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Tuesday, August 16, 2016

"A ring of rope is wrapped around the Earth. With only 6.3 additional meters of slack, the rope would hover 1 meter off the ground." Does this surprising fact have a three dimensional equivalent?

"A ring of rope is wrapped around the Earth. With only 6.3 additional meters of slack, the rope would hover 1 meter off the ground." Does this surprising fact have a three dimensional equivalent?


"A ring of rope is wrapped around the Earth. With only 6.3 additional meters of slack, the rope would hover 1 meter off the ground." Does this surprising fact have a three dimensional equivalent?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 09:40 PM PDT

Taken from this comment.

Consider my three dimensional equivalent to this surprising fact:

A sphere of fabric shrouds the earth. How many additional square meters of fabric would allow the fabric to hover 1 meter above the ground?

I suspect the answer will not be as surprising as the two-dimensional situation...Are the two situations even "intrinsically/mathematically" related?

submitted by /u/dysar
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why does Bismuth crystallize into such a weird square shape?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 09:52 AM PDT

it doesnt make sense for bismuth to look like this when most crystalline metals are much less orderly structured.

submitted by /u/Tithil
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How did someone find out that the speed of light is approximately 300,000 km/s?

Posted: 16 Aug 2016 02:26 AM PDT

A VERY amateur scientist here (hence the question, please pardon me). I know it is an approximation, but nonetheless very accurate. Did scientists measure the speed in a darkroom where light was entered or something like that?

While we're on the topic of proving things, could someone also please tell me how the first accurate boiling/melting points of materials were determined. I know that the purity of a material is used by comparing the melting point to that of the same material but 100% pure. But how does one know that the pure material's melting point is completely accurate (especially at higher temperatures)? For example, how do we know that the melting point of gold is precisely 1,064°C? Many thanks.

submitted by /u/General-Graardor
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Has the human brain changed in the past 100,000 years? If so, what has changed? Are there any differences between population groups? If not, why?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 07:24 AM PDT

So much has changed between different human population groups in this time period, such as hair, eye color, average height, skin color, and so on, but in regards to the human brain I've yet to read anything about it in standard literature.

submitted by /u/Liadov
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How does this two minute "Newton Gravity Timer" work? [Links in comments]

Posted: 16 Aug 2016 05:32 AM PDT

If an object accelerated fast enough, would it eventually start colliding with the Cosmic Microwave Background (pair production), effectively making the maximum speed limit lower than the speed of light?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 03:08 PM PDT

Can photons only be emitted by electrons?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 12:37 PM PDT

If so would other elementary particles be able to emit their "own type of photons" to exchange energy?

submitted by /u/Creysys_
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What is the relation between String Theory and the Simulation Hypothesis?

Posted: 16 Aug 2016 06:30 AM PDT

Is carbonation of a beverage itself unhealthy?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 09:13 AM PDT

Dietary guidelines recommend avoiding soda because of the added sugar or even the artificial sweeteners. But when looking at seltzer versus plain (noncarbonated) water, is there any negative health effect associated with the carbonation? Or does a beverage only become unhealthy when adding additional ingredients after being carbonated?

submitted by /u/WELLinTHIShouse
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How much of the human genome have we identified and understand?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 10:21 AM PDT

By "identify and understand" I mean we can find a specific portion of a DNA sequence and say "this is the instruction for growing fingernails".

submitted by /u/SirNanigans
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In a MRI, why do hydrogen atoms relax back into their original spin direction when the magnetic field is removed?

Posted: 16 Aug 2016 07:07 AM PDT

Why wouldn't they just stay in their new alignments?

A proton absorbs energy and increases its rotations per second the higher the EM field strength in Tesla units. So I get that it's shedding energy once you remove to field and it goes back to its original rotations per second. Two questions though:

Why is it in rotations per second? I thought spin was 1/2 integer or integer numbers?

