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Wednesday, September 28, 2016

[Physics] Are there rainbows on other planets? If yes, are their colors the same?

[Physics] Are there rainbows on other planets? If yes, are their colors the same?


[Physics] Are there rainbows on other planets? If yes, are their colors the same?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 04:07 PM PDT

When I shine a laser through a piece of glass, did the photons coming out of the other side of the glass originate within the laser, or do the glass molecules produce photons with identical modes as the incident light?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 12:23 PM PDT

Photon A ---> | Glass | ---->Photon B

Is photon B generated within the glass? Or is B=A ?

submitted by /u/ricksteer_p333
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When talking about photons, what does "wavelength" actually mean?

Posted: 28 Sep 2016 05:09 AM PDT

When I think of waves, I'm accustomed to thinking of s-waves and p-waves, but it occurs to me that neither of these make any sense in regards to photons that are supposed to travel in a perfectly straight line with a constant speed. Individual photons don't have fluctuations of energy that I know of, either. So where does the idea of a "wavelength" fit in?

submitted by /u/graaahh
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Is there any examples of cells dividing into 3 or more daughter cells at once instead of the traditional 2 from binary fission or mitosis?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 09:44 PM PDT

Is it impossible for something to get colder if it is in a perfect vacuum?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 03:08 PM PDT

how do you structure a research lab meeting?

Posted: 28 Sep 2016 08:17 AM PDT

Hi I find myself in the curious situation of working in a clinical lab and having an idea which has turned into a fairly major research project with multiple institutions and more PhDs and MDs than I can count. Internally there are about 10 people working on it. How does one structure regular research lab meetings?

submitted by /u/Grep2grok
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 28 Sep 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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[Physics] Would there be any benefit to a space mission hitching a ride on an asteroid?

Posted: 28 Sep 2016 02:37 AM PDT

From mainly an energy/fuel perspective would there be a benefit to a spaceship/land being launched from earth, landing on an asteroid when it passes nearby and then waiting until the asteroid is near some other interesting planet, and then launching itself off the asteroid to land on the planet?

submitted by /u/illandancient
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Is there acceleration in the granular flow of sand in an hourglass?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 09:27 PM PDT

Hello, I was wondering if the particles of sand falling in an hourglass experience any acceleration at all. So far, what I've learned is that the sand particles are not affected by their height or pressure in the hourglass, and only by g and the diameter of the small tube in the middle of an hourglass. If they are falling in free fall with g, wouldn't it be so that the particles fall at a constant velocity? When velocity is constant, acceleration is zero. To the eye, it seems as though the grains start to fall a bit faster when there are less grains left in one side of the hourglass.

submitted by /u/mayank27tiwary
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[Biology] Are there animals thathave roles like humans?

Posted: 28 Sep 2016 07:16 AM PDT

Humans have jobs, like teacher, police officer, etc. Are there animals that have roles like this, I know bees have different kind of workers, but they are that type of worker since they were born.

Sorry, if the flair or my grammar is incorrect.

submitted by /u/Skipperwastaken
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Does the Earth's mantle have the same composition and ratio of elements as the crust?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 09:47 PM PDT

For instance, platinum occurs in the crust with an abundance of 5μg/kg (per Wikipedia). Does this rate hold in the mantle?

submitted by /u/PsyduckSexTape
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If you were in a swimming pool on the Moon or Mars - Would you float higher, lower or the same?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 02:25 PM PDT

Is cannabis a vasodilator, or vasoconstrictor?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 08:47 PM PDT

I've seen many conflicting arguments online. Forums say it's a dilator while some websites say it is a constrictor.

submitted by /u/Salute_The_Bud
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Do we know for sure that there isn't anything to be said for the concept of something being below absolute zero?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 06:27 PM PDT

I realize that in our universe we can only approach absolute zero energy with less and less of a return ad infinitum. I also realize that I might look like I don't understand the concept of movement because something below absolute zero would require "negative movement."

Maybe this is a question relating more to math than physics, but is it possible within our current theories that there is actually is such a thing as "negative movement?" I remember hearing (correct me if this is wrong) that, while matter obviously can't go faster than the speed of light, with analogous constraints to absolute zero, if it did, it would technically be going backwards in time.

