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Thursday, November 3, 2016

Discussion: Veritasium's newest YouTube video on simulating quantum mechanics with oil droplets!

Discussion: Veritasium's newest YouTube video on simulating quantum mechanics with oil droplets!


Discussion: Veritasium's newest YouTube video on simulating quantum mechanics with oil droplets!

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Over the past ten years, scientists have been exploring a system in which an oil droplet bounces on a vibrating bath as an analogy for quantum mechanics - check out Veritasium's new Youtube video on it!

The system can reproduce many of the key quantum mechanical phenomena including single and double slit interference, tunneling, quantization, and multi-modal statistics. These experiments draw attention to pilot wave theories like those of de Broglie and Bohm that postulate the existence of a guiding wave accompanying every particle. It is an open question whether dynamics similar to those seen in the oil droplet experiments underly the statistical theory of quantum mechanics.

Derek (/u/Veritasium) will be around to answer questions, as well as Prof. John Bush (/u/ProfJohnBush), a fluid dynamicist from MIT.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Pilot wave theory, a theory involving highly complex and non-linear differential equations, is fully equivalent to matrix mechanics, a theory involving only linear differential equations. Does this have implications for our ability to solve non-linear differential equations?

Posted: 03 Nov 2016 02:51 AM PDT

Were hands on criticality experiments ever considered safe?

Posted: 03 Nov 2016 02:18 AM PDT

I was reading a Wikipedia article yesterday about the deaths of Harry Daghlian and Louis Slotin, at Los Alamos during the early days of the Manhattan project.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_core

The experiments they were conducting seem ludicrously unsafe, to the point were accidents were inevitable. The article says that the accident prompted the researchers to design remote testing equipment for future use.

Prior to the accidents, was this the standard approach for this type of experiment? I can see that plutonium decays into alpha particles, which are relatively easy to shield against and a gap of air could have been enough to protect them from the spontaneous radiation but the whole point of the experiment was to produce more neutrons.

Were the researchers arrogant, ignorant, or just plain stupid? It sounds like Slotin was arrogant but Daghlian's exposure was a completely avoidable accident.

I can't find a good source of information on the rationale for the experiments online and hope that someone knows.

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/mikefromengland
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Can someone explain Maxwell's Equations?

Posted: 03 Nov 2016 12:46 AM PDT

Reference Image: https://goo.gl/o7vnv6 I am interested in the Integral form specifically.

Can someone explain what each equation means, and how it can be used/applied?

Bonus Question: I can't for the life of me figure out what ds represents

submitted by /u/snowy513
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How steep is the Mariana Trench?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 07:44 PM PDT

If the oceans were suddenly drained and I was standing in say Challenger's Deep. What would I see, spectacular canyon walls going up around me, or would it just be a long sloping plain? How would the scenery vary around the trench?

submitted by /u/DrunkenAsparagus
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If Quantum mechanics describe the smallest known particles and how they behave, why wouldn't these mechanics control how physics work on a larger scale?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 05:38 PM PDT

If conventional current, is opposite of the electron flow, then is it true that ground doesn't necessarily dissipate charge, but is an unlimited source of electrons?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 07:32 PM PDT

What's the tallest we could build a skyscraper with current technology?

Posted: 03 Nov 2016 08:09 AM PDT

Assuming an effectively unlimited budget but no not currently in use technologies how high could we build an office building. Note I'm asking about an occupied building, not just a mast. What would be the limiting factor?

submitted by /u/Mimshot
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 08:04 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Serious, simple yes or no question: Could a torch light accurately be referred to as a "photon cannon"?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 05:24 PM PDT

In females usually only one of both X chromosomes is active, the other one is completly silenced through a process called Lyonization. Now if this is the case, then what exactly is the problem in a XO situation (Turner-syndrome)?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 02:54 PM PDT

In both situations the cell end up with only one active but healthy X-chromosome - how is this not the same situation?

submitted by /u/jeantonbon
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How are smelting furnaces designed to withstand the heat during operation?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 04:25 PM PDT

In particular I was watching some industry advert on electric arc furnaces. I thought, "how cool is that?" Then I thought "How the hell does the crucible not melt?"

