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Wednesday, September 7, 2016

I read that, on average, 3 supernovas will occur in the Milky Way galaxy every century. If that is the case why haven't we observed any since the last one in 1604?

I read that, on average, 3 supernovas will occur in the Milky Way galaxy every century. If that is the case why haven't we observed any since the last one in 1604?


I read that, on average, 3 supernovas will occur in the Milky Way galaxy every century. If that is the case why haven't we observed any since the last one in 1604?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 10:20 AM PDT

Does scratching at irritations like bug bites harm or delay the healing process at all?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 07:58 PM PDT

If microwaves and gamarays have the ability to travel through walls(both of which is on the opposite spectrum), why can't visible light?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 08:54 AM PDT

Could someone help me understand the dephasing during T2-decay?

Posted: 07 Sep 2016 06:08 AM PDT

Could someone help me understand the dephasing during T2-decay which happens after the excitation of the magnetic vector in MRI? My concrete question is: Are the dephasing an expression of the single protons frequencies incoherence in the net magnetization vector, or is the incoherence happening in each proton?

submitted by /u/torve_s
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Why are fires primarily red? Why don't fires naturally burn violet or green?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 08:36 PM PDT

On an atomic or molecular level, what happens to food when it goes off?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 07:59 AM PDT

Some dogs and cattle have very similar coat patterns, is that controlled by the same gene?

Posted: 07 Sep 2016 06:10 AM PDT

How strong is a single carbon nanotube?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 09:59 AM PDT

Let's say someone firmly anchors a single, continuous carbon nanotube across a hallway at neck height. I walk down the hallway. What happens when I reach the tube?

Do I harmlessly break the tube?

Do I get a cut to my neck?

Do I get decapitated?

Edit to say: I couldn't decide if this was a "physics" question or an "engineering" question.

submitted by /u/SashaTheBOLD
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What is the effect of Jupiter's pull on the sun?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 08:59 PM PDT

So I'm watching a documentary (2008) that is talking about looking for other planets and how they watch a star to see if it "wobbles" because that would show the gravitational pull of planets orbiting that star. They go on to say Jupiter pulls the sun 0.5 a million miles side to side when it orbits. And it takes 12 years (presume earth years) to orbit the sun. Question1: is this still how we look for planets?

And more importantly: Does this has an effect on the earth as we could end up with the sun closer to us if Jupiter is near us / on the same side of the sun than if Jupiter was opposite us for example? Like does it create warmer weather patterns or conversely colder patterns .. Or is 0.5 million miles not that much in reality?

submitted by /u/Canuckser
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 07 Sep 2016 08:04 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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I am floating in the center of a stationary ship in space. I throw a ball against the back wall. Does the ball cause the ship to move before I strike the opposite side?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 12:14 PM PDT

If the answer is no, due to this being a closed system. I ask why? If the ball strikes the back wall one second before I hit the other side and equalize the momentum, where is that 'lost force' from the ball hiding at? If you say it does move, but then I hit the front wall to balance the force out, where I am still in the original spot then my question is this:

The ball hit the wall, the spaceship moves 10 feet backward. I am now floating toward the front and hit the front wall to impart the force to go the opposite direction 10 feet. What would cause the ship to decelerate and make the net movement zero?

submitted by /u/thaliart
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Are infections from species like Naegleriasis becoming more common?

Posted: 07 Sep 2016 07:23 AM PDT

Or are we just hearing about them more?

Story which made me think of this: http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20160901/rare-infection-suspected-in-death-of-19-year-old-from-kingston

But I believe there are others we've all heard about -- flesh eating bacteria.