It may not even be a phenomenon that could exist within a universe, making this more of a math question than a physics question, but even if you technically never reach absolute zero, mathematically, there still would have to exist a concept for what happens "when" the universe gets there. (or maybe I don't understand math either, I'm trying to learn).

submitted by /u/VladTheLimpWhaler
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Does centrifical force affect you while you're not in contact with the spinning object?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 02:55 PM PDT

My Dad is talking about centrifugal force as a kind of field.

My question follows: Suppose you have a rotating, enclosed cylindrical object with a perfect vacuum in space (no gravity).

If you enter from a hatch at the axis and push yourself straight at the other end, would you get pulled by centrifical force to the floor of the cylinder?

We're curious because to my knowledge, centrifical force should only work while you're in contact with the spinning object. My Dad says otherwise.

Also, what's the name of the force?

submitted by /u/huttree
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How does a fixed radio telescope focus on a specific portion of the sky?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 01:06 PM PDT

I imagine fixed radio telescope like the 500 FAST in China and the Arecibo observatory focus by changing the shape of the reflector dish since it is mesh and not a solid.

submitted by /u/Azerphel
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What causes days with similar weather to have different temperatures?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 01:04 PM PDT

Over the last three days, the temperature where I live has gone up by about 30 degrees, and is expected to drop by 10 in the next day or two, but the overall weather (mostly cloudless and sunny) has been the same for months. What causes the wild fluctuations in temperature? The amount of sun isn't changing, but I'm not sure what is.

submitted by /u/CaptainUnusual
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Why can't scientists reach absolute zero?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 08:07 PM PDT

I know that it almost impossible to reach absolute zero but what it happening that prevents us from reaching it? Also, how have scientists tried to reach absolute zero?

submitted by /u/princecaramel50
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Why exactly does water have such a high latent heat of vaporisation?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 10:03 PM PDT

I have always belived it was to do with the hydoren bonding but a colleague suggested it could be to do with the rotational properties of the atoms storing heat energy as kintetic. Help me ask science you're my only hope (or google).

submitted by /u/bornleverpuller
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Why don't Faraday cages emit their own radiation?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 07:18 PM PDT

Having some trouble with this one:

Assume we have a Faraday Cage with a radio inside. Don't the EM waves induce an electrical current in the Faraday Cage itself? Then, wouldn't the cage start emitting it's own radiation into space? That clearly must not happen, because it would not be a very good EM isolator. I guess this question works in reverse, also, with radiation coming from the outside. Thanks!

submitted by /u/the_color_pizza
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Tuesday, September 27, 2016

What is the temperature of the plasma inside a plasma globe?

What is the temperature of the plasma inside a plasma globe?


What is the temperature of the plasma inside a plasma globe?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 08:05 PM PDT

I understand that the total thermal energy is low because the density of the gas is low. Does it make sense to talk about the temperature of the plasma in the same way as the temperature of the glass?

submitted by /u/HypnoJoad
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Is it possible to shrink plastic, then bring it back to original size?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 06:24 PM PDT

Very interested to know this

submitted by /u/lazyboyah
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How are the values for electro-negativity determined?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 08:35 AM PDT

For example: the Pauling scale. How did Pauling find the values of the electronegativities of each element?

submitted by /u/hmpher
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How does radiation or proton therapy get rid of cancer cells?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 09:18 AM PDT

I've received radiation, along side chemotherapy, for a tumor I had in my head. It was one of the main reasons why the tumor went away and never came back in that area. Unfortunately, it spread to a different part of my brain and now we are looking at proton therapy, as it's more precise, for treatment. I'm curious as to how radiation and proton therapy work and how they help kill cancer cells. Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/ViscousFluid
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Why do some welders use diffrent "fillers"?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 08:23 PM PDT

Why do some projects require diffrent types of metals when welding? What is the benifit of using diffrent metals for the "filler"? Does it have something to do with the metallic bonds or somthing similar?

submitted by /u/dankpizzarolls
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Why _exactly_ does my microwave "kill" my internet?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 04:10 AM PDT

I know that it has to do with my microwave and router having the same radio frequency, but why would it cause that?

submitted by /u/adamthedog
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[Physics] Is my teacher wrong about plasma?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 03:45 AM PDT

My teacher says that plasma is a stage between solid and liquid form. That dosen't seem right to me since I thought it was: Solid -> Liquid -> Gas -> Plasma.