I'm guessing there's some kind of fancy chemical treatment on the inside and a cooling system on the outside.

submitted by /u/ProbeOne
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How much does glucose consumption vary from brain to brain and how much could it effect overall metabolism?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 12:32 PM PDT

Alternatively: could person A who is mentally 'slow' have a slow metabolism whereas person B that is mentally 'busy' have a fast metabolism?

submitted by /u/StickyPuddleofGoo
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Would it be possible to see the sun rising over the horizon of Earth from space?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 04:55 PM PDT

Today I watched a live feed of the Earth from the ISS with the camera facing the horizon. When the ISS entered the dark side of the Earth, it switched to the camera pointing straight at Earth so the horizon wasn't visible during sunrise.

I was wondering if this was because it's not possible to see the sun rise over the horizon or if it was for some other reason?

submitted by /u/alysmaee
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Why does the bond angle go from 104.5 to 109.5 when water freezes to form ice?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 02:51 PM PDT

How do Feynman-Diagrams work?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 01:15 PM PDT

We just introduced Feynmandiagrams in my particle physics course and i go get the basics.

currently we are only doing them for QED so there are only a couple of rules.(like 1 vertex)

but i have trouble understanding the difference between t and u channel.

Both Møller scattering and Compton scattering have Diagrams with the u channel, but bhabha scatterin doesnt.

is that because the electron and positron cant cross eachother without annihilating or am i taking the picture too seriously there?

also does the s channel exist for anything else than particle-antiparticle scattering?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelstam_variables

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8ller_scattering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha_scattering

https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton-Effekt

submitted by /u/JanEric1
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Would sending a heavy metal into a star's core cause it to die?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 04:11 PM PDT

I was watching Science Channel and a point was made that the production of Iron is what causes the death of a large star. If we were to send iron to the core of a star, could we essentially force the commencement of the death of that star?

submitted by /u/elcolombiano256
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How do websites know your language?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 05:05 PM PDT

I understand that they can usually access things like your language settings and stuff but:

Tried accessing reddit in incognito mode today (for reasons) on my phone which I bought in the uk, which is completely in English (including the keyboard), signed in with a gmail.co.uk account, on a uk broadband etc. and reddit pulled up the login page in my language which freaked me out a little.

IIRC, this also happened on a couple other sites. How do they know?

submitted by /u/permathroaway
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Wednesday, November 2, 2016

What's the difference in infrastructure needed to provide 3G/4G/5G signals?

What's the difference in infrastructure needed to provide 3G/4G/5G signals?


What's the difference in infrastructure needed to provide 3G/4G/5G signals?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 08:48 PM PDT

I was wondering what's the difference between the antennas or cell towers needed to provide 3G/4G/5G. Does it need a totally new antenna? Maybe more cell towers? Does it need just a minor change on each? Or does it need nothing at all in terms of infrastructure?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/juanb95
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When you spin yourself in an office chair and pull your legs in you spin faster. What is this called? Besides fun.

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 08:33 PM PDT

How can we tell how far a star is?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 12:17 AM PDT

Hi,I know about redshift, though I can't understand how we can tell how much that light has redshifted if we don't know its original state. In other words, we can observe only the light that travelled that long way to us, and due to doppler effect it has shifted a bit. I read the defition of redshift, and it says it happenens when the frequence of light is lower than when it was emitted. But we don't actually know what its original frequence was, right? I know this may sound a stupid question to you, but I can't realize it by myself.

submitted by /u/teoreds
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Solutions to the equation a^a = b^b?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 08:58 PM PDT

After seeing the thread about the possible solutions to ab = ba, I was wondering what will happen if we were to look for the solutions to aa = bb where a =/= b.

