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Thursday, September 15, 2016

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology


Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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What would be the consequence of electrons that could have the same quantum numbers?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 04:50 PM PDT

Or other subatomic particles.

submitted by /u/momscooking
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When they say an inch of rain, does that mean cubic inch?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 05:15 AM PDT

What are quantum numbers?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 04:41 AM PDT

How much, if at all, does the moon's gravity effect satellite's orbits?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 03:28 AM PDT

Specifically do we have to include a moon's gravity variable in satellite orbiting calculations?

submitted by /u/childishglover
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[Biology] What is that tingly chill sensation you get in your nose before you sneeze?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 07:21 PM PDT

Sometimes I begin to feel this chill come down my nose in either nostril and I know it's a reaction to sneeze, but sometimes I just feel the chill and the urge to sneeze goes away. Other times I actually end up sneezing. What is that strange feeling and why do I not always sneeze when I feel that?

submitted by /u/Aneuka
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Can there exist an atom with just 2 protons and 2 electons?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 05:04 AM PDT

So basically a helium atom without the 2 neutrons. Would this be stable? Or are the neutrons needed to provide more of the strong force to overcome the electromagnetic repulsion of the protons? (can the strong force between the two protons not do this on its own? Thanks.

submitted by /u/iCaird
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What is the etymology of the first four prefixes in organic chemistry?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 11:44 PM PDT

Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-...etc. Why dont the first four follow the numeral prefixes and where did they come from?

submitted by /u/Girthicus
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Could a black hole speed up light beyond lightspeed?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 02:20 AM PDT

If light is approaching a black hole directly , the moment before hitting the surface, wouldn't the gravity of the black hole speed it up beyond the speed of light?

Why not?

submitted by /u/vercibar
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Is it possible for a gas to support a liquid?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 07:05 PM PDT

I'm not referring to situations where a gas is somehow denser than the liquid.

submitted by /u/fl_m__r_p__l_s
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Does anti-reflective coating on lenses increase light transmission?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:17 PM PDT

I know many lenses these days have an anti-reflective coating. My understanding is that this works because the anti-reflective coating thickness is equal to 1/4 wavelength of the light you are trying not to reflect (500 nm in the case of green light, so a coating with 125 nm). The waves reflecting from the surface of the coating and the surface of the glass destructively interfere, which"cancels out" the reflection.

So here's the real question: When I hear people talk about anti-reflective coatings, they make it sound as if it results in increased transmission of the light through the lens. Does this coating really increase the total number of photons that will be transmitted through the whole optical system? It seems to me that these photons must still be "bouncing off the front" in order to destructively interfere?

submitted by /u/jaspy_cat
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What elements/conditions create and strengthen emotional bonds?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 07:03 PM PDT

Many layers to this question so sorry if this is long:
Humans have emotional connections with so many different types of things: long-term friends, brief acquaintances, pets, fictional characters, and a whole slew of non-living things from cars to phones to favorite pens.

My questions are: what creates these emotional bonds? Are the conditions for bonding with your pet the same as the conditions for bonding with your car? Also, do other animals experience bonds the same way we do or with a different set of conditions?

submitted by /u/PMme_awesome_music
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What are quarks made of?

Posted: 15 Sep 2016 12:28 AM PDT

The answer isn't really clear-cut, as there's no research that proves something making up quarks, but I love hypothetical questions. Thoughts?

submitted by /u/I_am_ADHDavid
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How are protons held together in the nucleus of an atom?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:07 PM PDT

Intuitively you'd think they would repel each other, but clearly that isn't the case. I've read it's something called the strong force, but what is that exactly? Is it even known?

submitted by /u/gatz
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Why does water make noise when I boil it?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 04:15 PM PDT

When I put the kettle on for a cup of tea, it first makes a low and steadily increasing rumbling noise as the water gets hotter and hotter. Then, just a few moments before boiling, it gets quiet. Finally, it whistles, of course. That last part I understand. But I'm really curious as to the how and why of the other two phenomena.

submitted by /u/NotRickDeckard
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How do we know that Dinosaurs were reptilian? (not mammals)

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 08:47 PM PDT

Is there evidence in the fossils? Or other evidence from that period?

