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Wednesday, November 9, 2016

What happens to gravity when mass is converted into energy?

What happens to gravity when mass is converted into energy?


What happens to gravity when mass is converted into energy?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:55 PM PST

An objective that has mass also has gravity. If the mass is converted into energy, what happens to this gravity?

submitted by /u/DngrDan
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Can nuclear waste from a reactor be used to create energy still?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 03:01 PM PST

It still produces heat so can't it be used in a BWR reactor again?

submitted by /u/HeyThatsGood
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How does a CANDU reactor work?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 04:13 AM PST

So im reading a bit about the subject, and came across the Canada Deuterium-uranium reactor. I wonder why it can use natural occuring uranium as fuel and heavy water moderator?

Wouldnt the d2o slow down the neutrons to thermal state, and making the u-238 less likely to fission?

submitted by /u/laksir
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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How do we make the thick sheets of armor for tanks and warships?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 08:17 AM PST

So I was just wondering, the composite armor that we use for tanks and the battleships of old are extremely thick and hard, so how do we shape/mold them?

How do we fashion this extremely hard and durable materials into the specific shape of a tank or the hull of a ship and how do we get various different sections of the hull to join together?

I'm assuming that welding doesn't work due to just how strong the materials are.

submitted by /u/BojackToddman
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The latitude of the northernmost point in Antarctica (63°S) is comparable to substantial settlements in the northern hemisphere such as Anchorage (61°N) or Fairbanks (64°N), but the conditions for habitation appear to be much worse. What is the reason for this?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:56 PM PST

Why is there such a massive gap between galaxies? Why isn't the universe just one giant cluster?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 06:53 AM PST

I was reading about Oviraptors, and it seems they aren't part of the Dromaeosauridae family. Why are they called raptors then?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 01:48 AM PST

Dromaeosauridae is the raptor family. I'm wondering how, if at all, are oviraptors and the raptor family related?

submitted by /u/iam_potato
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How does the secondary current of a transformer behave?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 05:34 PM PST

Image you have 230V and 10A at the primary circuit and you have 11500V and 0.2A at the secondary circuit. So when I place a 50 Ohm resistor in parallel with the secondary circuit, will the current be 0.2A in that resistor because the secondary circuit can only provide that much or will the current be 11500V / 50 Ohm = 230A. Then what will happen to the secondary Voltage? Or what would happen if i place a 500kOhm resistor in parallel with the secondary circuit, will the current be only 0,023A and will the voltage rise?

submitted by /u/partyhattrick
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How and why does the human body become tolerant to drugs?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 12:31 AM PST

Do all stars spin? And what is the source of a star's angular momentum?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 06:16 PM PST

From what I understand of astronomy, which is admittedly not very much, stars form from clouds of mostly hydrogen and helium which collapse through gravitational attraction until sufficient mass and density for sustained nuclear fusion. Wikipedia says that developing protostars acquire protoplanetary disks as

random gas motions originally present in the cloud average out in favor of the direction of the [solar] nebula's net angular momentum.

But why do solar nebulae rotate in the first place? Is that just a necessary condition for star formation or is there another mechanism at work? Would it be possible for a start to form without spinning?

submitted by /u/Iustinianus_I
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Will I able to sit in a free floating chair in water as I do normally in land? Why or why not?

Posted: 09 Nov 2016 03:39 AM PST

How does menthol clear your sinuses and break up congestion?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 07:02 PM PST

Is it possible to correctly determine the age of a (living) person by conducting some tests on them?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:50 PM PST

I know there is carbon dating for fossils but if I want to determine the age of a person or an animal, is it possible through some biological tests?

submitted by /u/yalogin
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What triggers trees to shed their leaves?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 10:04 AM PST

Is it temperature or something else that signals it is time for the leaves to fall?

submitted by /u/detroitwings99
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Why on a cellular level do we die (rather than go into stasis)?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 03:52 PM PST

When there is an interruption in the supply of O2 or organic fuel molecules to our cells (or an interruption in both, such as when blood flow is interrupted), it's obvious that cellular respiration will have to cease as the process runs on O2 and organic fuel.

