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Wednesday, August 3, 2016

Assuming ducks can't count, can they keep track of all their ducklings being present? If so, how?

Assuming ducks can't count, can they keep track of all their ducklings being present? If so, how?


Assuming ducks can't count, can they keep track of all their ducklings being present? If so, how?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 02:21 AM PDT

Prompted by a video of a mama duck waiting patiently while people rescued her ducklings from a storm drain. Does mama duck have an awareness of "4 are present, 2 more in storm drain"?

What about a cat or bear that wanders off to hunt and comes back to -1 kitten/cub - would they know and go searching for it? How do they identify that a kitten/cub is missing?

Edit: Thank you everyone for all the helpful answers so far. I should clarify that I'm talking about multiple broods, say of 5+ where it's less obvious from a cursory glance when a duckling/cub is missing (which can work for, say, 2-4).

For those of you just entering the thread now, there are some very good scientific answers, but also a lot of really funny and touching anecdotes, so enjoy.

submitted by /u/qpk-
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How is blood tested for dopamine, serotonin, and/or norepinephrine? How are 'levels' determined; e.g. what is the actual mechanism of the test?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 08:38 AM PDT

I've been learning about different theories of human emotion and many of them focus on the three molecules listed in my title question. This lead me to wonder how these molecules are tested for. Since biology is one of my weaker areas of knowledge, I tried looking around on the web for how these substances are extracted and/or tested for; however, I found little information. Most of what I found focused on lay peoples' personal medical experiences–off topic for me. And, since I don't know what these tests are called in their professional context, I can't get my search on.

What I'm curious about is how, in general, these substances are detected in the blood and how, from a technical perspective, the concentrations are determined. I was hoping that a basic description would lead me to a basic understanding the correct terminology so that I could study further on my own.

Thanks.

edit: Everyone, thanks for so many responses. It will take me a while to read through all of them but you all have given me a great start to my journey. Cheers!

submitted by /u/skytomorrownow
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What is the difference between a real and virtual particle, and why does that difference matter?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 08:35 AM PDT

Pun not intentional

submitted by /u/asteconn
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What would happen a very massive asteroid hit the sun?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 07:24 AM PDT

A asteroid the size that it can easily do a massive amount of damage to earth.

submitted by /u/Cjcp3
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Do stars exist that only emit infrared light?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 12:44 AM PDT

Fires burn at different temperatures, what's the 'coolest' fire that we know of? How is it made?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 05:33 AM PDT

Are there rogue stars in the Universe, similar to how there are rogue planets?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 06:27 AM PDT

I've heard of rogue planets that have been flung out of their star system, and I was wondering if there were perhaps rogue stars that have been flung out of their galaxy and roam empty space. Is that even possible?

submitted by /u/magicman1336
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Might be a stupid question, but why can't animals of different species mate? What's stopping us from having a dogcat?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 07:26 AM PDT

Which insect bite itches the longest?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 05:50 AM PDT

Was devoured by chiggers after a 2 hour trek in the woods. In the realm of the insect world (would have put quotation marks around 'insect world' but figured that might be the wrong use of such)...which insect bite/s take the longest to heal/quit itching?

submitted by /u/goodeggforyou
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How would you safely demolish a skyscraper in a dense skyline?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 06:09 PM PDT

Whenever I see pictures of places with lots of closely packed skyscrapers I can't help but wonder how would you safely demolish one of them without damaging anything around it? You obviously can't just knock it down if there's no space around it, so how would it be done?

submitted by /u/007T
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How can Aleph Null be the smallest infinite?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 05:18 AM PDT

How can Aleph Null be the smallest infinite? Don't for example the infinite numbers between "1" and "2", make a smaller infinite than all the number contained in Aleph Null?

submitted by /u/justdontfindme
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Can we utilize gamma radiation and other types of deadly radiation for energy?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 12:39 AM PDT

As far as I know, radiation is a kind of energy (and vice-versa) that is very deadly to everything. But if atomic energy is available, then why can't we use radiation for power?

submitted by /u/MACMAN2004
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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If electrons repel each other due to their negative charge, how do any bonds form to make molecules?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 03:56 AM PDT

I thought I understood this but I hit me recently. How does anything exist? Electrons are negative so they should repel each other, yet it is somehow a lower energy state to share electrons and become one molecule. I probably don't understand it all or have all the information. Does it have something to do with quantum mechanics?

submitted by /u/alechilelli
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Is the contact potential (Vo) for a p-n junction of a particular material a constant value?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 07:01 AM PDT

I'm learning about p-n junctions in my electronic course and I was taught that when a p-n junction is formed a potential barrier (Vo) is formed. I was taught that for Silicon the value is 0.6V and for Ge its around 0.2 V. I'm unable to get a grip around how there could possibly be a constant value for this potential. Wouldn't it depend on several other factors of the p-n junction?