Or are we even 100% sure they weren't mammals?

submitted by /u/House_of_Flip-Flop
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How is "sea level" defined/determined for other planets?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 06:52 PM PDT

A lack of oceans seems like it would make the term "sea level" confusing.

submitted by /u/FatesLooter
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Would a non-deterministic quantum event have the same outcome if i went back in time and observed it again?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 06:52 PM PDT

Like if i waited for a radioactive atom to decay, and noted the exact time it did, and then went back in time to observe it again, would i get the same number? Or would my act of observation change the outcome?

submitted by /u/BadElf21
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How does pH affect crystallization?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 05:01 PM PDT

I'm starting a research on this subject for school (Does it increase growth? Stunt it? Change structure?), but I can't seem to find any verified articles or papers to source. The ones I'm finding are either on another forum without any verification, or you have to pay to read the rest. Any help is appreciated.

submitted by /u/HoovyBear
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today my friend discovered that if you calculate a certain number's square root enough times, eventually it will always result in the number 1. why?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 12:07 PM PDT

for example: doing square root for the number 6, and then square root of the answer etc 52 times result in the number 1.

go easy on me with the explanation, im 17 and certainly not a math genius.

ps: sorry for the english, thank you

submitted by /u/DentistsBeScary
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Does the earth continually produce new oil?

Posted: 14 Sep 2016 06:07 PM PDT

Wednesday, September 14, 2016

If identical twins have the exact same DNA, why do they often look slightly different than one another?

If identical twins have the exact same DNA, why do they often look slightly different than one another?


If identical twins have the exact same DNA, why do they often look slightly different than one another?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 03:23 PM PDT

Why were floppy disks 1.44 MB?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 03:42 PM PDT

Is there a reason why this was the standard storage capacity for floppy disks?

submitted by /u/Jolly_Misanthrope
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What causes the octet rule?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:34 PM PDT

It's commonly taught that the octet rule can be used as a general rule of thumb for defining why atoms behave the way they do to fill their valence shells. But what is the actual reason for this behavior and why is an s-orbital and a p-orbital defined as a full valence shell?

submitted by /u/PittleBoLeep
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Is it possible for a planet in a binary system to have a figure 8 orbit that encircles both stars?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 08:13 AM PDT

What's the difference between anti-derivatives and integrals?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 05:21 PM PDT

Just started Calculus, and I'm wondering what the difference is. To me they seem very similar.

submitted by /u/l0__0I
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Do any animals other than humans have "bad habits", or do things they may know are deliberately bad for them?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:57 PM PDT

I don't know what the animal kingdom version of smoking cigarettes is, but something along those lines.

submitted by /u/caesar315
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If you have two horseshoes and line up their centre of masses exactly why aren't the gravitational forces between them infinite?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:24 PM PDT

Considering a horse shoe's centre of mass is actually outside of it so you could line two up. F=(Gm1m2)/(r2 ) surely you would be dividing by zero so the answer would be undefined?

submitted by /u/Cowman_42
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In a 2D coordinate system, x is horizontal and y is vertical. Is there a convention for which axis is which when projecting a 3D coordinate system in 2D?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:11 PM PDT

For example, Wikipedia has this, which shows y as horizontal, z as vertical, and x as depth. To me that choice seems needlessly inconsistent with the 2D coordinate system. Would it not be better to keep x and y like in 2D and make z the depth? Is there a convention for this? If so, is there a rationale behind that convention?

submitted by /u/SmarmierEveryDay
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Did we develop the tongue for advanced speech or did we developed advanced speech out of the tongue?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:31 PM PDT

What I'm asking is, is advanced speech a random occurrence due to humans develop a tongue for eating, or was the tongue formed to make communication easier?

submitted by /u/Zylvian
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Why do small parabolic dishes (I'm talking about sound waves, not light) have poor low frequency response?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:21 PM PDT

I can understand that parabolic dishes are transparent to light whose wavelength is bigger than the diameter of the dish. But what about sound? Sound is quite unlike light. It's just a mechanical wave of pressure and I don't see why low-frequency sound cannot be focused by a small parabolic dish.

Here's a little thought experiment. Imagine a long cylindrical tube and a reflective parabolic dish of the same diameter placed in the middle of the tube. The dish fits perfectly into the tube. A plane sound wave whose wavelength is bigger than the diameter of the dish is emitted at one end of the tube. Does the dish focus the wave? The sound has nowhere else to go and the dish is reflective. What happens to the wave? The energy cannot disappear.

submitted by /u/polishphysicist
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Footprints on the moon Destroyed by seismic activity?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 01:08 PM PDT

If there is seismic activity on the moon that can last up to an hour would the footprints that we are told will be there forever be flattened out and destroyed by Lunar quakes

submitted by /u/asylum612361
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In beta decay, what causes an up quark to change into a down quark to change a proton into a neutron or vice versa? Why do they do this?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 10:55 AM PDT

I understand that the whole thing occurs due to the weak nuclear force to make, the nucleus more stable but what causes the quark to change? How does it know if it should flip or not? Thankyou.