Why does the proton return to the direction it was pointing before the field was applied? If the original direction can be random, what causes it to be random and fundamental to that particle? Like, why do all the spins line up in a magnet and stay pointing that way? If you whack some iron enough they tend to all line up. What's causing this?

submitted by /u/Liber_Vive
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Could the extreme temperatures and pressures seen in collapsing bubbles during cavitation possibly be used for nuclear fusion?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 06:25 PM PDT

This paper mentions how bubble collapse during cavitation could possibly be used for nuclear fusion if the model that predicted interior shock waves is correct. I'm having a hard time finding information on whether that idea has been proven or disproven yet. If the predicted 10 Mbar pressures and 10 million Kelvin temperatures can indeed happen, would it be possible to use cavitation for the fusion of, say deuterium-tritium?

submitted by /u/sts816
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Why is it important to "prove" mathematical conjectures/hypotheses?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 09:07 AM PDT

For example, the Rieman hypothesis. What is the benefit to proving it over simply assuming it is true/false and seeing what the consequences of that are?

After all, mathematics rests upon any number of axioms and posulates that are accepted as true, and new branches of math can arise from flipping that around (e.g. discarding the parallel postulate).

Obviously, there may be novel math involved in solving these theorems, so this question is about the value inherent in the solution existing, independent of the how it was discovered.

submitted by /u/drafterman
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Are biosynthesis pathways forced to evolve "forward", with each intermediate reaction-step reaching fixation as its own useful trait?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 12:34 PM PDT

Example: the function of adrenaline on its receptor (activating the sympathetic nervous system) seems more "basic"—like it would be a beneficial adaptation to relatively simpler, "lower" organisms—than the effect of dopamine or noradrenaline. But you have to go "through" both of those to get to adrenaline.

It's easy to imagine the whole catecholamine biosynthesis pathway as having evolved "for the sake of" just producing adrenaline, with the intermediates at first being useless, and then later some of the intermediates getting their own receptors when it turned out their production and non-consumption correlated with useful environmental cues.

As far as I understand evolution, though, it seems like there should have been one ancestor species that evolved the reaction to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine, and stopped there, because it had a use for tyrosine directly and that trait reached fixation; and then another later species that evolved a reaction to convert the tyrosine into L-DOPA, and had a use for just that; and so on.

submitted by /u/derefr
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On clear and sunny days, can the tint of the sky vary? Can the color be different depending on the day?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 12:18 PM PDT

Why do the back of refrigerators feel warm?

Posted: 16 Aug 2016 05:19 AM PDT

A few months ago I was cleaning the kitchen and decided to finally clean the stuff under the fridge. I moved it to the side and I noticed that the back of the fridge was noticeably warmer than usual temperatures. I figured the proximity of the fridge to the back wall caused the temperature to slightly go up, so I thought nothing of it and continued cleaning. However earlier today I went to eat at a restaurant and they had a Soda machine refrigerator. A part of it was sticking out at the side. There was a table behind it that I sat at. Out of curiosity I felt and noticed that it was also warmer than usual. I was just curious if this was true for all refrigerators or if something else was going on since I thought refrigerators were supposed to be cold.

submitted by /u/lokilasher1
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How would NASA detect life on Mars?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 03:15 PM PDT

Do the rovers have any equipment capable of detecting life on the microbe level, or would the sample need to be transported back to earth for testing?

submitted by /u/J4ckb95
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How exactly can sperm reach the egg?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 11:30 AM PDT

I know how conception work. What I don't know is, how the sperm can "crawl" the several centimetres from cervical opening up to the fallopian tube.

I understand that the sperm cells are mobile. But I'm interested in the mechanical aspect of their journey. I don't think it's possible for the seminal fluid to reach up to the fallopian tubes, so the sperm cannot swim through that. And they aren't airborne as well so they cannot just "fly" through the uterus. So are they crawling on the inner surface of the uterus?

submitted by /u/sutr90
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If all solids have a vapour pressure, does that mean that the Voyager probes are evaporating?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 07:12 PM PDT

At it's most basic form, isn't a curved line just a series of rather random, short, straight lines?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 10:29 PM PDT

With more of the straight lines pointing horizontally or vertically, to form the curve?

submitted by /u/somethingissmarmy
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What happens to the body while bleeding until death?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 01:11 PM PDT

How far from Earth could HD video be sent?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 02:49 PM PDT

Let's say I'm on a generational space mission, destined to exit the solar system and travel outward for the rest of my (and my descendant's) life.

Let's further stipulate that I am a Tennessee Vols fan, and I would like to watch their football games while traveling in space.