Thus, whatever ATP a cell already has should be fairly quickly depleted, and cellular activity will cease.

But why does this lead to our death? Why doesn't this lack of ATP (and consequent lack of the cell to be able to DO anything) simply lead to some kind of stasis? Rather than irreversible tissue damage and/or death of the organism, why don't we simply see a situation where muscles can't contract, nerves can't fire due to loss of Na/K-ATPase pump, etc...but with the possibility of recover once the supply of O2 and fuel is restored? Most machines seem to work this way...when I unplug my computer from it's power supply, it doesn't cause permanent damage to its circuits!

In other words, there must be at least some cellular functions that need to be done without interruption in order to avoid permanent damage to the cells, leading to the death of the organism...What cellular functions are like these? Is it that the proteins or other components start to break down, perhaps without some kind of ATP-powered enzymatic maintenance going on?

**FYI, I've posted this in the past on another forum, but I think I'll get better answers here!

submitted by /u/bruin06
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Tuesday, November 8, 2016

Why don't we snore while awake? What changes in our breathing when we fall asleep?

Why don't we snore while awake? What changes in our breathing when we fall asleep?


Why don't we snore while awake? What changes in our breathing when we fall asleep?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 10:18 PM PST

If two power plants feed AC voltage/current into the same electricity grid, how do we make sure they are in the same phase to not cancel out each other?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:37 AM PST

If two power generators feed a sinusoidal voltage into the grid, but one has a phase difference of 180° to the other, wouldn't the voltages cancel each other out?

So after the voltage of the power plant is transformed into the appropriate voltage, how do we make sure the voltages have appropriate phase differences? Or does it not make any difference what phase the feeded voltage of each power plant is?

submitted by /u/Boshy911
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Why does marijuana seem to help patients suffering from seizures? Have there been studies that worked out the specific biochemistry of how cannabinoids interrupt a seizure and/or reduce their frequency?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 10:16 PM PST

I know that in many states where medicinal legalization is being talked about, often times powerful dialogue in the pro-legalization camp centers on children suffering from intractable seizures.

It seems to me if people who are very anti-drug are somehow especially swayed by the idea that it benefits kids, there must be a lot of good research and evidence backing that up. I just don't know the research, and probably wouldn't totally understand the science if I read it for myself, but I'm incredibly curious.

Thanks, wise ones!
(apologies for potentially misusing any science words)

submitted by /u/thisisrealitynotreal
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Why prime numbers (and only them AFAIK) are giving me this plot?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 06:22 PM PST

First of all, sorry if this question is dumb. I have been playing today with prime numbers and I have encountered something extremely intriguing (at least for me). I am a software developer and I have written a simple piece of code in Python just to play and see if I can spot some patterns and just for fun generally. I'm no mathematics expert, but I'm very intrigued of why a simple algorithm like this:


primes = prime_gen() screen_w = 1600 screen_h = 800 last = 2 while 1: n = primes.next() x = screen_w/2 + math.cos(last) * screen_w/2 y = screen_h/2 + math.sin(n) * screen_h/2 pixel(screen, RED, (x, y)) last = n 

is giving me this awesome chart http://imgur.com/vzCqBHt ?

I have tried normal integers with multiple expressions, but it seems that only subsequent primes are giving this awesome image.

Any mathematicians care to explain to me why is that? Thank you.

submitted by /u/karoltomala
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When you gain a lot of weight do your nerves and veins grow to accommodate the expanded surface area of your body?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 08:06 PM PST

When you lose weight do your nerves and veins shrink?

Also, do thinner people have more skin sensitivity due to nerve endings being more concentrated in a smaller surface area?

submitted by /u/candy_grrl
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Is the net gravitational pull of a planet towards the centre of the planet, even though that is counteracted by the gravitational pull of matter on the opposite side of the planet?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 05:32 AM PST

This is a very rudimentary question, I've drawn a picture to try and illustrate it.

Pic

Its only just occurred to me that choosing 1 cubic meter of the earth at some point between the centre of the earth and the surface I should find that is it being pulled towards the core by some mass but towards the surface by the mass above it.

