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Friday, September 16, 2016

Do painkillers affect more than just perception of pain?

Do painkillers affect more than just perception of pain?


Do painkillers affect more than just perception of pain?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:42 PM PDT

Do painkillers have other effects on the body, other than just blocking the perception of pain? And does blocking pain cause other changes in the nervous system and body?

Today at work I experienced a bad headache. For several hours, I felt tired and slow, and unable to think clearly. My mood was terrible. I took paracetamol at midday, and within an hour my headache had lessened, but the thing I noticed most was that I felt alert and refreshed, like I had just woken up. I could think clearly again, and my mood was much better.

My understanding of painkillers was that they simply blocked the pain, without really changing anything else. I suppose I am asking: is perception of pain linked to decreased cognition? Or does something else happen that improves cognition while also reducing perception of pain when painkillers are used?

submitted by /u/Noh_weigh
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How was it discovered that metals in space would stick together?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 04:25 AM PDT

Did it happen BEFORE we went to space? or was it realized actually IN space?

link

submitted by /u/Short_Term_Account
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What part of a peanut's composition induces a reaction in those who have nut allergies, and how can so little of it be deadly in certain cases?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 09:02 PM PDT

I just read this article that mentioned a girl who died of acute respiratory failure caused by an allergic reaction because she kissed her boyfriend who ate a peanut butter sandwich several hours earlier.

Is it a specific protein in the nuts that cause a reaction or is it multiple things?

And what is the mechanism of action that causes severe, deadly reactions in certain cases even though the concentration of the allergen is so low. (Such as in chocolate bars made in the same factory that works with nuts, or someone in the same room eating nuts)

submitted by /u/cosekantphi
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Is there a super massive black hole at the centre of every Galaxy? If there is does the galaxy form around the black hole or does the black hole form from smaller black holes within the Galaxy merging?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 06:39 PM PDT

How does an encryption system share keys with the intended recipient without letting a third party obtain the key as well?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:45 PM PDT

I understand that encryption works by providing two parties a key that decodes messages or data they exchange. What I don't understand is how this protects information from a third party that has tapped into one of the parties at the beginning of the communication.

For instance, let's say someone has hacked my wifi and watches me log onto Gmail. When I log onto Gmail, don't I get the encryption key at that moment? Wouldn't the third party also have the key and have the ability to read my messages? Can't your ISP do the same?

submitted by /u/xarici
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Why does water expand when it freezes?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:24 PM PDT

What is the difference between a lunar eclipse and the phases of the Moon?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:36 PM PDT

Aren't they both just caused by the Earth's shadow cast upon the Moon? What makes a lunar eclipse a rare and unique phenomenon?

submitted by /u/DeregorDarkflame
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Is an acorn considered living?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:06 PM PDT

If a sphere is rotating, is it moving relative to itself?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 04:56 PM PDT

I had a debate with a co-worker in which he said that an object can move relative to itself. That an object can be its own frame of reference. We were talking about the Sun as it moves through the galaxy. We of course went through the obligatory acknowledgement that the galaxy itself is moving through the universe and so on. However when I said that even the sun's rotation could only be described as it related to other objects, he disagreed and said that an object could be moving relative to itself.

I proposed a thought experiment in which a basketball was the only object in the universe. I said that, in this scenario, you couldn't say that the basketball was rotating relative to itself. You couldn't say that the basketball was rotating at all, because it would have to rotate relative to something else. He disagreed and said that in this scenario the basketball could be said to be rotating because it could rotate relative to itself.

So we're not talking about position or velocity here, but simply rotation. Can something be said to be rotating relative to itself?

submitted by /u/DrSheldonC00per
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This lightning storm over Reading UK has been going on for about 12 hours now - how is it still going? Shouldn't all the air be de-ionized by now?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 09:24 PM PDT

I love watching storms when they happen, but this one has been going on since just past 5 p.m. this afternoon, and it's now 5 a.m.

I've never seen a storm last this long, and when I did a search, other sites seemed to back up the idea that a storm only lasts about 30-60 minutes.

