) and in your day to day life you must choose how to allocate your brain's limited resources? I feel like this is crucial question for all of academia in general.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/makhno
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What difference does it make whether time is discrete or continuous?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 09:09 AM PST

I'm very curious on whether it is but wonder what the ramifications would be.

submitted by /u/fromRonnie
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How is this a Taylor expansion? Where does the integral come from?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 09:30 AM PST

I found this in a paper.

phi is some function, and phi_j is the value of phi at some point x_j. x is a 3d cartesian coordinate. D represents a derivative.

I get the first bit - it's the first order taylor expansion, it's just a form of y(x+h)~hy(x)dy/dx. The second term looks vaguely like what I'd expect - it's got a second order derivative, and a (1/2) term in there. But for some reason there's an integral over a new variable s in there? It's not mentioned any time before in the paper - it's apparently assumed the reader recognises that this is part of a Taylor expansion. Any idea what's going on here?

submitted by /u/Astrokiwi
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Thursday, November 10, 2016

Carbon in all forests is 638 GtC. Annual carbon emissions by humans is 9.8 GtC (1.5% of 638). Would increasing forests by 1.5% effectively make us carbon-neutral?

Carbon in all forests is 638 GtC. Annual carbon emissions by humans is 9.8 GtC (1.5% of 638). Would increasing forests by 1.5% effectively make us carbon-neutral?


Carbon in all forests is 638 GtC. Annual carbon emissions by humans is 9.8 GtC (1.5% of 638). Would increasing forests by 1.5% effectively make us carbon-neutral?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 06:27 AM PST

The broader question here is: to what extent is reforestation a viable strategy for halting climate change?

This question is based off /u/PM_ME_UR_Definitions's thoughtful comment here, which includes relevant sources.

submitted by /u/SgtSprinkle
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Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi - does that mean the true psi of my car tire is the difference of the tire pressure from the atmospheric pressure?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 02:13 PM PST

Can you travel faster than light relative to a moving object?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 06:10 PM PST

So if two ships are moving away from each other, each going .9 the speed of light, their relative speed to each other would be 1.8 the speed of light. So obviously it's possible to go faster than the SOL relative to another object, right?. And everything in space is moving relative to everything else. So if the earth is moving in one direction at say .01 SOL (not just our orbit but solar system and galaxy are moving as well), and a ship travelled away from it at .99, we would be traveling at light speed as far as our origin is concerned, right? Then I think, space is just empty, how can it limit your speed with no reference, but it doesn't limit it with a reference like with the two moving ships. Sorry I hope I'm making sense.

submitted by /u/goldenrule78
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Is there a way of determining the boiling point of any(known) substance other than trying?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 02:00 PM PST

The title really.

E.g. water: can we determine the boiling point of water by any othe rmethod other than heating it until that point?

submitted by /u/mormotomyia
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How exact does the energy of a photon need to be to excite an electron?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 05:59 PM PST

A quick wikipedia search says that to excite a hydrogen electron from ground state to its first energy level, the photon's wavelength must be 121.6 nm. But 121.6...what? How precise does that wavelength have to really be, and why?

submitted by /u/PhascinatingPhysics
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Is the color of a plasma due to a jump from only one shell to another, and not any other shells?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 02:14 PM PST

In other words, can an argon plasma (purplish) show up as different colors if the electrons are excited to a "further away" shell?

Everywhere I look says the colors of various gases are one color, but the presence of multiple energy levels in atoms makes me think there should be a variety of colors dependent on how much energy you are sending to the gas.

submitted by /u/Zamperweenie
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How many Different bluetooth devices could stream music to separate earphones simultaneously in a railway carriage before running into bandwidth problems?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 05:55 AM PST

Bluetooth has a range of ca. 10 m, comparable to a railway car, and it has 79 channels and a piconet structure with up to 8 nodes per net. Streaming music in an appropriately compressed packet format should have a well defined data rate, and it should be possible to estimate how many people could use a personal bluetooth connection within a possibly very crowded railway car simultaneously without performance impairments. I get myself confused between the protocols - can anyone help out, please?

submitted by /u/Greebo24
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Are galaxies laid out in any sort of order, or just scattered randomly?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 03:30 AM PST

If you look at a small section of stars they look randomly positioned, but if you zoom out far enough they are arranged in galaxies.