So the net force is towards the centre, until you reach the centre, where the net force would be zero.

In other words an object on earth is being pulled in literally all directions, it just so happens that the net force is towards the centre of the earth, because there is a great deal more mass on one side than the other.

Is that correct?

submitted by /u/mojave_mo_problems
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Why doesn't silicon sulfide have the same (or at least very similar) giant covalent structure as silicon dioxide?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 06:51 AM PST

Black holes "slow down" time. Is there an astronomical phenomenon that "speeds up" time for a handful of people? Could we use it to "get ahead" in the galactic race for domination/survival?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 06:17 AM PST

The question is serious, although it might sound like it's from a c-movie of sorts. You might need to cut me some slack here. From what I understand (and the movies tell me), time "slows down" considerably close to a black hole. It doesn't slow down noticably for the one being close to the black hole, only for the spectator far away. That's relativity, right? A couple of hours too close "make time fly" for the rest of the universe.

Is there an opposite phenomenon, where times starts flying by for a few whereas the rest of the universe "slows down"? Maybe what I'm asking is this: is there such a phenomenen and a way to use it to sort of "cheat" on the speed of advancement and development in relation to the rest of the universe? A chance to "get ahead"?

submitted by /u/Frankenstone3D
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How did Einstein extrapolate black holes from General Relativity?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 07:54 PM PST

Does hardware get slower / worse over time?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 05:44 PM PST

Example my phone seems to be slower now than when I got it (even after a factory reset). Also the camera seems to get worse.

Is this in my head or does that actually happen?

submitted by /u/c00yt825
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Can noise exist/be detectable at a microscopic scale?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 06:19 AM PST

I study malaria and i was just thinking about whether they would make a noise? I was never very good at physics so am not actually sure if detectable noise can exist at that scale?

submitted by /u/TheToiletDuck
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Does a complex number have a polar form if the real part is 0?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 04:03 AM PST

If you calculate tan-1 you would have to divide by zero..

submitted by /u/Tirunculus
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Why don't we use the Moon for gravity assists when sending probes into the rest of the solar system?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 04:25 PM PST

I know the STEREO observatories used a lunar gravity assist, but I can't find any other examples of missions that use the Moon. Is it because its lumpy gravity provides too much uncertainty for a deep space mission?

submitted by /u/buffalosubcon
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Will eating 100ml of ice cubes hydrate you the same way as drinking 100ml of water?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 04:48 PM PST

As the title says. If I would use 100ml water to make ice cubes and eat them, would this hydrate me the same way as straight up drinking 100ml of water? Or will drinking be more efficient/contain more water than eating ice cubes that are made of the same of water?

submitted by /u/Rakanoid
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What would happen if a celestial body the size/mass of the moon hit the sun at 0.999c? What if it the object was Jupiter-sized?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 03:36 PM PST

State space feedback controller design with a reference input?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 06:44 PM PST

In classical controls, to control a plant with a reference input the simple structure looks like this. Where the controller multiplies the error. I'm having trouble understanding why in state space feedback systems the gain matrix seems to always multiply the state variables rather than the error term. Like this. Wouldn't it make more sense to put K after the sum? Any insight? Thanks!

submitted by /u/quickQuestion139
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What would stop someone from 3D printing me a bomb and blowing me up?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 06:29 AM PST

If I had a 3D printer and someone wanted to kill me could they not just get a bomb printed out at my house and kill me? I'm just a little worried, that's all. Any answers would be appreciated.

submitted by /u/makesickbeatsnotwar
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If Mars' atmosphere is predominately carbon dioxide, would it be possible to grow plants in an enclosure with proper protection from UV and dust storms?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 03:45 PM PST

With fertile soil and water too of course, but without needing to produce an artificial atmosphere for them to grow in?

submitted by /u/FastX2
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Why are BEC's not possible in a photon gas?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 07:47 PM PST

Does it have to do with the fact that the number of photons is not conserved?

submitted by /u/Paul-Lubanski
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How is diesel particulate filter (DFP) regeneration clean for the environment?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 09:56 PM PST

I have been wondering about the regeneration of DPF when driving our diesel cars. So DPFs are supposed to prevent pollutant particles from going into our air, so it does it by trapping it in the filter. However, cars have this mechanism where the filter is regenerated as we drive, so we burn off the "soot" so that the filter doesn't clog up. If the soot is burned off, and goes into the atmosphere, doesn't this mean that the filter is not doing anything?