Am I confusing things or is my teacher wrong? Is there something he could have confused it with?

submitted by /u/zzappe
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How many Kilograms all the DNA inside a medium human body weight on the whole?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 06:02 AM PDT

How does a nuclear fission bomb's chain reaction work?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 05:43 PM PDT

Hello! I'm confused about how a nuclear fission reaction perpetuates itself.

It is my understanding that a fission reaction starts when the nucleus of an unstable element is bombarded with a neutron and splits, giving off additional neutrons which then go on to hit other nuclei and causing fission again.

However I am also of the understanding that the nucleus of an atom is very very small in comparison to the overall size of the atom when you include the electron cloud. Wouldn't that make it unlikely the released neutrons would collide with another nucleus?

Also would love a brief explanation of why fission weapons are so powerful compared to conventional weapons. Thanks! I tried to search to no avail, if you know of a post that already provides an explanation on this topic, a link would be much appreciated.

submitted by /u/saabek
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How much more difficult is it to send a rover on Europa compared to Mars?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 11:43 PM PDT

I ask this, because :
- Europa looks more and more intereting.
- Europa is a moon (is it more difficult to go on a moon than going on a planet ?)
- Europa is far way (do you need more fuel ?)
- We don't know much where to land on the surface of Europa, do we know ?

submitted by /u/sphks
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How can chemicals like CO2 acidify water if they don't contain H+?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 08:08 PM PDT

Tetanus can apparently develop due to contamination of minor/superficial injuries. How would that work with an obligate anaerobic germ?

Posted: 27 Sep 2016 07:29 AM PDT

While C. tetani can occur anywhere, it should be only present in the form of spores, which would require anaerobic conditions to germinate, reproduce, and release tetanospasmin.

It seems to me that any of those steps would require necrotic tissue, rather than healthy, properly oxygenated tissue, to occur.

Yet according to CDC, it may also happen in "Wounds caused by an object puncturing the skin, like a nail or needle", and " clean superficial wounds (when only the topmost layer of skin is scraped off)".

This doesn't seem to add up, does it?

submitted by /u/buuun
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What is the maximum size for a particle to be able to do simple diffusion into a cell?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 08:45 PM PDT

So I understand that small non-charged molecules such as H2O and O2 can pass through the plasma membrane with just simple diffusion, whereas bigger molecules such as glucose cannot and need facilitation. My question is what is the "cut-off" for a molecule being too big, and needs to be facilitated through?

submitted by /u/ethansmith123
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How do scientist determine where and how many samples of an element to take to determine it's isotope composition?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 09:11 PM PDT

Does the Sun's gravity have a significant impact on the plate tectonics of the planet Mercury?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 05:13 PM PDT

I saw this post that Mercury apparently has active plate movement, and was curious if the Sun's gravitational pull has a significant effect, being in such close proximity.

submitted by /u/MattTheFlash
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How long can muscle tissue go without oxygen?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 04:44 PM PDT

What is the difference between congestion and nasal inflammation?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 03:46 PM PDT

I am a student studying the effects of phenylephrine on decongestion, and NSAIDs on inflammation. My understanding is that phenylephrine constricts blood vessels, thereby avoiding nasal edema (congestion). This sounds pretty identical to the fluid retention associated with the migration of WBCs to an infected area in inflammation. Can anyone make the distinction clearer to me? What causes congestion if not an inflammatory response?

submitted by /u/lilsebastian0101
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Why are some elements more electro-negative than others?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 07:43 PM PDT

If it has to do with filling up the final shell (valence electrons), then why is Oxygen more electro-negative than Chlorine?

