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Wednesday, October 26, 2016

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science


Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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AskScience AMA Series: We are scientists with the Dog Aging Project, and we're excited to talk about improving the quality and quantity of life for our pets. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 05:14 AM PDT

Hello Reddit, we are excited to talk to you about the Dog Aging Project. Here to discuss your questions are:

  • Dr. Matt Kaeberlein, Professor at the University of Washington Department of Pathology, co-director of the Dog Aging Project
  • Dr. Daniel Promislow, Professor at the University of Washington Departments of Biology and Pathology, co-director of the Dog Aging Project
  • Dr. Kate Creevy, Professor at Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, lead veterinarian for the Dog Aging Project
  • Dr. Silvan Urfer, Senior Fellow at the University of Washington Department of Pathology, veterinary informatics officer for the Dog Aging Project

Our goal is to define the biological and environmental factors that influence healthy aging in dogs at high resolution, and to use this information to improve the quality and quantity of life for our pets. So far, most scientific research on the biology of aging (geroscience) has been conducted in the lab under standardized conditions. Results from these studies have been quite encouraging (for example, Matt's group has recently managed to extend life expectancy in middle-aged mice by 60%). We believe that the domestic dog is ideally suited to bring this work out of the lab and into the real world. There are many reasons why dogs are uniquely suited for this effort, including that they share our environment, receive comparable medical care, are affected by many of the same age-related diseases, and have excellent health and life span data available.

While aging is not a disease, it is the most important risk factor for a wide range of diseases such as cancer, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, kidney failure and so on. Therefore, by targeting the biological mechanisms of aging, we can expect to see benefits across the spectrum of those otherwise unrelated diseases - which has lead us to state that healthy aging is in fact The Ultimate Preventive Medicine.

Our hope is that by understanding the biological and environmental factors that influence the length of time an individual lives in good health (what we call 'healthspan'), we can better understand how to maximize each individual dog's healthspan. Having dogs live and stay healthy for longer will be beneficial for both the dogs and their owners. Moreover, given that dogs live in the same environment as we do, what we learn about healthspan in dogs is likely to apply to humans as well – so understanding healthy aging in dogs might help us to learn how to ensure the highest level of health at old age for humans.

We welcome interested citizen scientists to sign up their dogs to be considered for two studies:

  • The Longitudinal Study will study 10,000 dogs (our 'foundation cohort') of all breeds and ages throughout North America. This intensively studied cohort will be followed through regular owner questionnaires, yearly vet visits including bloodwork, and information about in-home behavior, environmental quality, and more. In a subset of these dogs (our 'precision cohort'), we will also include annual studies of state-of-the-art molecular biology ('epigenome', 'microbiome' and 'metabolome') information. Our goal is to better understand how biology and the environment affect aging and health. Results from this study should help us to better predict and diagnose disease earlier, and so improve our ability to treat and prevent disease. There are no health, size or age requirements for dogs to be eligible to participate in this study.
  • The Interventional Study will test the effects of a drug called rapamycin on healthspan and lifespan in dogs. This is a drug that has shown promising effects on aging in a wide variety of species, and based on those results we expect to see a 2 to 5 year increase in healthy lifespan in dogs. We have previously tested rapamycin in a pilot study on healthy dogs for 10 weeks and found improved heart function that was specific to age-related changes, and no significant adverse side effects. For the Interventional Study, we will treat 300 healthy middle-aged dogs with either rapamycin or a placebo for several years and compare health outcomes and mortality between the two groups. To be eligible to participate, dogs will need to be healthy, at least six years of age at the beginning of the study, and weigh at least 18 kg (40 lbs).

The Dog Aging Project believes in the value of Open Science. We will collect an enormous amount of data for this project - enough to keep scores of scientists busy for many years. Other than any personal information about owners, we will make all of our data publicly available so that scientists and veterinarians around the world can make discoveries. We are also dedicated to Citizen Science, and will endeavor to create ways for all dog owners to become a part of the process of scientific discovery as the Dog Aging Project moves forward.