One possible solution is when a = 1/2 and b = 1/4. Intuitively, the possible solutions for a and b should be in the interval (0,1) since if a > b > 1, then aa > bb.

By considering the function y = xx, it can be shown that it achieves a global minimum at 1/e and that the graph concaves up for every x in its domain. So, in the interval (0, 1), there ought to be infinite solutions as horizontal straight lines can be drawn to cut the graph of y twice in this interval. (Please do correct me if this reasoning is wrong.)

So, the thing is, is it possible to obtain all possible pairs of (a, b) that are solutions to aa = bb ?

submitted by /u/XiaoFatty
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[OPTIC] Why does every measurement of a system that contains coupling/transmission is approximated through a lorentzian function?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 04:22 AM PDT

I often read that something in the field of optic gets measured and then gets least-square fitted by a lorentzian functionl. I think it was always with coupling/transmission etc. hence the question, since I didn't find any source and everything that I found just stated that they did it.

submitted by /u/SEND_ME_ICECREAM
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Is there a certain amount of "real estate" at the a given Lagrangian point? Could we potentially put too many stations, observatories, or other spacecraft there and run out of room?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 10:22 AM PDT

Is it possible to use quantum entanglement to exchange encryption keys?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 08:10 PM PDT

I know that you can't choose the state of entangled particles so you can't send a message with them other than random noise, but that got me thinking--random noise is a good encryption key, right? So if we got say 256 pairs of entangled particles, both parties could know the key they're using for a symmetric encryption scheme without anyone else possibly finding out: it would probably be the most secure key exchange method physically possible. Are there any holes in my logic or would this work? (Of course I know you still couldn't send faster than light messages this way)

submitted by /u/smikims
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Why do all the planets orbit in the same direction?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 06:12 AM PDT

Ribosome inputs and outputs?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 08:35 AM PDT

In protein synthesis triplets of RNA are being consumed/evaluated at the ribosome to direct amino acids selection I want to know if the process is destructive to the RNA strand or not or both are possible

submitted by /u/diogenes_shadow
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(Chemistry) Why soil is considered as organic as well as inorganic natural resource ??

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 11:21 PM PDT

Which is basically called mixed resources but can't understand why?

submitted by /u/learner892
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[Physics] Are we absolutely sure that what we know about classical mechanics applies on Mars?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 07:33 PM PDT

Kind of a random thing I started thinking about today doing my physics homework...

I'm not sure if "classical mechanics" is the right term, but I basically mean the stuff you learn in your calculus based physics sequence (Kinematics/Rotational, Energy, Work, etc). Can you basically just replace the constants we use like g and start solving problems the same way? What about other branches of science?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/BeastftMiddleEast
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What is Invariant Space-time Interval and what ramifications does it have on our understanding of space-time?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 08:16 PM PDT

I'm finding it hard to find any sources regarding this topic that I understand. Could anyone please provide a succinct explanation? Thanks.

submitted by /u/CeraMixx
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What caused the first cell to split?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 09:44 PM PDT

Pretty straight forward question... What caused the first cell that developed, to split or "reproduce", for a lack of a better term.

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Nope__Nope__Nope
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Is there a difference between how the human body processes added sugars vs naturally occuring sugars?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 07:00 AM PDT

If there is a difference, is there a way to tell how those different sugars act on the human body, so basically which are healthy and which aren't and in what dosage? Would you suggest avoiding added sugars?

However, none of the experts who spoke to WebMD advocated that people try to purge all added sugars from their diets. By itself, sugar is not a risky food, says Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, MD, MPH, a pediatrics professor at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. "The focus should be on a healthful approach," she says, "not people rushing to one side or the other."