submitted by /u/karim7029
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When you swim, what is the relation between weight, force and amount of displaced water?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 06:32 AM PDT

I want to know if the weight I'm lifting to train my biceps and triceps is ok, or if I should eventually add more. I want to be strong enough so my muscles can handle swimming faster and more time.

submitted by /u/R_Metallica
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Does self-harm (cutting etc.) differ amongst ethnicities / races?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 06:26 AM PDT

I know that self-harm such as cutting differs greatly between genders, does it differ between ethnicities or races? Or is it mostly a white people / white young women phenomenon? Do chinese or black teenagers cut themselves at the same rates as white teenagers do, ceteris paribus?

submitted by /u/MonkeyWrench3000
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Does the Expanding Universe Affect the Radio Signals We Send Off into Space?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 05:45 AM PDT

I was watching an episode of PBS Spacetime on the Youtubes, and they were explaining how the expanding universe "stretches" the wavelengths of photons emitted by stars making them experience Red-Shift.

My question is, does this phenomenon only affect photon wavelengths or does it affect radio waves as well, and if so, would aliens be able to decode the radio waves we send out due to this effect?

submitted by /u/Asking_For_Knawledge
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Why does a gaseous system change to maintain the equilibrium constant when there is a pressure change?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 11:57 PM PDT

If a system is at equilibrium, that is there is the same amount of forward reaction as there is back reaction. Why does the (relative) concentration of gas change when a pressure change is imposed? Le Chatelier's Principle states it will "oppose the change" but why would it do so? The gas particles are still in the same ratio relative to each other (albeit higher concentrations - at t=0 after decreased volume) and they all have the same energy as before. They collide more frequently (if volume decreased - therefore pressure increased) but that would mean the rate of forward and back reaction would be faster but no net change in the amounts of each gas at equilibrium compared to the equilibrium before the pressure change was imposed?

submitted by /u/stoickaz
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Is it possible to drain lava from volcanoes that is predicted to erupt soon and then cooling the magma elsewhere to harvest the minerals?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 02:33 PM PDT

What if we drilled a hole near an active volcano deep into it's magma chamber, drain out some magma so we prevent it from exploding, is that possible?

submitted by /u/FriedFirefly
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Is it possible to make bubbles a different shape, like make a bubble cube?

Posted: 03 Aug 2016 05:53 AM PDT

BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene deficiencies, why do these result in cancer of breasts or ovaries and not other types of tissue?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 06:17 PM PDT

I know that these genes are involved in double-stranded DNA break repair, which is a big problem for a cell, so it seems that BRCA deficiency should leave other tissue types vulnerable to cell mutation and cancer. If we don't really know, that's a good answer too.

submitted by /u/Bigheinie
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Would a speaker work inside of a vacuum?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 07:35 PM PDT

Tuesday, August 2, 2016

What is the physiological difference between the tiredness that comes from too little sleep and the tiredness that comes from exertion?

What is the physiological difference between the tiredness that comes from too little sleep and the tiredness that comes from exertion?


What is the physiological difference between the tiredness that comes from too little sleep and the tiredness that comes from exertion?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 08:49 AM PDT

Does rotation affect a gravitational field?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 06:04 AM PDT

Is there any way to "feel" the difference from the gravitational field given by an object of X mass and an object of X mass thats rotating?

Assuming the object is completely spherical I guess...

submitted by /u/taracus
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What is the Noether charge to electromagnetic duality?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 05:14 AM PDT

EM duality says if you rotate by any angle in the E - B plane, that's a symmetry of maxwell's equations. Nöther's theorem states that for every continuous symmetry there is a conserved quantity. What is the conserved quantity for EM duality? I've found nothing through google, so maybe there's something I'm missing.

submitted by /u/JimPlushie
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What, on a molecular level, makes a material a good insulator?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 08:22 PM PDT

Edit: A good thermal insulator

submitted by /u/SkepticalMoose
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Do we weigh more at night since the gravitational pull of the sun is compounding with that of Earth?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 05:42 AM PDT

Due to rapid expansion of the universe, will this result in our Milky Way being isolated from other galaxies to the point where we see nothing but darkness when we try to observe space?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 06:58 PM PDT

Just as the title states. The universe is expanding so dramatically that it is becoming more difficult to look further into space and time. With light being stretched for such long distances of travel, light will eventually fade out before reaching earth. In a few billion years or so, will space be so large that the nearest neighboring Galaxy - Andromeda Galaxy will be so far in space that we will not be able to see it? Future humans will look into the sky and see nothing. If so, is that the point in time were science will truly stop because we will not be able to study the Big Bang or any other activity in the universe.

submitted by /u/Common_Kaner88
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Why is it more accurate to say that chemicals will diffuse down a fugacity gradient than down a concentration gradient?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 07:28 AM PDT

Chemical Engineer here with a question on everyone's favorite topic in my field FUGACITY (sarcasm).