We'll be on at noon pacific time (3 PM ET, 19 UT), ask us anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is it possible to have visible electricity, such as electric arcs, that are also safe to handle?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 02:05 AM PDT

In other words, essentially handling a plasma globe without the protective plastic barrier

submitted by /u/SpookyKit
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Say that atoms found in the island of stability were found to be really stable. What could we potentially use them for?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 03:22 AM PDT

There is something called the island of stability which dictates that it may exist heavy elements that are stable. If we create such elements and their half-time is on the order of years. What could we use this new material for?

submitted by /u/mrconter1
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Hyper saline lakes such as the Dead Sea have extra buoyancy. Would a boat have to be designed differently than for a normal lake, and how well would a normal boat work on a hyper saline lake?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 08:28 PM PDT

What makes prions so lethal, and mysterious?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 12:24 PM PDT

Why doesn't it get twice as bright when I turn on a second lightbulb?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 02:22 PM PDT

If the voltage id high enough, would electricity be able to arc in space?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 09:23 PM PDT

Could someone explain what this IUPAC definition of "molecule" entails?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 09:49 PM PDT

"An electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom (n > 1). Rigorously, a molecule, in which n > 1 must correspond to a depression on the potential energy surface that is deep enough to confine at least one vibrational state."

What type of bonds does the vibrational state indicate (ionic, covalent, van der waals). Does it mean that entities like DNA aren't counted as molecules under this definition since they aren't charge neutral?

submitted by /u/portmantoux
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Can neutron stars spontaneously turn into black holes?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 04:49 PM PDT

I know that if a star over a certain weight threshold explodes, it turns ino blackhole immediately, but what if it's just barely underweight? What if it hits a bigger planet, or another star?

submitted by /u/Abodyhun
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How would one clear magnetite nanoparticles from the human brain?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 07:20 PM PDT

Why do vibrations make sound?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 01:35 AM PDT

Isn't it just physical movement? Where does the sound come from? If it's something like kinetic energy gets converted into sound, why does that happen?

submitted by /u/CountAardvark
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If a space shuttle accelerates in space, what stops it from accelerating with no friction acting on it ?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 12:00 AM PDT

I am aware that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, but if a ship was to say sling shot round the moon using its gravity, why doesn't the ship just keep on accelerating to infinite speeds?

submitted by /u/Shnoochieboochies
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How are spiney mammals birthed?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 06:47 AM PDT

I think that hedgehogs and porcupines are born with their spines. How has mama-porcupine and mama-hedgehog evolved to birth these prickly spawn? Are they born in a their sac to preserve mom's birth canal?

submitted by /u/DumplingDarling
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How do electronics prevent damage or fires when their chargers are left plugged in?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 12:06 PM PDT

When my phone is done charging, generally I am asleep and can't unplug it. It doesn't matter; the phone has some sort of feature built in to prevent any damage to the phone or any fires.

I'm not sure if the phone or charger somehow switches to 'trickle charge', or how it does so. Is there an electronic component that adds a load to a circuit, does the phone essentially disconnect from the circuit, or what?

submitted by /u/TheHairlessGorilla
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What produces more power, a four cylinder engine or an eight cylinder engine with smaller pistons but an equally cylinder area?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 04:36 AM PDT

What effects, if any, do the Earth's Cratons and Shields have on tectonic activity?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 04:24 AM PDT

What is the relevance of gauge transformation in relativistic electrodynamics?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 02:05 PM PDT

I've been studying relativistic electrodynamics recently and came across the gauge transformations. Why exactly are those transformations relevant in this context?

submitted by /u/ToastGiraffe
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Why is micro (μ) the only prefix which doesn't use a letter from the latin alphabet?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 03:10 AM PDT

Why is chemotherapy effective on some patients but not for others?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 10:01 AM PDT

How does the temperature of colder planets core relate to warmer planets core closer to closer to the sun?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 10:47 PM PDT

Why do streams of ejected liquids break continuous form and lump together into separate projectiles?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 10:37 PM PDT

To elaborate, I mean why does the water from a hose break into pieces as they fall. Or like this can of beans

submitted by /u/ChemicalMurdoc
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If new elements are created by fusing old ones together (I'm aware that this is greatly simplified). Are there infinitely many undiscovered elements?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 09:41 AM PDT

Are there infinitely many undiscovered elements waiting to be created (regardless of the difficulty of creating said element) or is there some sort of invisible wall that we might hit?