I understand that there are NOx and other things being filtered out, but this is regarding particulate matter...

submitted by /u/MugaDWhale
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Why does it take the same time to travel to NY->London and London->NY on an airplane, when one way is WITH the spin of the Earth, and the other is the AGAINST the spin of the Earth?

Posted: 08 Nov 2016 01:35 AM PST

I managed to watch a video discussing this idea, and it's confusing me like hell. How does this work?

submitted by /u/stolenmeerkats
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Is Bohm's Interpretation of quantum mechanics still relevant in today's physics?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 04:10 PM PST

I was reading a bit on it, and I thought it was interesting as a deterministic interpretation of quantum mechanics. Is it still a field of study today, or is it not relevant?

submitted by /u/AboveDisturbing
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How come ice cubes don't always float 9% above water?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 07:04 PM PST

I understand the basic differences in the density between ice and water, and that's why ice floats 9% above water like icebergs, however my classmate has a bottle of water with ice cubes in it right now, and some ice cubes clearly aren't above the water 9%. What's the explanation to this?

submitted by /u/nikko160
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How does epinephrine (adrenaline) cause skeletal muscle twitching?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 06:04 PM PST

It's a known side effect of adrenaline and acts via B2 receptors (or so I've been told) but how does this transmitter affect the somatic system? How does the sympathetic system interact with skeletal muscle?

Are there Beta-2 receptors in skeletal muscle? This has been bugging me...

submitted by /u/Aristo_socrates
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Monday, November 7, 2016

If we detonated large enough of a nuclear bomb on Jupiter, could we initialize a nuclear chain reaction and create a second sun?

If we detonated large enough of a nuclear bomb on Jupiter, could we initialize a nuclear chain reaction and create a second sun?


If we detonated large enough of a nuclear bomb on Jupiter, could we initialize a nuclear chain reaction and create a second sun?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 05:27 AM PST

Did the land ever fully recover from the Dust Bowl, or were some losses permanent?

Posted: 05 Nov 2016 08:55 PM PDT

Why does the strong force increase with distance whilst the residual strong force decrease with distance?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 03:46 PM PST

Having just watched the first episode of Planet Earth 2 I'm left wondering. How do these new born marine iguanas know to stay still to avoid detection from the racer snakes? Guess? Instinct?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 01:10 PM PST

Being new born, I would presume there's no way they could 'know' that the racer snakes have bad eye sight and therefore it's a good defense mechanism. If its somehow known instinctively could someone explain the mechanisms behind how? Thanks!

submitted by /u/Rawrasaurusex
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Do we know how or why five-sided symmetrical organisms evolved?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 07:50 AM PST

The majority of multi-cellular life here on earth is bilaterally symmetric. However a notable exception is the large class of sea-living invertebrates known as echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins, etc), which typically exhibit radial five-sided symmetry.

However reading Wikipedia it states that "[t]he larvae of echinoderms have bilateral symmetry but this is lost during metamorphosis when their bodies are reorganised and develop the characteristic radial symmetry of the echinoderm, typically pentamerism".

My understanding of evolutionary biology is low but the above suggests to me that an ancient bilaterally-symmetrical ancestor of modern echinoderms found some benefit to this body layoutt -- but it strikes me as an extremely odd mutation. Is there any knowledge or evidence about how, why, or when this might have occurred?

submitted by /u/buried_treasure
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Why do beans make you fart?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 06:57 PM PST

Do Identical Sections of DNA Strands in Different Organisms Have The Same Effect/Code for The Same Things?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 06:44 PM PST

Is radioactive particle decay (half-life) subject to time dilation?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 06:04 AM PST

How do you increase the amount of information a picture can hold?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 01:12 PM PST