I have often heard that it is more accurate to say that a chemical will travel down a fugacity gradient than to say it will travel down a concentration gradient. Can someone please explain this and give me an example of a time when a chemical will travel down a fugacity gradient while traveling up a concentration gradient?

Many thanks!

submitted by /u/Hisplan
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Does the Earth get colder following a solar eclipse?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 05:32 PM PDT

Pretty much the title does the Earth get colder during or following a solar eclipse? If so how much would it fluctuate.

submitted by /u/Shawn_Spenstar
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Why do fusion reactions emit photons?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 06:52 AM PDT

Okay here's my confusion. Photons are force carriers for the electromagnetic force, gluons are force carriers for strong nuclear force, and gravitons are theoretical force carriers for gravity, right? Why do fusion reactions give off anything in the electromagnetic spectrum? Why don't they just emit strong nuclear force carriers (gluons), similar to how electrons give off photons when they change energy levels? Do they give off both and we only care about/detect the electromagnetic waves?

I guess electrons changing energy levels would give off minuscule gravitational waves as well, right, since they are matter moving through spacetime?

submitted by /u/TristanIsAwesome
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How does one measure the magnetic field of an exoplanet?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 06:49 PM PDT

I am curious how they figured out how much EM protection Juno needed for its trip. How do you measure that energy from here or satellite?

submitted by /u/Papa_Caliente_
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A nature article claims that light can exit an apparatus before it enters it, due to superluminal light propagation. How is this possible?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 07:51 AM PDT

This article claims that they have managed to increase the propagation speed of light inside a caesium gas so much that a light pulse can seem to exit before it has entered the medium. I tried to understand the reason for this, but I can't grasp it. Could anyone explain this to me ?

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Is it possible to surgically change a person's voice?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 09:52 PM PDT

How does our solar system's planet count compare to other solar systems?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 03:59 PM PDT

I'm curious as to whether we are typically below or above average in terms of how many planets we have in our solar system. I've noticed that in most space games there are typically around 3-5, is this based on anything or just pure science fiction? Are we technologically advanced enough to even compare ourselves yet?

submitted by /u/NitrogenSnow
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How does one's "Biological Clock" work? And is it possible to "reset" it?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 07:07 PM PDT

On Earth, when we see an old vehicle (a bus, passenger jet, battleship, etc), we see oxidation, oil leaks and chipped paint. What would a space vehicle look like after several years travelling around our solar system?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 04:34 PM PDT

Is "weathering" something we'd see on a space ship? I know pits from micro-meteorites have dented windows on the Space Shuttle and ISS, but what would the effects of solar radiation, cosmic rays, and whatever else might be out there on a ship after a few decades?

submitted by /u/Buckeye70
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How is epigenetic information copied to the daughter genome during DNA replication?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 02:55 PM PDT

Epigenetics shows up occasionally in the news these days, with the suggestion that epigenetic changes (e.g. methylation) acquired during a parent's lifetime can be passed down to children. If this is true, how is that epigenetic information replicated when new DNA is created during cell division?

submitted by /u/munchler
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Rainbows. Are there more colors?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 04:03 PM PDT

Okay so I was at home and I see a rainbow, super bright and a beauty! I notice it's got the normal ROYGBIV but past violet I notice some other colors. Is this possible? I posted pics to imgur which I will link.

Pics were taken on iPhone 6s Plus. Additional colors were witnessed by my self and one other previous to taking a picture.

And what you want to see. https://imgur.com/gallery/MygqN

submitted by /u/thatoneguysbro
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How to calculate the force between two magnets?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 03:25 PM PDT

I can't find the answer to this and it seemed simple. Could you people guide me please?

submitted by /u/time2color
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How did sexual reproduction become a thing? Wouldn't two, complementary sexes have to evolve at the same time?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 08:51 AM PDT

What would happen if I use myself as an arrow with a bow in space ?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 02:28 PM PDT

Here's a drawing of the situation : http://i.imgur.com/oVj3iOK.png

If I suppose that I won't hit the bow, and that no other forces are exerced on me, would I be propelled if I drop the handle ?

submitted by /u/BeepBopImAPotato
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Why is the circumference of a circle still 2*pi*r in warped spacetime?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 11:23 AM PDT

Why do we place so much emphasis on the 'habitable zones' of stars if atmospheres regulate temperature?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 01:30 PM PDT

I searched to see if this had already been asked but of the 200 or so results I found about habitable zones, I couldn't see it, so apologies if I'm retreading old ground.