How far away from Earth would I have to be for the HD signal to cut out, given super powerful transmission technology and the will to help my dreams come true (on my end, and that of NASA)?

submitted by /u/birken-socks
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Monday, August 15, 2016

Is the prevalence of mental disorders in humans related to the complexity of our brains? Do 'lesser' creatures with brains not as complex experience similar disorders?

Is the prevalence of mental disorders in humans related to the complexity of our brains? Do 'lesser' creatures with brains not as complex experience similar disorders?


Is the prevalence of mental disorders in humans related to the complexity of our brains? Do 'lesser' creatures with brains not as complex experience similar disorders?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 09:29 PM PDT

Hi folks,

While I'm a layperson (biochemistry undergraduate student currently) I've thought of how prevalent mental disorders (seem) to be in humans. I've wondered if this is due to how complex our brains are, having to provide for rational thought, reasoning, intricate language etc.

Essentially my back of the napkin theory is that our brains are so unimaginably complex, there has to be some mess ups along the way leading to mental disorders. Furthermore, I wonder if that other animals with brains not as complex as ours experience mental disorders less severely or not as often.

Is there any science discussing this and the prevalence of mental disorders in relation to brain complexity?

submitted by /u/desmin88
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Why are chicken pox deadly when you get older?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 09:28 PM PDT

What is a good metric to identify the "uniformity" of a distribution?

Posted: 15 Aug 2016 06:12 AM PDT

I have a distribution of temperatures over a 2-D plane. Trying different methods (and simulations) to heat the plane as uniformly as possible to a uniform temperature. Sensors (and virtual sensors in CFD) placed along various 1-D lines (rakes) record a temperature distribution. As expected the edges are cooler than the center with "waviness" across the center depending on flow conditions. But comparing distribution curves by eye for various applied conditions is not good enough, I need a single metric to that says "This temperature distribution is more uniform than that one".

I'm trying the "entropy of a probability distribution" as a first shot (-Sum of p(x)ln(p(x)), just normalizing the temperature range as 0~1 and treating each regularly spaced sensor as a "bin", then whichever case has the highest entropy is the "most uniform". Is there some better metric of uniformity I can use?

submitted by /u/jade_crayon
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Can depression or any mental illness be diagnosed using CT scans?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 08:41 PM PDT

Why does tin make a chime-like sound when cooling down?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 08:42 PM PDT

This question surged right after I saw this video by the Backyard Scientist.

In it, the guy tries to make an indentation on a block of dry-ice using a heated up tin ingot. Once the ingot starts to cool down, however, it starts making an amazing chiming sound, like the stuff you'd expect to hear when entering an enchanted forest or finding treasure. It's that fantastic.

The Scientist assumes it's because of the tin's crystal structure sudden contraction, but I couldn't find any more information on this subject. Anyone got a better explanation? Thanks, y'all.

submitted by /u/stickel03
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If most gas giants are made mostly of hydrogen gas, methane and other colorless gases, how come they are so colorful?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 01:59 PM PDT

Did it snow on earth in the time of the Dinosaurs? If so did any Dinosaurs adapt to live in arctic like conditions?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 11:13 AM PDT

Is misophonia a real condition and if so, what is the mechanism behind it?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 02:37 PM PDT

Misophonia, or the condition of experiencing negative reactions to particular sounds, is not a recognized diagnosis, as far as I'm aware. But people claim to have it. There seems to be some disagreement among self-reported sufferers as to what it is, and how it works. As there's not an official diagnostic criteria, it seems open to interpretation.

I couldn't find anything discussing this in askscience or any "serious" science subreddit. Is this considered by the scientific community to be a real condition, or is it an expression of some other condition(s)?

submitted by /u/TooManyNails
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Can taking testosterone/hgh before fertilization affect the baby?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 01:33 PM PDT

I have heard the development of babies has a lot to do with transcription factors and their gradients in the cell. Is there something protecting the gametes from the changes in the parents body? Like, can I take a much of HGH before sex and end up with a mini Arnold? Thanks.

submitted by /u/savivi
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Considering General Relativity and the expanding universe, what Noether symmetries hold (and hence, what quantities are conserved)?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 08:38 AM PDT