Thank you.

submitted by /u/Kyrie01010011
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Can you build muscle mass on your face with the right exercises just like you could with your biceps and thighs etc.?

Posted: 26 Oct 2016 01:05 AM PDT

Tuesday, October 25, 2016

Is it possible to have a dream that would permanently traumatize you?

Is it possible to have a dream that would permanently traumatize you?


Is it possible to have a dream that would permanently traumatize you?

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 04:10 AM PDT

There are certain things and events that can affect and damage our brain by giving us phobias, traumas and mental problems. Is it possible that dreams can cause our brain harm?

submitted by /u/James64bit
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Is the area of a Mandelbrot set infinite?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 09:57 AM PDT

How would an ordinary ~$20 knife from a sporting good store compare to a knife from say the 1300 A.D. in terms of quality, workmanship, and how well it could hold an edge?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Why isn't acuity constant for the entire eye?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 08:46 PM PDT

Why don't we have fovea-level retinal cell density throughout the eye; why is central vision limited to such a small region?

submitted by /u/Draco6slayer
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Can animal toxin (i.e. Poison or venom) affect plants?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 03:41 PM PDT

I saw a post today about a Venus flytrap capturing a wasp. If the wasp stung the plant would it affect it?

submitted by /u/PM_ME_YER_GAINZ
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When and how does the brain develop higher order thinking skills?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 12:54 PM PDT

What in our brains causes feelings of hopelessness associated with suicide?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 08:33 PM PDT

What about depression causes people to have the "hopeless" feeling that pushes so many people to suicide? Why don't we feel this while we're happy and why would our own brains be so easily led to killing itself despite the common belief while happy that suicide doesn't make sense?

submitted by /u/moseph999
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How do we know quantum mechanics is actually random?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 08:00 PM PDT

Why is this the the belief in quantum mechanics? Why wouldn't something like the spin of an electron be determined by some hidden variables? This seems like a cop out, as if they're just saying "we can't predict it's impossible to do it". I'm sure I'm wrong though, what am I missing?

submitted by /u/NoneApplicable
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How do Human bodies detect humidity?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 01:18 PM PDT

How exactly is it done, and which body parts play a role in doing it?

submitted by /u/Syyiailea
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What is the commonest cause of death in common laboratory mice?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 02:03 PM PDT

I'm primarily interested in the commonest cause of death in mice in life-long studies in which mice are left to live out their lives without major interventions. For example, common lab mice, say a C57BL/6 strain, are placed on a normal diet and monitored until they die, what is the most likely cause of death? I think neoplasia may be the most common cause of mortality, but I'm having trouble finding sources clarifying the details. Can anyone help?

submitted by /u/HolisticReductionist
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How can both nuclear fission and fusion release more energy than it takes to get them started?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 04:31 PM PDT

From my very uninformed perspective, it seems contradictory that breaking things apart (fission) and forcing things together (fusion) would both release more energy than it takes to cause them in the first place. In other words, my intuition would be that one of them might release energy, but the other would consume it.

submitted by /u/manjar
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Can a pure substance have more then one triple point?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 09:45 AM PDT

I am aware that a triple point is a point on a phase diagram at which three phases of a substance co-exist. Is is possible for one pure substance to have more then once triple point?

submitted by /u/TrynaPasss
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How do photons, frequencies, and quanta work?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 10:56 PM PDT

How is light able to knock off electrons from metals without changing the metal in the photoelectric effect?

What does the equation E=hv by Planck mean and how was it found?