Also, if this amoeba entered her sinuses, basically anyone is vulnerable, correct? So open wounds, etc does not matter?

submitted by /u/whistlerbrk
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In terms of strength, how does caterpillar silk compare to spider silk?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 08:03 PM PDT

Why do rubber tires squeal on pavement?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 09:34 PM PDT

Why do rubber tires make that distinctive squealing noise? What physical properties cause this?

submitted by /u/Macwhopper
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What is the name for the mixed particle that photons form when moving through a medium?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 06:29 PM PDT

So I know that the absorption/emission explanation for light slowing down in a medium is wrong, and I somewhat understand the other explanation. But for the life of me I can't recall what exactly the quasi-particle that is formed during the interaction is called. I've checked the FAQ on the subject, but the only names I've found are "polariton" and "phonon", which I don't remember reading in previous explanations. Is there another name, or is my memory just faulty?

submitted by /u/15MinuteUpload
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Have all the Earth's crusts recycled to the mantle at some point?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 08:01 PM PDT

*Has all the Earth's crust [8]

submitted by /u/sizobonana
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How do islands get internet?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 07:41 PM PDT

Why do magnets ruin computers and other electronic devices?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 08:07 PM PDT

Neutrinos vs. Photons: "Almost" the speed of light?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 05:06 PM PDT

Photons have zero rest mass, therefore they move at the speed of light. Neutrinos, on the other hand, do have a rest mass, although very small. Is there a rule at super light masses, that particles are required to move at relativistic speeds? It seems like the difference between .99999999c and c is still basically infinite. I can't wrap my mind around this. Any help is welcome.

submitted by /u/xxxxx420xxxxx
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Why Chile, Great Britain and Norway West coasts all look alike?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 09:31 PM PDT

I just noticed on google maps that Chile, Great Britain and Norway west coasts all look alike. They have those canals infiltrating the mainland. is there any geological reason for this or is it just coincidence?

why can't i find any major cost like this facing East on the globe?

sorry for my english.

submitted by /u/Danilo_Mello
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In terms of colloidal stability is there a relation between colloid concentration and ion concentration?

Posted: 07 Sep 2016 12:34 AM PDT

Lets say we have a colloid at a concentration of 5 wt% and we know the suspension becomes unstable in an electrolyte with a total ion concentration of 10 mM (arbitrary numbers), then can we predict what ion concentration a 0.5 wt% suspension will be? Will it be 100 mM (I doubt it).

I assume the colloid will be more stable at higher concentrations because even though the Debye length for a given particle will be smaller, there is a smaller probability of a given particle interacting with another.

submitted by /u/samyall
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Why is mole defined as a fundamental quantity? Isn't it just a number of things like a dozen, or a trillion?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 01:19 PM PDT

Further, why does it even have a dimension? Everywhere it seems to be explained to think of it just like a number of entities, then why does it have a dimension and called a fundamental quantity?

submitted by /u/thehighschoolgeek
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How does a space rocket hold its angle of ascent during takeoff with no obvious points for correction - like the wings on a plane?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 11:29 PM PDT

I'm always baffled how the SpaceX rockets hold such a straight line with so much thrust on the back.

submitted by /u/Banditbro
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Tuesday, September 6, 2016

If e=mc^2, does that mean that the sun is constantly losing mass through radiated energy?

If e=mc^2, does that mean that the sun is constantly losing mass through radiated energy?


If e=mc^2, does that mean that the sun is constantly losing mass through radiated energy?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 01:01 PM PDT

Assume that there is no ejected particles, just emitted radiation. Would such a body be losing mass?

submitted by /u/tylerchu
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If elements above 83 (+43, 61) are all man made, is it strictly impossible for them to appear in nature?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 02:17 PM PDT

Watching some Scishow talk about the 'end' of the periodic table and wondering if it was impossible for these supermassive atoms to exist on their own (if, perhaps, for a fraction of a second)

submitted by /u/Ryutauro
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What are the physics behind Iron being the threshold of endothermic/exothermic nuclear fusion/fission?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 03:34 AM PDT

In most photos of galaxies there seems to be a bright central core. Is that just some giant star or a huge mass of them?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 12:13 PM PDT

this is just some thing I have noticed looking at all the gorgeous images we have from the Hubel telescope.

submitted by /u/b3anspud
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If the speed of light varies according to the "medium" it travels trough, fastest being "vacuum", is it theoretically possible that it could be more than 299792458 m/s in some "theoretical exotic medium"?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 07:49 PM PDT

Apparently vacuum means "void of matter". But apparently, matter makes only about 5% of the Universe.
Dark matter makes up about 25% of it and dark energy about 70%.