E: Example in title is Beta plus decay I know

submitted by /u/iCaird
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Did the terrorist attack on 9/11/01 inspire any changes in how very large or tall structures are designed?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 10:30 AM PDT

Is there a limit to the amount of potential/kinetic energy an object can contain?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 12:55 PM PDT

I've always heard that as an object approaches the speed of light, the energy required to further approach that limit increases asymptotically to infinity. So I'm curious, given a functionally unlimited amount of time and available thrust, is there an upper limit to the amount of energy an object can 'contain'?

submitted by /u/Axewerfer
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Why is it that toothpaste and other minty things alter the tastes of foods such as oranges, but don't alter other foods such as bread?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 09:23 AM PDT

I'm drinking some fresh squeezed orange juice this morning minutes after brushing my teeth. It's so tart I'm having a hard time drinking it. However, my slice of toast hardly changed in terms of taste except for the subtle backdrop of mint.

What is it about mint that changes your tastebuds and make orange juice so tart tasting?

submitted by /u/synapticrelease
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Hearts can pump for decades without stopping. Could a person walk/hike for tremendous distances if leg muscles were similarly composed? What kind of energy and other demands on the body would this take?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 08:01 AM PDT

If other muscles in the body were replaced somehow (methods unknown) by heart muscles, would they have the same ability to function tirelessly?

submitted by /u/CosmoKrammer
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If we have a blood brain barrier, how do SSRIs effect the reuptake process of serotonin?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:33 PM PDT

Can a material be heated enough to emit blue light from black body radiation?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 12:05 PM PDT

A hot enough black body emits blue light, like blue stars. Can terrestrial materials be heated hot enough to be visibly blue, say a furnace or a molten metal? I've never seen an example of this.

submitted by /u/stradivarius117
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Why don't eyebrows/eyelashes grow like normal hair?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 09:45 AM PDT

When we break a bone, will it be stronger or weaker when it is repaired?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 08:09 AM PDT

All is in the title,

I broke my bone when I was around 7 and I still feel like Its weaker than before and still hurts when I put much effort on it (Im 18) Some people say me the opposite; that their bone is now stronger, so I dont really know, could you help to find an answer? :)

submitted by /u/Delobet
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Tuesday, September 13, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: We are the GeoHazards Messaging Collaboratory here to talk about how we study geohazards like earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are the GeoHazards Messaging Collaboratory here to talk about how we study geohazards like earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. Ask Us Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are the GeoHazards Messaging Collaboratory here to talk about how we study geohazards like earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 05:00 AM PDT

Hi Reddit! We're scientists and educators from IRIS, UNAVCO, SCEC, and the USGS - and we're here to talk about earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes! We'll discuss anything from how we conduct and synthesize research, to how it is being applied in the real world, to how you can get prepared. Dr. Wendy Bohon (IRIS), Beth Bartel (UNAVCO), Jason Ballmann (SCEC) and Dr. Ken Hudnut (USGS/SCEC) will be on hand to answer your questions along with other (in)famous seismologists and geologists! We'll be on at 12 PM EDT (16 UT), ask us anything!

  • From Wendy: My research focuses on examining how the surface and near surface of the earth changes as the result of earthquakes. Now, I focus on improving public education and perception of science, particularly seismology. I'm currently the Informal Education Specialist at IRIS.
  • From Beth: As the outreach specialist for UNAVCO, I work to engage people in natural hazard science in fun, innovative ways, with a focus on deformation-how the Earth moves before, during, and after catastrophic events. My past research was in volcano deformation and I spent years installing equipment for UNAVCO to measure motions relating to earthquakes and glaciers as well.
  • From Jason: I am a Communications Specialist at the Southern California Earthquake Center, (SCEC), where I manage outreach campaigns focused on science education, preparedness, and mitigation. My objectives are to advise and bring people together across many organizations and countries in making the world a more engaged, informed place through applying social science research and communications best practices.
  • From Ken: As the Science Advisor for Risk Reduction for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Natural Hazards Mission Area I try to understand and explain natural hazards in order to help people. I am responsible for ensuring USGS hazards science is being applied to help solve societally relevant problems. My background is in earthquake science.
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South Korea just got hit with a 5.4 magnitude earthquake. 3 days ago, North Korea carried out a nuclear weapons test that caused a 5.3 magnitude seismic event. Is it possible that today's earthquake is a result of the nuclear testing several days ago?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 08:33 AM PDT