Where does Planck's constant come from?

How can the amount of energy of a particular photon depend on the frequency of the radiation if they carry only one quantum of energy?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/RedditNoob001
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How do you solve the puzzle?... "Let's say we have 10 quarts of milk and replace 4 quarts with cola, then stir it till its homogeneous. If it is repeated with the blend, how many times will it take to have 10% milk and 90% cola?"

Posted: 25 Oct 2016 01:10 AM PDT

How do you solve the puzzle?... "Let's say we have 10 quarts of milk and replace 4 quarts with cola, then stir it till its homogeneous. If it is repeated with the blend, how many times will it take to have 10% milk and 90% cola?"

For example, the first replacement results in 60% m 40% c. The second replacement removing 4 quarts of the 60% m 40% c blended 10 quarts and replacing with 4 quarts c results in what new % m % c ?

How are results changed?... because of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKPoQYevoLs

submitted by /u/theszak
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Are humans born with innate fears or are those fears originated from some specific event in life?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 08:15 AM PDT

For example, if a man has arachnophobia, has he always been scared of spiders or did he have a bad encounter as a child that gave him that fear for the rest of his life?

submitted by /u/ajhorvat
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Is it possible for viruses to fight each other?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 12:33 AM PDT

E.g. A person carrier of both HIV and Hepatitis B virus.

submitted by /u/rjmrh95
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After watching the recent Black Mirror episode "Nosedive" and comparing it to my own experience with services like Uber, I am wondering what does science say about 5-star rating systems, and what alternatives might work better?

Posted: 24 Oct 2016 04:42 AM PDT

Monday, October 24, 2016

How does a computer remember what programs I had open after a power outage?

How does a computer remember what programs I had open after a power outage?


How does a computer remember what programs I had open after a power outage?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 05:22 PM PDT

Wouldn't programs currently running be stored in RAM? In which case shouldn't the RAM flush itself after every reboot?

submitted by /u/superepicunicornturd
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Why does Neptune have such strong winds?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 03:42 PM PDT

According to Wikipedia, it has the "strongest sustained winds of any planet in the solar system, with recorded wind speeds as high as 2,100 kilometres per hour (580 m/s; 1,300 mph)."

Why are the winds so strong there?

submitted by /u/jmprairies
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[Maths] Is there a way to break down borromean rings mathematically?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 03:35 PM PDT

Although this question is specifically about borromean rings, I'm curious is you can form equations out of 3d geometry, and if you can use that to deduct the if objects would lock or intersect.

submitted by /u/Weedalt
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Is there a chance for a number to never be rolled in a random number generator if it is ran infinitely?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 07:16 PM PDT

I got into an argument with a friend of mine who is working for a random drop in a video game. He says that if he were to do the task that gives the drop infinitely he would eventually get it. I argued that since it is random and there is no pity timer that even if he rolled infinitely there is still a chance he would never get it no matter how unlikely. So who is right?

submitted by /u/tongueinmybum
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How much effect do national borders tend to have on speech accents. In places where two nations share a language, is it obvious from speech when you cross the border?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 03:09 PM PDT

Can animals like cats and dogs visualize memories and thoughts like humans?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 01:04 PM PDT

How has the formation of civilization affected our brains' physiology, if its had an effect at all?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 01:10 PM PDT

Has there been a long enough period of time since civilization to have a tangible effect on our brains? Is that something even possible to study?