I don't think it's a single storm - one moved across almost overhead at about 6pm, but it's otherwise been quite distant until 3 a.m., and just now - I've seen flashes of lightning almost constantly, but a lot of them have been a few miles away with a 10-30 second flash/rumble difference.

Even so, I thought that unless the wind was powerful enough to create its own lightning (e.g. with a tornado or hurricane), it took days of muggy/humid weather to build up enough ionized air for a thunderstorm. It has been very muggy in the past week, with record high September temperatures, but surely the air was de-ionized the first time around - how is there still enough energy in the air for so much lightning?

submitted by /u/Patrik333
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Is there an upper limit on how large a solid object that is one cohesive unit can be?

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 05:08 AM PDT

I was reading about the Pillars of Creation earlier, those are gas/dust clouds, but it made me wonder if there was an upper limit for a solid object.

By solid I mean one cohesive unit that can transmit a vibration or wave all the way through it in the vacuum of space, though I'm also curious if there is an upper limit on an object where all the molecules are bound together into one cohesive solid unit.

Tagged astronomy but I'm not sure if it should be physics or astronomy.

submitted by /u/MorallyDeplorable
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Do some people have a chemical need for SSRIs?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 01:23 PM PDT

Hi Ask Science,

I have a of couple questions on the chemical/ biological need for SSRIs.

1) Do some people naturally produce less serotonin in their brains, meaning they have a chemical need for SSRIs to have the same amount of serotonin in their brain as the average person?

2) Does prolonged use of SSRIs change the chemical/ biological make up of the brain? For example, originally person x produces serotonin at a rate of 10, they take SSRIs for 10+ years and their brain gets use to that absorption rate of serotonin, so takes production rate down to 5. Meaning that person x now has a chemical dependency on SSRIs to have an average level of serotonin in their brain.

Researching the topic I found an article 'The mechanisms of tolerance in antidepressant action' (2011) - Giovanni A. Fava, which delves into the topic of long term use of SSRIs, concluding 'appraisal and testing of the oppositional model of tolerance may yield important insights as to long-term treatment'.

If any of these questions need more clarification please just say. If anyone has any related questions just post them in the comments and we can try and find out the answers! :)

submitted by /u/Redskyeatnight
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Why are decibels a measure of watts per square meter?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 09:22 PM PDT

Sound waves propagate in three dimensions, so why are decibels measured in watts per square meter rather than per cubic meter?

submitted by /u/grammatiker
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How are mesa/plateaus etc formed? In particular ones with curved hexagonal columns like Devil's Tower.

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 04:52 AM PDT

In particular, Devil's Tower.

If this mesa is supposed to have ejected from beneath the surface upwards (or other theories), what gives the hexagonal lattice the warp/curve seen around the base? I've seen some explanations and theories, but am stumped as to why this mesa has such a curvature. Also, what gives a mesa/plateau/butte etc it's flat top?

I've seen this type of hexagonal rock formation elsewhere with curves like Devil's Postpile so it's no uncommon, just curious as to it's process.

submitted by /u/Wood_Warden
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Are people with extra chromosomes denser than the average human?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:19 PM PDT

In a physical sense. Since they have more things inside their cells.

submitted by /u/MrTubby1
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Could two waves of light cancel each other out?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:40 PM PDT

Is it possible for two waves of light to cancel each other out if they're equal but 180 degrees out of phase?

If this can happen, what happens to the energy from a thermodynamic point of view? What happens to the photons in them from a quantum point of view?

submitted by /u/the_ocalhoun
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Has science ever thought that neutrinos might be dark matter? They make up 99% of the energy expelled from a nova and can pass through most other matter making them almost undetectable. Sounds like a prime suspect to me.