If we could zoom out even further would we find that galaxies are arranged in some sort of massive pattern, or are they just scattered randomly throughout the universe?

submitted by /u/DrStalker
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What unit did Isaac Newton use for force?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 12:47 PM PST

Sorry if this is the wrong sub, but this came up in my AP Physics class today. We decided that he probably didn't call them Newtons, but I can't find what he did call them.

submitted by /u/booka800
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If a solid is ground extremely finely, will it become a liquid?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 01:01 PM PST

What percentage of known atoms are formed by stars?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 05:51 AM PST

Where did STD's come from?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 03:42 AM PST

I've heard Evolutionary Psychologists saying that mongamy is not natural for men particularly, and to have as many sexual partners is a good survival mechanism to pass on your DNA to as many fertile women as possible. So why all the STD's, why have we not evolved to be immune to them when they prevent people from this purpose?

submitted by /u/offthekirbYouTube
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How can a star turn into a black hole?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 12:26 AM PST

I know if a star collapses, it can turn into a black hole. But how can the "normal" level of gravity of a star turn into gravity so strong that even light can't escape? As far as I know the mass of the star doesn't increase when it collapses, so why does the gravitational pull increase? I thought gravity was directly linked to the mass of an object.

submitted by /u/xylvera
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How long do immunoglobin molecules last in the blood and are they being continuously created?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 05:52 AM PST

I was discussing this with a friend - it's been a few years since our immunology class and I couldn't find the answer in a book. I know that after a person gets a hepatitis B vaccine, they develop immunity as anti-Hbs immunoglobulins. I'm guessing B cells which bind to antigens in the vaccine become plasma cells and memory cells and start to secrete those immunoglobulins. My question is - if we can find anti-Hbs immunoglobulins in the blood of vaccinated people even 10 years after they were vaccinated, are those the same anti-Hbs created immediately after vaccination or do memory lymphocytes continuously create the antibodies, and would exposure to the virus cause more memory cells to activate and create more antibodies to help with the immune response? Furthermore, since there are memory cells in the circulation, would whole blood transfusion from a vaccinated person to an unvaccinated person make them immune, or would the immune system of the unvaccinated person kill the foreign lymphocytes?

submitted by /u/RogueTanuki
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[Geology] Is it possible to determine the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere during a long-passed volcanic event? If so, how would it be done?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 01:54 AM PST

Speaking mostly of the Siberian Traps eruption, but any long passed eruption will do. Would it be possible for us to measure precisely the amount of CO2 that would have been ejected into the atmosphere, or would it only be possible to estimate it?

submitted by /u/idiotsonfire
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Given that time is quantised, does it follow that collisions are imperfect?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 10:19 PM PST

Let me explain my question: I used to make games back in the day, and I often bumped into the following issue: The screen was redrawn 60 times per second. If you would move an object, you'd move it a certain amount of pixels every frame to give the illusion of movement. But imagine the following:

  • The screen is updated 60 times per second
  • One ball moves 4 pixels to the right every frame.
  • Another ball moves 10 pixels to the left every frame.

At frame 34 the two balls are right next to each-other and don't collide. The next frame the balls are updated and are now intersected 14 pixels!

The only way I could solve this is to calculate the precise point where and when they collided to know how they should correctly bounce.

Since I read somewhere that time is also quantised (just like the game was quantised to 60 hz), I wonder if subatomic particles experience the same behaviour where they can intersect, before a collision is triggered and if this has in-fact been tested or observed.

I hope the question makes sense.

submitted by /u/Rhinoid
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How does matter alter the expansion of the universe?

Posted: 10 Nov 2016 12:28 AM PST

I often hear regarding the future of the universe that it will either expand forever, come to a stop, or reverse and collapse depending on the amount of matter there is in it. I get that matter attracts matter but why does space-time care? Does not matter just inhabit space-time but is movable independently of it?

submitted by /u/Guranmedg
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Is it possible to build a truly synthetic cell, i.e. a living organism not based on bacteria or other naturally-occurring cells?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 02:50 PM PST

I was discussing cell biology with a friend yesterday, specifically how so many aspects of it are poorly understood. For example even in synthetic biology, where we strive to engineer organisms "from scratch", we're really starting with a quite complex and, it turns out, not fully-defined system (bacteria or yeast, usually).

Anyway, we got to talking about the possibility of engineering living organisms truly from scratch, that is, without necessarily using nucleic acids, proteins and lipids as building blocks. Is this even possible? Are there other molecules that we could imagine would form the basis of a living organism?

submitted by /u/free_heeler
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What's stopping a commercial jet airliner from being flown into space?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 09:36 PM PST

With enough momentum in a 747, would it be possible to exit Earth's atmosphere?

submitted by /u/wtfisrobin
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What advancements in science did Galileo make, other than revolutionizing astronomy?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 03:42 PM PST

I've been reading about Galileo and I'm interested in learning more about him. However, many of the sources I have read have only acknowledged his advancements in astronomy. What else did he do for science?

submitted by /u/childishchipolino
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Wednesday, November 9, 2016

What happens to gravity when mass is converted into energy?

What happens to gravity when mass is converted into energy?