What if we could have a "medium that is void of matter AND void of dark matter?

Or since matter is just another incarnation of energy, what about "medium" void of matter, dark matter AND dark energy, let's call it "dark vacuum" (trademarked by u/asmj)?
Wouldn't it be, at least theoretically possible that "c" could be greater than in "ordinary vacuum"?

submitted by /u/asmj
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For an extinction event-sized meteorite (e.g. the one that caused the Chicxulub crater, ~10km), how long would the object be visible in the sky before impact?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 08:32 AM PDT

How does gene therapy/crispr affect every single cell in the body?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 02:50 PM PDT

Whether its by a viral vector or crispr, I understand how they alter DNA but I don't know how they manage to get delivered to every cell. If one cell is altered, does the genome of every cell change? What exactly happens?

submitted by /u/Jnicky69
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Are roaches in human dwellings more, less, or just as common today as in the past?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 09:07 PM PDT

What is the estimated size of proto-Earth before it was impacted by Theia?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 04:56 PM PDT

In the 'empty universe' thought experiment, how long would it take for the two protons to collide?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 11:49 PM PDT

I've seen on Reddit the view that two protons say 14 billion light years apart but in an otherwise completely empty universe would eventually collide through gravitational attraction.

Is there a way to coherently calculate how long that would actually take? Let's say they're initially motionless relative to one another. Perhaps longer than things like spontaneous quantum tunnelling to occur (see https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future - one of my favourite wiki articles)

Doesn't the above imply that the gravitonal field of each extend for 14 billion light years (and therefore perhaps infinitely)?

Is the effect somehow instantaneous or would it presumably be subject to the speed of light?

I love this sort of stuff!

submitted by /u/rasputinny
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Does mass increase when temperature increase?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 02:35 AM PDT

To heat water (ignoring mechanical forces and phases transitions), you have to give it energy:

E = M Cp dT.

But energy is also mass:

E=mc².

So does the mass of a body isolated from the outside gain mass when heated?

I did the maths for 1000m3 of water, the supposed mass variation from 10°C to 90°C is 3.7 mg. I guess it is big enough to have been measured with something more stable than water.

submitted by /u/wawatsara
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So the sun has been 'burning' for billions of years and has a couple billion left, what is it that keeps all this fuel in one place for such a long time in such a stable formation? Why doesn't it all just explode or break itself apart or do something else in a small amount of time?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 04:43 PM PDT

Is it just the gravity and balance of the whole system that keeps bringing the 'spare' hydrogen into the centre much like throwing logs on a fire? If the gravity is keeping all the hydrogen in a big ball, why doesn't it all react at once or very quickly?

submitted by /u/MikeW86
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Why, after it has been raining, is there nearly always very dense mist over forested areas?

Posted: 06 Sep 2016 01:00 AM PDT

There is quite a large forest near my house on some mountains, and whenever there is rain I can always see very thick mist/fog over the forest.