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:04 PM PDT

Neutrinos make up 99% of the energy given off in a super nova. Super novas and regular(?) novas make up all matter in the universe. They are super hard to detect but do give off mass and energy. Doesn't that seem like a likely candidate for dark matter?

submitted by /u/badong369
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Why doesn't N-linked glycosylation occur more commonly with glutamine or arginine amino acid side chains?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 11:19 PM PDT

What genetic diseases only affect a small percentage of cells in the body?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 08:45 PM PDT

Hi Reddit,

I realize that this may sound like a silly question as all cells in the body contain the same genetic make up. But are there any known diseases that only affect a small percentage of the total cells in the body? I'm only wondering because of potential applications for sparse gene delivery in the context of gene therapy. Thank you.

submitted by /u/KChan85
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If a pulsar were close enough to observe in the night sky, would we be in danger? [Astronomy]

Posted: 16 Sep 2016 02:32 AM PDT

What would happen if you made a cube mirrored on the outside?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 10:26 PM PDT

Say you had a cube that was made of 100% reflective material on the outside. If you were inside this (large enough) how cold/hot would it be? Would it still heat up even if no light passed through it?

submitted by /u/NUMBER7777777
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Thursday, September 15, 2016

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology


Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What would be the consequence of electrons that could have the same quantum numbers?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 04:50 PM PDT

Or other subatomic particles.

submitted by /u/momscooking
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When they say an inch of rain, does that mean cubic inch?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 05:15 AM PDT

What are quantum numbers?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 04:41 AM PDT

How much, if at all, does the moon's gravity effect satellite's orbits?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 03:28 AM PDT

Specifically do we have to include a moon's gravity variable in satellite orbiting calculations?

submitted by /u/childishglover
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[Biology] What is that tingly chill sensation you get in your nose before you sneeze?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 07:21 PM PDT

Sometimes I begin to feel this chill come down my nose in either nostril and I know it's a reaction to sneeze, but sometimes I just feel the chill and the urge to sneeze goes away. Other times I actually end up sneezing. What is that strange feeling and why do I not always sneeze when I feel that?

submitted by /u/Aneuka
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Can there exist an atom with just 2 protons and 2 electons?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 05:04 AM PDT

So basically a helium atom without the 2 neutrons. Would this be stable? Or are the neutrons needed to provide more of the strong force to overcome the electromagnetic repulsion of the protons? (can the strong force between the two protons not do this on its own? Thanks.

submitted by /u/iCaird
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What is the etymology of the first four prefixes in organic chemistry?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 11:44 PM PDT

Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-...etc. Why dont the first four follow the numeral prefixes and where did they come from?

submitted by /u/Girthicus
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Could a black hole speed up light beyond lightspeed?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 02:20 AM PDT

If light is approaching a black hole directly , the moment before hitting the surface, wouldn't the gravity of the black hole speed it up beyond the speed of light?

Why not?

submitted by /u/vercibar
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Is it possible for a gas to support a liquid?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 07:05 PM PDT

I'm not referring to situations where a gas is somehow denser than the liquid.

submitted by /u/fl_m__r_p__l_s
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Does anti-reflective coating on lenses increase light transmission?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:17 PM PDT

I know many lenses these days have an anti-reflective coating. My understanding is that this works because the anti-reflective coating thickness is equal to 1/4 wavelength of the light you are trying not to reflect (500 nm in the case of green light, so a coating with 125 nm). The waves reflecting from the surface of the coating and the surface of the glass destructively interfere, which"cancels out" the reflection.

So here's the real question: When I hear people talk about anti-reflective coatings, they make it sound as if it results in increased transmission of the light through the lens. Does this coating really increase the total number of photons that will be transmitted through the whole optical system? It seems to me that these photons must still be "bouncing off the front" in order to destructively interfere?

submitted by /u/jaspy_cat
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What elements/conditions create and strengthen emotional bonds?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 07:03 PM PDT

Many layers to this question so sorry if this is long:
Humans have emotional connections with so many different types of things: long-term friends, brief acquaintances, pets, fictional characters, and a whole slew of non-living things from cars to phones to favorite pens.