Another way of asking would be whether our brains are identical to pre-civilization homo sapiens. Sorry if this is more suited to r/AskAnthropology.

submitted by /u/christmaspathfinder
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How does the orientation in space of an electron orbital affect magnetism?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 02:04 PM PDT

Orientation in space of an electron orbital is called the "magnetic quantum number", but I don't understand how it relates to magnetism.

submitted by /u/NuclearStudent
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How could the proton and neutron have the same approximate mass if the down quark weighs about twice as much as the up quark? (~4.8 vs ~2.3 MeV/c^2)

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 08:38 AM PDT

Does the neutron lose mass when it binds with a proton in a nucleus?

submitted by /u/GaslighterThrowaway
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When an object moves in your vision how long does the blur stay there?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 01:14 PM PDT

For example, if I move my forearm about 45 degrees I'll see a blur for roughly that entire 45 degrees. If I move it for 90 degrees I'll see a blur for roughly the entire 90 degrees. However despite one motion being faster than the other, both motion blurs seem to stay in my vision for the same amount of time. How long is this timeframe?

submitted by /u/Overlord_Xcano
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Why do spacecraft use hydrazine in their maneuvering thrusters?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 10:22 AM PDT

I get the principle behind the maneuvering thrusters--equal and opposite reactions and all that. But why does it seem like they always use hydrazine? Wouldn't any old gas work?

submitted by /u/Rikkiwiththatnumber
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Why don't the globes get dimmer as you add more globes to a circuit via parallel paths?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 11:36 PM PDT

I'm currently studying my first unit in electricity in year 9. I was thinking that if you were to add many more parallel globes to an original circuit with, say, 4 parallel globes, wouldn't the amount of amps flowing into each globe be significantly reduced (as the amps need to be shared), resulting in dimmer globes? I understand that each amp carries the same amount of voltage meaning that you could add a few without much effect on the globes, but surely if the amps need to be shared, which carry the voltage, must mean less amps = less voltage per second.

submitted by /u/MrOsci
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Sunday, October 23, 2016

Is there a limit to expansion of the International Space Station?

Is there a limit to expansion of the International Space Station?


Is there a limit to expansion of the International Space Station?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 05:14 AM PDT

There were of course cancelled modules, and I've seen some discussion of attaching private, non-state, modules to the rest of the station. If there was the funding and desire to continue using the ISS, would there be hard engineering limitations on the maximum size of habitable space that could be attached to it, or could the existing ISS be used (in theory) as a "backbone" to grow and expand on?

submitted by /u/Ifkl
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How did we know the gravity on the moon's surface before we landed on it? What if it was much denser than anticipated and the lander didn't have enough fuel to reach exit velocity?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 08:40 PM PDT

I'm guessing it's from observing its orbit and knowing its volume, but it seems really hard to get more than just a ballpark number from that. Was having a near exact figure not critically important for planning?

submitted by /u/SnapesFavoriteSong
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Can we induce visual experiences in someone who has been blind from birth by stimulating their brain?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 05:59 AM PDT

I know we can induce visual experiences in people who already have a functional visual system, for example, in this subject, or those who had a functional visual system but lost some functionality due to disease or injury. However what I am unaware of, is if it's possible to induce visual experiences in individuals who have been blind from birth, e.g. those that have no eyes, via stimulating or inducing the relevant activity in their brain.

Edit: The majority of responses seem to be missing the point of my question. Perhaps I was not specific enough. The question I was getting at is, what is necessary for the having of a visual experience? It is often said that we don't "see" with the eyes because for example one can have visual experiences by stimulating the visual cortex. So from that type of finding it would seem the necessary components, e.g. the neural circuitry, for inducing visual experiences are in the cortex. If that were the case, then in theory it should be possible to create the relevant activity, either by continued stimulation directly to the cortex to create the right circuitry which would then allow for the right kind of activity, or by stimulating the circuitry that is already there, to mimic the activation pattern that is taken to be the necessary component in the generation of a particular visual experience. That is why I asked if we can induce visual experiences in someone who has been blind from birth by stimulating their brain (should have specified cortex). Because if we can, then we really can discount pre-cortical processing in being necessary for the generation of visual experiences. This might prove to be more of a technical issue, especially as we don't yet have a detailed account of the activity that is at least sufficient to generate a visual experience. However, if it isn't possible to induce visual experiences directly in the cortex, in the absence of external input through the pathway of the retina -> LGN etc., then pre-cortical processing might play a bigger role than is currently thought.