submitted by /u/MrMineHeads
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Could frozen fish be lying around on the surface of Europa?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 02:42 PM PDT

Well, I mean frozen life. If the water plumes on Europa suck up life from the water underneath and blow it out over the surface, would the life get destroyed and be unidentifiable or could a probe tell us that this was once a living thing? Would bones or scales or horn or even soft tissue, like singe-cell creatures survive, dead but intact, frozen on the surface? I've read about concern that drilling probes might contaminate the seas under the ice. Maybe all we have to do is look at the surface.

submitted by /u/Algernon_Moncrieff
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What makes the australian black bean - castanospermum australe - poisonous?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 03:56 PM PDT

Wikipedia didn't specify what chemical actually made it poisonous, and several other links also didn't specify it.

submitted by /u/MILKB0T
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Monday, September 26, 2016

Why is it not possible to simply add protons, electrons, and neutrons together to make whatever element we want?

Why is it not possible to simply add protons, electrons, and neutrons together to make whatever element we want?


Why is it not possible to simply add protons, electrons, and neutrons together to make whatever element we want?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 12:06 PM PDT

I cannot grasp the concept of the 4th dimension can someone explain the concept of dimensions higher than 3 in simple terms?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 12:40 PM PDT

Question about basis in infinite dimensional vector spaces?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 11:47 AM PDT

I read that in infinite dimensional vector spaces, a countable ortonormal system is considered a basis if the set of finite linear combiantions of elements of such system is everywhere dense in the vector space. For example, the set {ei / i in N} is a basis for l2 (oo) (where ei is the sequence with a 1 in the i-th location and 0 everywhere else). I was wondering if there was a way of considering a set a basis if every element in the space is a finite linear combination of the elements of the set and this set is linearly independent. I guess the vector space itself generates the vector space, but it's elements are not linearly independent. Is there a way to remove some of the elements of the vector space in such a way that the set that remains is linearly independent and it generates all the space only with finite combinations?

submitted by /u/Paul-Lubanski
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Simple question, is anybody able to give me a scientific journal or any verifiable source, for whether or not the refilling of plastic bottles, over a continuous amount of time. Will the bottle degrade and you consume a chemicals from said bottles?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 05:04 PM PDT

Why can't we use capacitor as batteries?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 12:09 PM PDT

Instead of chemical batteries?

submitted by /u/ucefkh
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What is the total volume of the sky?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 06:35 AM PDT

So my sister had some silly quote on her facebook about "The Endless Sky" which got me thinking that there was no way it could be endless. Is there a "point x" so many meters above ground that starts the sky and then a "point y" that marks the end of the sky and the start of outer space. If so could you measure the volume and/or mass of the sky?

submitted by /u/communistcrashdummy
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When we look into the night sky, the light we're seeing from those stars is millions of years old. How do we know how many of those haven't already died?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 11:57 PM PDT

Is there an empirical method to calculate the surface area of an irregular solid?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 09:38 PM PDT

Archimedes (apocryphally, at least) provided us with an empirical method of calculating the volume of an irregular solid using water displacement.

Is there any analogue for surface area? It would be nice if there were a method that doesn't rely too much on technology (I kinda want something that could've been produced by the Greeks), but I'm interested in any solution that doesn't use any kind of calculus / convergence of approximations arguments.

If there is no analogue for surface area, is there some kind of proof or heuristic argument that there can be no such method?

submitted by /u/riemannia
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How can light have momentum if the formula for momentum is p=mv? If light has no mass doesn't that mean it has no momentum?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 10:48 PM PDT

p=mv where p is momentum, m is mass, and v is velocity.

submitted by /u/Dusicyon
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Do particle accelerators produce dark matter?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 08:15 PM PDT

In a particle accelerator, how is speed of a particle measured?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 04:00 AM PDT

I've seen speeds quoted as "99% the speed of light" or similar, but how is that measured? I assume it's linked to energy decay somehow as there's no way it could be sampled that fast.

submitted by /u/mrpurplez
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Why are there spiral galaxies?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 12:25 PM PDT

Shouldn't they all be elliptical because objects orbiting closer to the center of the galaxy move faster and pass up the stars on the end of an arm.