How did we determine the shape of electron orbitals?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 12:40 AM PDT

Would AC -> DC converter work with DC as input?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 02:12 AM PDT

So, if I have a large batery pack and want to power something that requires DC, but the devices "power brick" is ment to be pluged in ordinary AC wall outled - can I put the bateries in series to get 220 volts DC and and just connect the power brick to get whatever voltage the device requires?

submitted by /u/KaktitsM
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Is there one dominant method currently used to measure the age of the earth or do we use several more or less equally?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 05:34 AM PDT

If there is one that is used a lot more than others, why? Are the others less accurate?

submitted by /u/Hashi856
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Can large volcanic eruptions like Krakatoa be traced in ice core records?

Posted: 13 Sep 2016 05:17 AM PDT

Years ago I heard about the discovery of the memristor. Haven't heard anything about them since. What's the story? Are they being used widely?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 08:34 PM PDT

It was hailed as a breakthrough discovery and would supposedly allow all kinds of new (or improved) things. But I've not seen anything about them for years.

submitted by /u/Turd_City_Auto_Group
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Is 20 infinitely larger than 1 infinity?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 09:52 PM PDT

If I was given the option between receiving infinitely many $20 bills and infinitely many $1 bills, would my choice matter in terms of getting more money?

submitted by /u/black_gold_badger
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Why does tilting a laptop screen increase the contrast and make finer details easier to see?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:21 PM PDT

If two people moved away from each other, with each person travelling just over half the speed of light, would they be able to communicate with each other?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 10:06 AM PDT

Or is this scenario impossible?

submitted by /u/UnitedVindicator
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Do plants and animals have a common ancestor?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 09:42 AM PDT

Does the reported scientific consensus about the safety of consumable GMOs include an evaluation of studies about their effects on human gut microbiomes and epigenetic codes?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 02:05 PM PDT

Why do earthquakes 'shake' everything? Why don't the tectonic plates just slide into place in one smooth motion?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 09:40 AM PDT

In calculating standard deviation, why do you square the variances instead of taking the absolute value of the variances?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 11:56 AM PDT

In statistics, to get the standard deviation you take the variance and find the square root. The variance is each data point minus the average, and you square it (and divide by the number of samples). We square these terms because if you added them up without squaring them first, the negatives and positives cancel each other out.

My question is why would it be beneficial to square these individual variances in the first place? Why wouldn't you instead take the absolute value of the individual variances and skip the squaring and square rooting?

submitted by /u/Stormline
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What is time-translation symmetry and how do Floquet time crystals (theoretically) break it?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 04:07 PM PDT

Do these time crystals have any bearing on "time travel" as it's now understood in the scientific community?

Thank you!

Link to the article that prompted my question.

submitted by /u/truth__bomb
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Are edited genes heritable?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 09:43 AM PDT

How are thermodynamic quantities calculated? Such as enthalpy, internal energy, entropy, chemical potential, etc.

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 07:28 AM PDT

When metal is exposed to water, does the metal corrode by reacting with the water itself, or dissolved oxygen in the water?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:13 PM PDT

I was curious about which it is reacting with. Does it react with one more than the other?

submitted by /u/rustquestionguy
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What non-cytokinetic signal could drive IgE production without also stimulating IgG production?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 12:26 PM PDT

Hi r/askscience!

I'm an undergrad in a new Immunology lab and my PI posed this question to me and I am having trouble figuring it out based on the way she worded it. Ignoring cytokines and their impact on driving stimulation of certain immunoglobulins, what inherit mechanism would drive production of IgE over IgG?

My mind takes me to allergy or parasite if we are talking an elevation in IgE but I am not sure by what mechanism this process would occur.

Any information would help!

submitted by /u/BetweenTwoFerns
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Does an inductor coil become a capacitor when 1 of the middle loops is cut?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 02:11 PM PDT

It would have no direct path for electrons to cross between the 2 sides of the wire (cut somewhere deep in the coil) so to prevent buildup of static charge the 2 now separate but concentric coils should become oppositely charged, total neutral charge.

Do some capacitors work this way? How efficient are they compared to the parallel plate kind? How much efficiency is lost in the transform from inductor to capacitor? What if we put a switch at the break so it could change between capacitor and inductor?

submitted by /u/BenRayfield
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How do seeds know that they are outside of a fruit to begin germination and growth?

Posted: 12 Sep 2016 01:49 AM PDT