Is this to do with transpiration or something else?

submitted by /u/TheSentinelsSorrow
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Is there a correlation between the quality of water people drink and the amount of kidney stone cases?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 08:39 PM PDT

I recently joined a research team at my university. We are studying the water quality in different parts of South Carolina and how/if it relates to the number of kidney stone cases. We are mainly concerned with the "hardness" of the water, or the amount of calcium and magnesium. I have seen studies online that have concluded that less calcium in a diet actually leads to more cases of kidney stones, which I was surprised by. Does anybody have an explanation for this, or have any insight to help us with our study? Thanks

submitted by /u/TheScottishWarrior
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What is the hilbert space of two interacting systems?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 09:44 AM PDT

Is the hilbert space of a system which consists of two intertacting subsystems the tensor product of the hilbert spaces of each subsystem? I would think not, since the elements in such space represent all the possible combinations of states of both systems. Is it a subspace of such space? Is it something completely different?

submitted by /u/Paul-Lubanski
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How do railguns work?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 12:26 PM PDT

I know that railguns use magnetism and something called the Lorentz force to propel things but how exactly does that all happen? Does anyone have any papers on it?

submitted by /u/GeneralEMP
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How representative is the composition of our solar system versus the composition of known exoplanets?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 12:46 PM PDT

For instance, is a large gas giant like Jupiter representative of other gas giants? Are gas giants typically located towards the out portions of the solar system? Do rocky planets tend to have atmospheres like Venus and Earth or is Mars a more representative example?

submitted by /u/AnabolicHippo
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How many trees would I have to plant to offset the carbon dioxide emissions of a 24 hour plane trip?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 09:14 AM PDT

If I had a pane of diamond thick enough, would the world appear to be moving slower as I looked through it?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 08:55 PM PDT

I recently learned about refractive indices and their correlation to the reduction of the speed of light through a specific medium in a vacuum. Through some quick research, I discovered that diamond has a refractive index of 2.42, and that puts the speed of light at 59% slower as it travels through the diamond. So as my question desires: would it be possible to view "real-time" through a pane of diamond and have it appear at a slower pace? How thick would that pane of diamond need to be and is there an equation to calculate it? Or would the pace of "real-time" still appear the same, only it reaches the other end of the diamond pane at a later time?

submitted by /u/DrMrEggman
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Monday, September 5, 2016

Why haven't the colors on Jupiter all mixed together yet?

Why haven't the colors on Jupiter all mixed together yet?


Why haven't the colors on Jupiter all mixed together yet?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 06:54 PM PDT

Shouldn't it just be one big grey ball by now? What's separating the colors?

submitted by /u/SamSlate
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If I am swimming in the ocean when lightening strikes, how far away do I have to be to not get hurt and why?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 03:18 PM PDT

For some reason I'm at the beach on vacation and this is all I can think about

submitted by /u/RobisaII
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If charged particles that are stationary are electric, those that move uniformly are magnetic, and those that accelerate emit radiation, what happens with those that jerk or snap?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 10:27 AM PDT

Jerk and snap being the first and second derivatives of acceleration with respect to time.

I don't know how to categorize this post on my mobile phone. It's physics obviously

submitted by /u/ktool
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A doctor will clean an injection site before giving a shot - why doesn't a dentist need to do so before a numbing shot? Don't our mouths generally have more bacteria than our arm/leg skin?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 03:14 PM PDT

or does the topical anesthetic they use before the needle also contain an antibiotic? Or is the bacteria in our mouths less dangerous because it's more "internal" and our bodies are already used to it?

submitted by /u/PM_ME_YOUR_NOSE_HAIR
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Since I have never seen it, I'm assuming it cant be done properly. Why do we not see people jumping out of airplanes with a super reinforced umbrella? Basically Mary Poppins style? What would happen is someone could build such a contraption and actually tried the jump?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 11:38 PM PDT

In the long run, is worldwide income/wealth inequality increasing, decreasing, or fluctuating around a mean?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 06:54 AM PDT

Looking throughout the course of human history, there seem to be forces that both increase and decrease economic inequality. Is any side dominant so far or do they both meet each other at an equilibrium? What about in the future? Do we know?

submitted by /u/nebeeskan2
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When the skin is grazed in such a way that there is no bleeding, a different fluid leaks out of the wound that is a pale yellow and foul-smelling. What is this fluid and why is it leaking?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 05:12 AM PDT

I recently severely grazed my head and so much of this fluid came out that it formed a large glue-like orange crust that smelled disgusting and was painful to remove.