submitted by /u/Zexer_Alphius
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Why didn't natural selection eliminate poor eyesight before glasses were invented?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 04:51 PM PDT

My train of thought with this is that poor eyesight seems like it would've been a big enough hindrance to things like hunting and gathering and generally not running into stuff and dying back in those times that eventually people with poor eyesight wouldn't have been able to reproduce. Am I just confused on how poor eyesight works?

submitted by /u/buttmunch3
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What is the point of using specific gravity?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 05:37 PM PDT

In my pharmaceutics course/lab I see a lot of density measurements expressed in "specific gravity". I understand that Specific Gravity is the density of a substance in reference to a "benchmark" substance, but that "benchmark" substance is normally water, which is 1 g/mL. So my question is, why bother having a unit of measurement that is, for intents and purposes, equal to density? Are there instances where the reference substance isn't water and specific gravity would be preferable to use?

Edit: I'm flairing this as "Medicine" just because I've only encountered Specific Gravity in my pharmaceutics course. If there is a more appropriate flair I'll change it accordingly.

submitted by /u/joe_jon
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What's the name of the property that ∫u+v dx = ∫u dx + ∫v dx?

Posted: 26 Sep 2016 01:17 AM PDT

I believe the phrase I'm looking for is "integration is [adjective] [preposition] addition". (I'm specifically not looking for "[operation] rule".) For instance, "integration is distributive over addition". But you know that thing where you say a phrase, and it doesn't sound like it's actually a thing?

submitted by /u/Piquan
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[Mathematics] Are there vector spaces where no discrete set of vectors form a basis?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 09:53 PM PDT

The question is regarding infinite dimensional vector spaces.

In quantum mechanics you usually bump into infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, but I've always noticed that you can find a basis with cardinality = Aleph_0 (the cardinality of the natural numbers). A question I've had since learning QM is wether there exist vector spaces V where the dimension is 'larger than Aleph_0', in the following sense:

Let S be a subset of V, a necessary condition for S to form a basis is that |S| > Aleph_0 .

Thanks!

submitted by /u/fuckwatergivemewine
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If there was no dark matter in the vaccum of space would light travel faster? Or does light get slowed down occasionally because of this?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 05:03 PM PDT

Have Mental illnesses been around since the dawn of humanity?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 05:52 PM PDT

How did crazy mental illnesses develop? And how did old civilations deal with them?

submitted by /u/R_af_ael
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Is there a connection between Bernalism (the communist philosophy of science) and the current reproducibility crisis in science?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 03:34 PM PDT

Don't now if this is the right place, but I am interested in literature to answer the above.

submitted by /u/AMatterofTrust
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How does radiation effect precious metals?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 03:34 PM PDT

This is a multi part question and I'm not really sure how to ask it. Please forgive me if I ask a question in a stupid way

How do metals like gold, silver and copper become radioactive (irradiated (if somebody could clear up the semantic, that'd be nice)) and what happens to these metals when that happens?

Does simple proximity to radiation render metals radioactive, eg: if a gold vein and deposit of uranium ore hypothetically shared the same mine, would the gold be useless? why?

Would the same radioactive source have the same effect on the same metals, that is to say: would the same thing that reacts with gold react with silver or any other metal left or right of the metals' respective column on the periodic table?

Bonus question: Just how harmful is non-enriched uranium ore?

submitted by /u/ereg
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Are all metal elements able to be detected by a metal detector?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 07:07 PM PDT

Simple question I've been wondering, since how the elements are grouped, I have a few questions:

Will ALL transition metal be detected? (If not which ones will/won't)

Will any Metalloids be detected?

Will any alkali metals be detected?

Will any basic metals be detected?

Will any earth metals be detected!

( by the way, when I'm talking about metal detector, I mean the security-type used in airports and such)

Thank you

submitted by /u/The2xfire
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Do biologists/neuroscientists agree with the suggestion that there are 58 genders?

Posted: 25 Sep 2016 04:16 PM PDT

Just curious what people in the actual field believe.

submitted by /u/Oh_hamburgers_
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