I've seen a lot of conflicting information on whether or not energy is conserved (or stress-energy-momentum, for that matter). Would someone be able to give an answer, or possibly pose a correction to the question so that it can be more accurately answered?

submitted by /u/BackburnerPyro
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Do some materials cause precipitation of water at a higher rate than others (such as steel over glass)?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 05:08 PM PDT

A follow up question: is precipitation solely dependent on temperature differences?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/BrianDynBardd
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Is Dark-matter or anti-matter a real thing, or is it just science fiction?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 11:55 AM PDT

The title says it all. You hear these words thrown around a lot in doctor who, star trek, etc., but these are fictional. Is the concept of dark matter and anti-matter based in reality, are the elements themselves proven real, or is it all fake?

submitted by /u/Xxzzeerrtt
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Can the standard model be represented in a single (or a low amount of) mathematical expressions or equations?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 09:25 AM PDT

What did the North American terrain look like before the glaciers flattened it? Was it mountains all the way from New York to Portland?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 12:49 PM PDT

How did we discover the limits of Earth's atmosphere, and when?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 04:34 PM PDT

Before we started sending rockets into space, or flying rocket planes high into the atmosphere, did we know what was beyond Earth's atmosphere? If so, how? Did early rocket scientists know what would happen past the edge of the atmosphere, or if the edge was even there? Did we know space was a vacuum?

submitted by /u/Frensday
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When histones are modified, can they only be modified in one way or can individual histones have multiples ways of being expressed?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 03:02 PM PDT

For example, do factors switch them on and off like light switches or are they more like dials that can be expressed in multiple degrees?

submitted by /u/FarFieldPowerTower
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What property of a gene makes it dominant (or recessive)?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 10:54 AM PDT

How does a battery (AA, AAA, 9volt, etc.) not short circuit if the entire casing is built out of metal?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 05:58 PM PDT

This might be a simple question, but when you're making so many of these batteries as quickly as you are, how can you guarantee there's no chance they will short circuit?

submitted by /u/doowi1
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How do we know that there is asymmetry between matter and antimatter in the universe?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 10:12 AM PDT

It seems clear that there is much more matter locally, but when examining far off galaxies, how do we know that it is composed of matter and not antimatter? Since antimatter should yield identical spectroscopic results so I don't see how one can tell what far off systems are composed of.

submitted by /u/WarU40
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When we say an atom is stable as it has achieved an octet electronic configuration,what do we exactly mean by stable?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 09:37 AM PDT

Sunday, August 14, 2016

When describing an amount of space, we call it an "area" or "volume." When describing an amount of time, we call it a "duration." What would we call an amount of spacetime, and what would that imply?

When describing an amount of space, we call it an "area" or "volume." When describing an amount of time, we call it a "duration." What would we call an amount of spacetime, and what would that imply?


When describing an amount of space, we call it an "area" or "volume." When describing an amount of time, we call it a "duration." What would we call an amount of spacetime, and what would that imply?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 01:20 AM PDT

Does Einstein's theory of relativity connect electric and magnetic fields?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 01:37 AM PDT

How were they able to train the brain to recover from paralysis using VR?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 07:43 AM PDT

I was blown away by this article over on /r/virtualreality.

It looks like a team from Duke were able to train subjects with paralysis using VR headsets each day to slowly allow them to recover some(?) movement/sensation.

Even if it was a small amount it is stil really impressive, but what I don't understand is "how" this works?

Does this only work for certain types of paralysis? (i.e. if the spinal cord is severed surely there is no chance of any repair without surgery/physical treatment?)

If this works, could it be rolled out without the need for a treatment team? i.e. an app + headset would allow anyone who fits the criteria to benefit?

(This is my first reddit post so be gentle)

submitted by /u/WozzyWozniak
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How Much Information can the Observable Universe Contain?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 02:57 AM PDT

If we interpret the observable universe as some kind of data-storage operating at the smallest scale possible, how much information could it theoretically be able to store, assuming that we have infinitely much energy at our disposal to express information?

Edit: English

submitted by /u/QuirkyUsername123
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What is in the surface ice of Ganymede?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 04:33 AM PDT

How does the ice react to the intense temperature changes?

submitted by /u/jaredwebd
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How durable could a razor blade be made?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 01:45 PM PDT

The web is rife with stories of how the metal (I presume it is steel) used for most commercial razor blades is designed with planned obsolescence in mind, with the intent of selling as many blades as possible to consumers. I have the following questions:

1 - is this "common wisdom" demonstrably true?