My questions are: what creates these emotional bonds? Are the conditions for bonding with your pet the same as the conditions for bonding with your car? Also, do other animals experience bonds the same way we do or with a different set of conditions?

submitted by /u/PMme_awesome_music
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What are quarks made of?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 12:28 AM PDT

The answer isn't really clear-cut, as there's no research that proves something making up quarks, but I love hypothetical questions. Thoughts?

submitted by /u/I_am_ADHDavid
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How are protons held together in the nucleus of an atom?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:07 PM PDT

Intuitively you'd think they would repel each other, but clearly that isn't the case. I've read it's something called the strong force, but what is that exactly? Is it even known?

submitted by /u/gatz
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Why does water make noise when I boil it?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 04:15 PM PDT

When I put the kettle on for a cup of tea, it first makes a low and steadily increasing rumbling noise as the water gets hotter and hotter. Then, just a few moments before boiling, it gets quiet. Finally, it whistles, of course. That last part I understand. But I'm really curious as to the how and why of the other two phenomena.

submitted by /u/NotRickDeckard
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How do we know that Dinosaurs were reptilian? (not mammals)

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:47 PM PDT

Is there evidence in the fossils? Or other evidence from that period?

Or are we even 100% sure they weren't mammals?

submitted by /u/House_of_Flip-Flop
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How is "sea level" defined/determined for other planets?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 06:52 PM PDT

A lack of oceans seems like it would make the term "sea level" confusing.

submitted by /u/FatesLooter
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Would a non-deterministic quantum event have the same outcome if i went back in time and observed it again?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 06:52 PM PDT

Like if i waited for a radioactive atom to decay, and noted the exact time it did, and then went back in time to observe it again, would i get the same number? Or would my act of observation change the outcome?

submitted by /u/BadElf21
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How does pH affect crystallization?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 05:01 PM PDT

I'm starting a research on this subject for school (Does it increase growth? Stunt it? Change structure?), but I can't seem to find any verified articles or papers to source. The ones I'm finding are either on another forum without any verification, or you have to pay to read the rest. Any help is appreciated.

submitted by /u/HoovyBear
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today my friend discovered that if you calculate a certain number's square root enough times, eventually it will always result in the number 1. why?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 12:07 PM PDT

for example: doing square root for the number 6, and then square root of the answer etc 52 times result in the number 1.

go easy on me with the explanation, im 17 and certainly not a math genius.

ps: sorry for the english, thank you

submitted by /u/DentistsBeScary
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Does the earth continually produce new oil?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 06:07 PM PDT

Wednesday, September 14, 2016

If identical twins have the exact same DNA, why do they often look slightly different than one another?

If identical twins have the exact same DNA, why do they often look slightly different than one another?


If identical twins have the exact same DNA, why do they often look slightly different than one another?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 03:23 PM PDT

Why were floppy disks 1.44 MB?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 03:42 PM PDT

Is there a reason why this was the standard storage capacity for floppy disks?

submitted by /u/Jolly_Misanthrope
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What causes the octet rule?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:34 PM PDT

It's commonly taught that the octet rule can be used as a general rule of thumb for defining why atoms behave the way they do to fill their valence shells. But what is the actual reason for this behavior and why is an s-orbital and a p-orbital defined as a full valence shell?

submitted by /u/PittleBoLeep
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Is it possible for a planet in a binary system to have a figure 8 orbit that encircles both stars?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 08:13 AM PDT

What's the difference between anti-derivatives and integrals?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 05:21 PM PDT

Just started Calculus, and I'm wondering what the difference is. To me they seem very similar.

submitted by /u/l0__0I
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Do any animals other than humans have "bad habits", or do things they may know are deliberately bad for them?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:57 PM PDT

I don't know what the animal kingdom version of smoking cigarettes is, but something along those lines.

submitted by /u/caesar315
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If you have two horseshoes and line up their centre of masses exactly why aren't the gravitational forces between them infinite?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:24 PM PDT

Considering a horse shoe's centre of mass is actually outside of it so you could line two up. F=(Gm1m2)/(r2 ) surely you would be dividing by zero so the answer would be undefined?

submitted by /u/Cowman_42
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In a 2D coordinate system, x is horizontal and y is vertical. Is there a convention for which axis is which when projecting a 3D coordinate system in 2D?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:11 PM PDT