What happens to gravity when mass is converted into energy?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:55 PM PST

An objective that has mass also has gravity. If the mass is converted into energy, what happens to this gravity?

submitted by /u/DngrDan
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Can nuclear waste from a reactor be used to create energy still?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 03:01 PM PST

It still produces heat so can't it be used in a BWR reactor again?

submitted by /u/HeyThatsGood
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How does a CANDU reactor work?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 04:13 AM PST

So im reading a bit about the subject, and came across the Canada Deuterium-uranium reactor. I wonder why it can use natural occuring uranium as fuel and heavy water moderator?

Wouldnt the d2o slow down the neutrons to thermal state, and making the u-238 less likely to fission?

submitted by /u/laksir
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do we make the thick sheets of armor for tanks and warships?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 08:17 AM PST

So I was just wondering, the composite armor that we use for tanks and the battleships of old are extremely thick and hard, so how do we shape/mold them?

How do we fashion this extremely hard and durable materials into the specific shape of a tank or the hull of a ship and how do we get various different sections of the hull to join together?

I'm assuming that welding doesn't work due to just how strong the materials are.

submitted by /u/BojackToddman
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The latitude of the northernmost point in Antarctica (63°S) is comparable to substantial settlements in the northern hemisphere such as Anchorage (61°N) or Fairbanks (64°N), but the conditions for habitation appear to be much worse. What is the reason for this?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:56 PM PST

Why is there such a massive gap between galaxies? Why isn't the universe just one giant cluster?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 06:53 AM PST

I was reading about Oviraptors, and it seems they aren't part of the Dromaeosauridae family. Why are they called raptors then?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 01:48 AM PST

Dromaeosauridae is the raptor family. I'm wondering how, if at all, are oviraptors and the raptor family related?

submitted by /u/iam_potato
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How does the secondary current of a transformer behave?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 05:34 PM PST

Image you have 230V and 10A at the primary circuit and you have 11500V and 0.2A at the secondary circuit. So when I place a 50 Ohm resistor in parallel with the secondary circuit, will the current be 0.2A in that resistor because the secondary circuit can only provide that much or will the current be 11500V / 50 Ohm = 230A. Then what will happen to the secondary Voltage? Or what would happen if i place a 500kOhm resistor in parallel with the secondary circuit, will the current be only 0,023A and will the voltage rise?

submitted by /u/partyhattrick
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How and why does the human body become tolerant to drugs?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 12:31 AM PST

Do all stars spin? And what is the source of a star's angular momentum?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 06:16 PM PST

From what I understand of astronomy, which is admittedly not very much, stars form from clouds of mostly hydrogen and helium which collapse through gravitational attraction until sufficient mass and density for sustained nuclear fusion. Wikipedia says that developing protostars acquire protoplanetary disks as

random gas motions originally present in the cloud average out in favor of the direction of the [solar] nebula's net angular momentum.

But why do solar nebulae rotate in the first place? Is that just a necessary condition for star formation or is there another mechanism at work? Would it be possible for a start to form without spinning?

submitted by /u/Iustinianus_I
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Will I able to sit in a free floating chair in water as I do normally in land? Why or why not?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 03:39 AM PST

How does menthol clear your sinuses and break up congestion?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 07:02 PM PST

Is it possible to correctly determine the age of a (living) person by conducting some tests on them?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:50 PM PST

I know there is carbon dating for fossils but if I want to determine the age of a person or an animal, is it possible through some biological tests?

submitted by /u/yalogin
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What triggers trees to shed their leaves?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 10:04 AM PST

Is it temperature or something else that signals it is time for the leaves to fall?

submitted by /u/detroitwings99
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Why on a cellular level do we die (rather than go into stasis)?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 03:52 PM PST

When there is an interruption in the supply of O2 or organic fuel molecules to our cells (or an interruption in both, such as when blood flow is interrupted), it's obvious that cellular respiration will have to cease as the process runs on O2 and organic fuel.

Thus, whatever ATP a cell already has should be fairly quickly depleted, and cellular activity will cease.

But why does this lead to our death? Why doesn't this lack of ATP (and consequent lack of the cell to be able to DO anything) simply lead to some kind of stasis? Rather than irreversible tissue damage and/or death of the organism, why don't we simply see a situation where muscles can't contract, nerves can't fire due to loss of Na/K-ATPase pump, etc...but with the possibility of recover once the supply of O2 and fuel is restored? Most machines seem to work this way...when I unplug my computer from it's power supply, it doesn't cause permanent damage to its circuits!

In other words, there must be at least some cellular functions that need to be done without interruption in order to avoid permanent damage to the cells, leading to the death of the organism...What cellular functions are like these? Is it that the proteins or other components start to break down, perhaps without some kind of ATP-powered enzymatic maintenance going on?

**FYI, I've posted this in the past on another forum, but I think I'll get better answers here!

submitted by /u/bruin06
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