Article on WebMD

submitted by /u/BodyFlyer
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I have a coin that I suspect flips heads 50.1% of the time, how many flips do I need to distinguish it from a coin that flips heads 50% of the time?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 04:00 PM PDT

This is entirely hypothetical. I'm interested in understanding the statistical analysis involved, especially assigning confidence intervals.

submitted by /u/glacierburrito
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What is "Nuclear Pasta" ?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 12:24 AM PDT

Why doesn't gravity work on small scales?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 01:42 PM PDT

Basically why aren't marbles around my house orbiting my body? Why aren't I "sucked" towards a large building when I walk by? I hope my question makes sense

submitted by /u/ThePioneer99
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Where do microscopic and macroscopic overlap?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 02:35 PM PDT

There's clearly a difference between the two, but I was wondering if there's a known scale at which we see quantum effects begin to approximate classical terms

submitted by /u/backflip7
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What makes Carbon 14 (and other atoms) unstable?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 04:50 PM PDT

I read that the reason atoms with high mass are unstable is because the strong nuclear force's range is too short to hold the protons and neutrons together. If this is the case then why is Carbon 14 unstable even though I think it's mass is too small for this effect to happen. So what causes it to be unstable?

submitted by /u/BigJuicyMoistWetSlop
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What exactly is a psu efficiency rating and what does it measure?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 03:37 PM PDT

Is it the loss of power when converting from receptical ac to dc, or is it something else?

submitted by /u/Antfere
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What is the force acting between gas molecules that keeps them away from each other? (or) Why is air pressure so very homogenous? Why aren't gasses more... sloshy?

Posted: 02 Nov 2016 01:39 AM PDT

I recall from science classes in school that gas molecules are far less dense than solids/liquids, and that they're all flying around very quickly, but what is it about gas molecules that causes them to keep a certain average distance from each-other so effectively? My intuition constantly wants to see them act in the sloshy way that water vapor does, but clearly that is not the case; air pressure seems astonishingly uniform.

I intuitively almost expect to suffocate if there is somehow not enough air in my little corner of the room.

To give another example, if my window is open in my bedroom, my door is much easier to close, because apparently when the window is closed, it is very difficult to increase the air pressure in my room, even momentarily by a very small amount.

Another mind-boggling example is sound waves even being possible: a tiny compression and rarefaction can be faithfully reproduced over great distances at 20kHz. That's amazing.

Why are all the molecules so regularly spaced even as they fly around? If I turn on a speaker, why don't they just scatter willy-nilly? (And, it occurs to me, is that what would happen if I turned on a speaker at the top of earth's atmosphere?)

submitted by /u/jakisan-FF
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Why does a liquid being poured out of a bottle not flow smoothly?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 03:03 PM PDT

Can an object collapse in on itself if it's thin enough?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 11:59 AM PDT

If there were to be, say, a very thin piece of paper floating in an empty universe, would the gravitational force cause it to collapse in on itself, or would it remain still forever?

submitted by /u/JamesonTheCanadian
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Tuesday, November 1, 2016

What causes the patterns to appear in this maple syrup?

What causes the patterns to appear in this maple syrup?


What causes the patterns to appear in this maple syrup?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 09:03 AM PDT

https://gfycat.com/DiligentHardKingfisher

I've tried searching for maple syrup ripples/waves/evaporation/pattern but haven't found anything explaining this. I'm guessing it has to do with some of the water from the syrup evaporating, but not sure why it seems to dance around like this.

submitted by /u/AmateurSunsmith
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How and why acceleration of charged particles produce photons?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 08:35 PM PDT

Hi Sciencefolks,

Given that acceleration of charged particles produce photons, and vice versa (how antenna and radios work), there are two parts of my question.

  1. How does it happen? Lets say an electron travelling at 1000 eV (initially went through a potential of 1000 V) stops in 10 seconds. How many photons will be emitted due to this deceleration, and of what wavelength? Assuming the electron is stopped by a wall of 1000 Volts.

  2. Why do charged particles acceleration produce photons? (This may be a teleological question, and may not have a physical answer, let me know if this is true.)