I was watching a gif zooming in on a high resolution picture and I am curious how some pictures can hold more information (detail) than others. Also: how does resolution measure this?

submitted by /u/DuSundavr
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What, specifically, are the most "useful" traits of quantum mechanics?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 01:51 PM PST

A common refrain in popular science programs(Michio Kaku, Brian Greene, N.D. Tyson...) is that the modern world and economy couldn't function without the exploitation of quantum mechanics. But they usually don't describe the specific properties that are the most useful, and how they are applied and exploited. So, what are they?

submitted by /u/hotchd
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does a radioisotope like Ir192 produce x-rays?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 05:23 PM PST

Ir192 is used for ndt but i dont get how a radioactive material produce xrays.

submitted by /u/The904thDoctor
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What causes temporary deafening and ringing when in the presence of a loud, concussive blast?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 02:05 PM PST

As the title says, I'd like to know what specific things are happening that cause ringing and temporary deafness in our ears when we experience some sort of trauma via pressure/blast waves.

Examples:

  • Firing guns in confined spaces without ear protection.
  • Being slapped in the ear.
submitted by /u/Janooba
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How do flight feathers allow for birds to fly? What properties do they have that other feathers don't?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 06:55 PM PST

Why can't E1 and E2 reactions simultaneously occur?

Posted: 07 Nov 2016 01:30 AM PST

Why does the reaction have to be only one of them? Can't a single reaction be both E1 and E2 if the necessary conditions (nucleophile strength etc) are met?

submitted by /u/Sterben123
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Are there any examples of animals practicing medicine in the wild?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 08:04 AM PST

From simple things as eating certain herbs when they feel sick to preparing any types of salves or even as complicated as mending wounds, are there any animals that do this or is this just something humans do?

I know elephants have their young eat feces so they get the necessary bacteria in their stomachs to digest the greens they eat and I guess that's sort of medicinal, but what are, if there are any, other examples?

submitted by /u/Crxssroad
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How do pion and kaon condensates work?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 12:55 PM PST

Im specifically interested in how they interact in hypothetical neutron star cores. There aren't a ton of places that detail them in very understandable terms. I understand their basic concepts of being able to form condensates due to baryonic properties, but where do they all come from? Do nucleons come apart and their quark building blocks come together to form these particles or what?

submitted by /u/Einstein100dollars
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How does helium affect instruments?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 10:50 AM PST

If instruments were played in a chamber filled completely with helium (or other non-oxygen gas), how would it affect the pitch/timbre of the instrument? Would it affect different instruments (wind/string/percussion) differently?

I'm a musician & sound engineer, so I understand specifics of music, instruments, and basics of the physics of sound.

submitted by /u/clay_vessel777
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Does air pressure affect the amplification of sound? and if so how does it affect sound waves?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 02:01 PM PST

I wanted to know if for example, a sound was reproduced in a high pressure or low pressure environment would it affect its amplitude? An example would be shouting on top of a mountain, is it perceived louder because of the air space or is it also amplified by the low pressure environment.

submitted by /u/7Official
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When catching a ball, how do the hands position themselves to catch the ball?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 08:21 AM PST

What I mean by this is that if the head is focusing on the ball, how do the hands position themselves in three dimensional space in order to catch the ball?

submitted by /u/Adak17
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What is the finest texture that a human can detect with their fingers?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 06:57 PM PST

Why do we call different groups of animals by different names (e.g. herd, pack, pod, etc.)?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 08:39 AM PST

Why do we call different groups of animals by different names (e.g. herd, pack, pod, etc.)? Is there a scientific reason behind this linked to behavior or function?

submitted by /u/pukestain
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[Human Body] How does radiation affect you on a cellular level? What makes it so deadly?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 06:03 AM PST

What is the typical pH range of freshwater environments?

Posted: 06 Nov 2016 01:43 PM PST

Hey all,

I need a decent reference for my PhD thesis on the pH of freshwater systems, but I'm struggling to find any primary literature. I've got 6-8 as a starting point, but not from any reputable sources. Can anyone help with this?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Iregretthisusername
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