submitted by /u/Laughing_Chipmunk
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How does fiber grating achieve mode coupling in optical fibers?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 04:23 AM PDT

I've read some papers about using fiber gratings to cause mode conversion from the fundamental mode to the higher modes. I am trying to understand the physics behind the gratings. From what I gathered, it is the periodic changes in the refractive index that cause the coupling between the modes but I don't understand how it is caused.

submitted by /u/mark092
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What, if any, are the differences between boric acid, orthoboric acid, and borax?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 06:40 AM PDT

Pretty basic question but this sub seemed the most fitting! I routinely use all 3 types, I use borax with my laundry and boric&orthoboric for ant&bug baits and dusting, but am wondering what differences, if any, there are amongst these 3 forms (if they are in fact different forms!)

My curiosity was piqued when reading a product label, an ant bait product, and it said "sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Borax)", when other products on the shelf next to it were saying 'orthoboric acid' - is this stuff the same or are these different? It's disconcerting to think an insecticide is a laundry additive as well!

Any help in understanding/differentiating these is appreciated, thanks guys!!

submitted by /u/neovngr
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Why does ammonia not turn into ammonium in high pH water?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 04:36 AM PDT

In highly basic water why does ammonia not change into ammonium?

submitted by /u/sedateeddie420
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Does placing a non-conducting ferromagnetic material between two conductors carrying AC reduce or eliminate proximity effect?

Posted: 23 Oct 2016 02:18 AM PDT

Two conductors carrying AC, that are close to each other, produce a magnetic field that influences their current distribution inside each other. Will placing ferromagnetic material between them confine the magnetic field inside the material, thus reducing or eliminating proximity effect? The ferromagnetic material should be laminated or non-conductive to reduce eddy-currents. Also how will the ferromagnetic material influence the total magnetic field produced by the conductors?

submitted by /u/Roikkeli
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ABO blood groups: do heterozygotes (ex Ao) have the same number of antibodies as homozygotes (ex AA)?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 05:18 PM PDT

Basically, does having matching alleles give a bigger dose of surface antigens? Will someone with AA have more A surface antigens than someone with Ao?

submitted by /u/avocadokiwi
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How does RF pulse affect precession of the net magnetization vector in NMR?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 11:51 AM PDT

1st question: This website and this video show that the angle of precession increases when you apply the RF pulse. However, Section 5.00 of this website shows that the cone of precession flips but the angle doesn't change. Could someone please explain what exactly is happening to the net magnetization vector?

2nd question: This website says that if the frequency of the RF pulse =/= Larmor frequency then it would precess around the Beff axis in the rotating frame. Does it mean that in the stationary frame it's precessing in 2 axes (the z axis and Beff axis) at the same time?

Thank you very much.

submitted by /u/chihuahuab
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Is energy something physical? Where (if anywhere) is energy stored in atoms / molecyles? For ex. If I raise an object from the ground (thus storing potential energy into it) where does it go?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 12:02 PM PDT

What is the smallest planet/moon that still has a detectable magnetic field?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 11:40 AM PDT

Can TIR only occur if the second medium has a lower reflective index?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 06:47 AM PDT

The formula for the critical angle is Arcsin(n2/n1), and as sin only takes values from 1 to -1, n2 always has to be smaller for it to work. Is it impossible for it to occur if n2 is greater, if so why? Or is there a different formula.

submitted by /u/RavernousPenguin
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Can anyone give me a layman's description of what a divertor and separatrix do in tokamak?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Do people in comas snore?

Posted: 21 Oct 2016 10:31 PM PDT

How do those built in strips that allowed you to check the useful life of batteries work?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 03:24 AM PDT

These ones. Was having a nostalgic moment and remembered messing around with these as a kid.

submitted by /u/xJLe
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How does Quantum Uncertainty interact with Electrical Current, if at all?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 09:33 AM PDT

What makes a grippy texture grippy?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 04:40 AM PDT

Is Elestic hysteresis possible in friction-less system?

Posted: 22 Oct 2016 05:17 AM PDT