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/zurvanyazdi
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[Physics] Is entropy quantifiable, and if so, what unit(s) is it expressed in?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 07:55 AM PDT

Is there a name for a set of equivalent sums of squares, a^2 + b^2 = c^2 + d^2?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 05:43 PM PDT

The numbers would take the form of: a2 + b2 = c2 + d2

I was playing with some numbers and found that squares of 11 generate this pattern often:

112 + 22 = 102 + 52

112 + 32 = 72 + 92

112 + 72 = 132 + 12

112 + 82 = 132 + 42

112 + 102 = 142 + 52

112 + 122 = 162 + 32

112 + 132 = 172 + 12

112 + 162 = 192 + 42

112 + 172 = 192 + 72

112 + 182 = 212 + 22

112 + 232 = 252 + 52 = 172 + 192

112 + 242 = 162 + 212

112 + 272 = 292 + 32 = 152 + 252

112 + 282 = 292 + 82

112 + 292 = 312 + 12

I'm guessing that these are similar to Pythagorean numbers and that there are an infinite number of them. Just the frequency it appears with 11 seemed interesting.

submitted by /u/okayisrelative
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I am sitting in a boat in a lake of superfluid helium. Can I use oars to propel myself? What about propeller? Also, am I in danger of sinking?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 10:47 AM PDT

Is it possible for a planetary system to form without a star? If so, is it possible to detect them with our current technology?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 05:31 PM PDT

A different way to phrase the second question: Can we find planets without a star nearby to provide some sort of light to detect it with?

submitted by /u/therealquestionss
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[Physics] Why did Madame Wu use Cobalt-60 in the parity symmetry violation experiment?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 08:44 PM PDT

Why, of all elements (and isotopes), was Cobalt-60 used and are there other elements that could have been used?

submitted by /u/BeeTris
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Are there more electrons or protons in the universe (or are they equal)?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 01:09 PM PDT

Why does smog stay local rather than dissipate throughout the rest of the atmosphere?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 03:12 PM PDT

[Mathematics] Is there a mathematical proof for a relationship between n! and n^nth?

Posted: 01 Nov 2016 02:12 AM PDT

I was thinking about the two options, and how nnth should always be larger than n! for n>1, but I was unsure if the growth would fit into a simple equation. For instance, ( n!,nn . 2,4 . 6,27 . 24,256). Would I be right in guessing the first step of finding that relationship would involve dividing both by n?

submitted by /u/HangsOutWithDave
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How does an RNA 'know' which DNA strand to copy during transcription?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 03:55 PM PDT

Since RNA is single stranded, and each base codon codes for an amino acid, what DNA strand is copied greatly influences the protein being formed. If both strands had the chance of being copied then you could have two proteins being coded by one gene. Proteins which could have vastly different functions. Is my understanding correct? Bonus question: Also, since you have two copies of each gene along each chromosome? what determines which chromosome is copied?

submitted by /u/AnthropomorphicPoppy
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If radio waves are a type of propagating wave and there are many going through the space around us, why do they not interfere constructively/destructively and distort radio signals received?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 12:23 PM PDT

Does an extremely fast orbital period have any practical repercussions for activity on the planet's surface?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 10:14 AM PDT

This question is inspired by this recently discovered planetary system. One planet has an orbital period of 27,000 years, and the other has an orbital period of just 11 hours!

An 11-hour year seems incredibly fast. My question is whether such an immense speed affects what happens on the planet's surface. I'm wondering particularly about whether meteors are likely to hit it any harder, on average, than a planet that's orbiting more slowly. And a second (probably easier) question: would there be noticeable centrifugal forces on a planet orbiting it's sun that fast? Would this cause tidal forces, deformations, etc?

submitted by /u/meltingintoice
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What physical/chemical property of a material decides if it will make a good superconductor?

Posted: 31 Oct 2016 12:37 PM PDT

For example I know certain ceramics make better superconductors (i.e. they exhibit the effect at higher temperatures) than any metals. Why is that? What property of a material decides whether it will undergo the Meissner effect?

submitted by /u/wanker75
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