For example, Wikipedia has this, which shows y as horizontal, z as vertical, and x as depth. To me that choice seems needlessly inconsistent with the 2D coordinate system. Would it not be better to keep x and y like in 2D and make z the depth? Is there a convention for this? If so, is there a rationale behind that convention?

submitted by /u/SmarmierEveryDay
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Did we develop the tongue for advanced speech or did we developed advanced speech out of the tongue?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:31 PM PDT

What I'm asking is, is advanced speech a random occurrence due to humans develop a tongue for eating, or was the tongue formed to make communication easier?

submitted by /u/Zylvian
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Why do small parabolic dishes (I'm talking about sound waves, not light) have poor low frequency response?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:21 PM PDT

I can understand that parabolic dishes are transparent to light whose wavelength is bigger than the diameter of the dish. But what about sound? Sound is quite unlike light. It's just a mechanical wave of pressure and I don't see why low-frequency sound cannot be focused by a small parabolic dish.

Here's a little thought experiment. Imagine a long cylindrical tube and a reflective parabolic dish of the same diameter placed in the middle of the tube. The dish fits perfectly into the tube. A plane sound wave whose wavelength is bigger than the diameter of the dish is emitted at one end of the tube. Does the dish focus the wave? The sound has nowhere else to go and the dish is reflective. What happens to the wave? The energy cannot disappear.

submitted by /u/polishphysicist
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Footprints on the moon Destroyed by seismic activity?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 01:08 PM PDT

If there is seismic activity on the moon that can last up to an hour would the footprints that we are told will be there forever be flattened out and destroyed by Lunar quakes

submitted by /u/asylum612361
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In beta decay, what causes an up quark to change into a down quark to change a proton into a neutron or vice versa? Why do they do this?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 10:55 AM PDT

I understand that the whole thing occurs due to the weak nuclear force to make, the nucleus more stable but what causes the quark to change? How does it know if it should flip or not? Thankyou.

E: Example in title is Beta plus decay I know

submitted by /u/iCaird
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Did the terrorist attack on 9/11/01 inspire any changes in how very large or tall structures are designed?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 10:30 AM PDT

Is there a limit to the amount of potential/kinetic energy an object can contain?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 12:55 PM PDT

I've always heard that as an object approaches the speed of light, the energy required to further approach that limit increases asymptotically to infinity. So I'm curious, given a functionally unlimited amount of time and available thrust, is there an upper limit to the amount of energy an object can 'contain'?

submitted by /u/Axewerfer
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Why is it that toothpaste and other minty things alter the tastes of foods such as oranges, but don't alter other foods such as bread?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 09:23 AM PDT

I'm drinking some fresh squeezed orange juice this morning minutes after brushing my teeth. It's so tart I'm having a hard time drinking it. However, my slice of toast hardly changed in terms of taste except for the subtle backdrop of mint.

What is it about mint that changes your tastebuds and make orange juice so tart tasting?

submitted by /u/synapticrelease
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Hearts can pump for decades without stopping. Could a person walk/hike for tremendous distances if leg muscles were similarly composed? What kind of energy and other demands on the body would this take?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 08:01 AM PDT

If other muscles in the body were replaced somehow (methods unknown) by heart muscles, would they have the same ability to function tirelessly?

submitted by /u/CosmoKrammer
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If we have a blood brain barrier, how do SSRIs effect the reuptake process of serotonin?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:33 PM PDT

Can a material be heated enough to emit blue light from black body radiation?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 12:05 PM PDT

A hot enough black body emits blue light, like blue stars. Can terrestrial materials be heated hot enough to be visibly blue, say a furnace or a molten metal? I've never seen an example of this.

submitted by /u/stradivarius117
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Why don't eyebrows/eyelashes grow like normal hair?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 09:45 AM PDT

When we break a bone, will it be stronger or weaker when it is repaired?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 08:09 AM PDT

All is in the title,

I broke my bone when I was around 7 and I still feel like Its weaker than before and still hurts when I put much effort on it (Im 18) Some people say me the opposite; that their bone is now stronger, so I dont really know, could you help to find an answer? :)

submitted by /u/Delobet
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