2 - If so, how durable could a common razor blade be made if one ditched the philosophy of planned obsolescence and aimed for maximum durability instead? What kind of metal would be best adapted to produce durable blades which remain sharp and effective as long as possible, and what would it's composition and properties be?

submitted by /u/Gargatua13013
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If Earth had rings like Saturn would the night time be significantly brighter due to reflection from the Sun?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 02:41 PM PDT

I just read this post on /r/interestingasfuck and seeing the ring so bright over Washington made me question if the rings would light the Earth like the light from a full moon does.

It probably depends on the distance the debris in the ring are from Earth, so assume the ratio of Saturn's rings from its surface are the same in this scenario.


Would the Earth be lit significantly brighter by the reflected light at night? Or are the rings too close to the surface to catch the light of the Sun at night?


Also bonus question, would there be a noticeable shadow on the surface from the rings? Or would the light be diffused enough over the distance so that no shadows are able to be defined?

Thanks.

submitted by /u/dublzz
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Why does an egg become solid when heated up?

Posted: 14 Aug 2016 08:00 AM PDT

If everything becomes a liquid then a gas when it gets heated enough then why does an egg become solid when cooked? No other food that comes in my mind does that.

submitted by /u/Yuberee
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How does temperature-dependent sex determination work? Wouldn't the embryos already contain XY/XX chromosomes?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 03:14 PM PDT

In some species, such as amniotic reptiles such as the alligator species, temperature plays a key role in determining the sex of the offspring. How does this phenomenon work? Surely the developing animals already have the genetic material needed to decide their sexes?

submitted by /u/Viewbob-True
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Is it a coincidence that the first four planets nearest to the sun are all much smaller then the four other planets?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 01:40 PM PDT

What are the differences between interstellar space and intergalactic space?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 04:25 PM PDT

If dark energy is popping into existence in intergalactic space and causing the accelerating expansion of the universe, why doesn't this happen in interstellar space within galaxies?

submitted by /u/commander-crook
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How does one measure sudden deceleration, such as with a vehicle hitting a wall? At what precise point or event does the beginning of the deceleration period begin and when does it effectively end?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 07:10 AM PDT

I saw another post about some race car having undergone about 200g of deceleration when it slowed from ~100mph to 0 in 2 seconds. It seems like the deceleration itself would even have some variation to it over time, as leading material crumpled and slowed the following material.

submitted by /u/star_boy2005
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Are there applications of action principles and Noether's theorem outside of fundamental physics?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 09:42 AM PDT

Has anyone run across the use of action principles and Noether's theorem as mathematical modeling tools outside of fundamental physics? Perhaps in areas like engineering, biology or even economics?

submitted by /u/RiggedHilbert
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How does fluid loss affect cognitive ability?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 06:01 AM PDT

Earlier, I saw this TIL in /r/formula1:

Sports studies have underlined the importance of fluid level in the body. A person who has lost 4% of body weight can lose up to 40% of their psycho-physical ability.

However I can't find a source that shows this 40% figure, and I only found a single study that talks about cognitive ability loss after dehydration. Anyone here knows more?

submitted by /u/MyWholeTeamsDead
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If friction is independent of area of contact, why do cars with wider tires have more traction?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 06:55 PM PDT

How is the Riemann Hypothesis related to prime number distribution?

Posted: 12 Aug 2016 11:34 PM PDT

Whenever I hear about the Riemann Hypothesis I hear it is related to prime number distribution. But how is it so?

Thanks!

P.S.: Numberphile fan here!

submitted by /u/fgiancarelli
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How is water pressure generated by a distribution company? How is pressure is increased to individual fixtures?

Posted: 13 Aug 2016 04:33 AM PDT

Since the water to comes out in higher pressure when the faucet is loosened, this means there is an excess of water pressure that is being resisted by the individual valves.

1) What do companies do to increase pressure 2) If it relies on an elevated reservoir, why doesnt the pressure decrease when multiple valves are open 3) How is the pressure increased with individual fixtures like showers, bidets etc.

submitted by /u/khlumps
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