Some sites on the internet say its blood plasma, but why would blood plasma leak out and not also blood? Other sites say it is white blood cells which is ridiculous. The most likely answer I found was that it's a combination of intra-and extra-cellular fluid leaking from skin cells torn open by the graze. I'd much appreciate if ask science settled this issue.

submitted by /u/trump_is_antivaxx
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What makes the air in old enclosed spaces smell 'stale', regardless of whether humans inhabit it?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 02:32 AM PDT

What would happen if I had a wire circuit that stretched to the moon and back and connected it to a battery and a switch. Would there be a delay when I turned it on? How is it possible for that info to move faster than light?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 12:25 PM PDT

Why are the leads of electronic components never made out of copper?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 03:14 AM PDT

I get that copper can get brittle after bending it multiple times but wouldn't it provide less resistance and would be more practical in most or atleast some cases?

submitted by /u/lyzux
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What was the primary reason for higher levels of atmospheric O2 500-200 million years ago?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 06:43 AM PDT

Why does light from houses from outside appear to be yellow, while when inside they seem to give off a white light?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 12:44 AM PDT

Would an asteroid, close enough to the sun and in the right spot, be able to block all light on Earth, if even for a millisecond?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 06:20 AM PDT

Or does light somehow wrap itself around the asteroid (or another planet), making it absolutely impossible to tell the difference?

submitted by /u/BruceElMoose
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What are the uses of helium?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 06:06 AM PDT

Not including balloons and to make funny voices.

submitted by /u/AsmundH
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What would happen if you stood on Jupiter's surface?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 09:48 AM PDT

Why does hydrogen peroxide foam when it comes in contact with a cut but not unbroken skin or other surfaces?

Posted: 04 Sep 2016 11:45 PM PDT

I recently cut myself quite badly in a Kitchen accident. Ultimately, I ended up needing stitches. When I first injured myself I was quick to clean the wound. I had hydrogen peroxide in my medicine cabinet, so I used that to clean the wound. I've used it in the past but never on a cut of this size. This was the first time that I noticed that hydrogen peroxide foams along the contours of the cut; however, it didn't foam any where else, including the surface of the sink, which was covered in blood. So why does it foam on my cut?

submitted by /u/MZ603
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If a wheel that is a perfect circle (eg 10cm radius) travelled along a perfectly flat road how much of the wheel is touching the road at any point?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 05:28 AM PDT

Also, does the diameter of the circle change the amount of contact?

submitted by /u/Barrakus
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Why do two wind turbines close to each other turn at different speeds or one not turn at all?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 01:41 AM PDT

In the winter, I can see two wind turbines from my house (the big kind). They often turn at different speeds or one is not turning at all. At wind farms I pass, it seems similar - I rarely see them all turning together. Sometimes, they will seem to be at radically different angles to each other too.
Is this related to matching demand or is one being serviced?
I understand there is a cost to starting up a turbine. What form does that take, and why?
If two turbines are turning at different speeds, is the faster one generating more electricity? Do the turbines have 'gears'? Thanks!

submitted by /u/yoosanaim
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Do we have medicine's which are able to target receptors in specific areas of the body?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 05:09 AM PDT

I.E. Androgen receptors in the scalp. A medicine to target only the androgen receptors.

submitted by /u/ecgsmithy
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What is the highest resolution neuroimaging technique available today? What resolution can we expect in the next years?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 04:44 AM PDT

My understanding is that the resolution is still really low and far from separating individual cells. Is there an effort to extend this? And is it actually realistic that it will ever be possible to have a non destructive imaging technique that would allow for later brain simulation?

As far as I know brain simulation models currently rely on electronic microscope data and the studied brain is generally destroyed during the procedure.

submitted by /u/evotopid
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How are precious stones like diamonds and sapphires lab grown?

Posted: 05 Sep 2016 12:56 AM PDT