OK so most people are aware of the concept of exoplanets orbiting around stars in habitable zone (or 'Goldilocks Zone' or whatever you want to call it), where it's just the right distance from its parent star to be neither too hot nor too cold, and thus may host extraterrestrial life.

However, I was just watching this video about atmospheres and how it keeps us the right temperature compared to our moon, which is barren and has gigantic temperature fluctuations. But if this is the case and different celestial bodies have their own distinct atmospheres that have differing levels of heat retention, surely the whole concept of the Goldilocks Zone is negated?

For instance, if we look at an exoplanet and say 'it's too far away from its star and thus is too cold to sustain life', is there not a chance that it could have a super-thick atmosphere that efficiently absorbs and traps the tiny amount of warmth from its parent star? Isn't the Goldilocks Zone us calculating the habitability of exoplanets based on just our own atmosphere's capabilities at regulating temperature? Or does the Goldilocks Zone take this into account?

submitted by /u/EggsBenedictusXVI
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How does an Iron heat up so quickly?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 04:35 PM PDT

Monday, August 1, 2016

Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on gamma ray bursts!

Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on gamma ray bursts!


Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on gamma ray bursts!

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 09:15 AM PDT

Hi everyone! In the past, Youtube videos have brought a lot of questions to askscience, so today we're trying something new! Use this thread to ask your questions about gamma ray bursts and discuss this new video by Kurzgesagt! Our panelists will be around throughout the day to answer your questions!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is there an infinite number of wavelengths on the EM spectrum between 2 wavelengths?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 01:27 AM PDT

If you take 100nm and 101nm wavelengths, is there an infinite number of wavelengths on the EM spectrum between 2 wavelengths or is this number restricted by Plank's Constant? And if there is an infinite or finite number of wavelengths emitted within the visible spectrum, does black body radiation from the sun emit that finite or infinite number of wavelengths or less than the theoretical limit?

submitted by /u/souglythatevery1died
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Can photons be counted?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:56 AM PDT

Would it be possible to send out exactly 100 photons with different energies, and then measure exactly those 100 photons with the same energies at the receiving end? Or are photons just a unit/discretization of the EM field?

submitted by /u/tmlnz
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Is the digestive system's time to absorb energy dependent on the amount of new food pushing previous food through the system, or is the timeframe relatively constant?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:58 PM PDT

For example, take 4000 calories worth of donuts. If they're consumed and immediately followed by a low calorie high bulk 'meal' of indigestible fiber, would the donut meal be less absorbed compared to if the donuts were eaten and followed by a period of fasting?

submitted by /u/TBone_Filthy_McNasty
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How exactly is information defined in the context of information theory?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 09:36 PM PDT

I've read the basic concept behind Claude Shannon's information theory. If I understand it correctly, the more equally likely the outcomes (more random), the higher the entropy, and therefore the more information is produced. This is how it was explained to me in this video.

This doesn't make very much sense to me, because my intuition about information pretty much says the opposite. Information to me seems to be non-chaotic data in the midst of chaotic, random data. For example:

o9ausebrqoeiuf The above is gibberish. 

The first line of text is randomly typed; it is non-information. The second line, however, is not randomly typed. It has an order to it; it is information.

This makes sense to me. However, it seems to contradict what was explained to me. Am I wrong?

submitted by /u/theBCexperience
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are we sure all elements heavier than iron are made in supernovae?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 12:47 AM PDT

I was watching a show on high energy physics, and I realized we build particle accelerators to simulate cosmic rays basically...

Now, we make artificial elements like Californium by bombarding a relatively large nucleus with smaller ones hoping that some stick together long enough to measure

Wouldn't the same process occur naturally in space? Given the amount of radiation wouldn't this result in a significant portion of heavier-than-iron atoms being a result of this? Are we really star stuff? Or rather are we more like the gold on the inside of nuclear reactor lead lining?

submitted by /u/Vencaslac
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Why is Venus hotter than Mercury?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:31 PM PDT

I think I read that this is true.

submitted by /u/Random1990s
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When is a rock's birthday? At what point in it's formation does a rock become a rock?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 12:42 AM PDT

How do red dwarf stars work?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 03:07 PM PDT

I read that they are fully convective, mixing hydrogen and helium throughout the star. Does this mean they switch between fusing helium and fusing hydrogen? Does it mean they fuse helium with hydrogen?

submitted by /u/Begold216
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When conducting an electrical current, are the mechanical properties of a metal affected?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:27 AM PDT

Will there eventually be a second Pangaea?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 07:43 PM PDT

Why does an atomic nucleus not push itself apart due to the similar charge from all of the protons?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:56 PM PDT

My chemistry teacher said she couldn't explain it perfectly and that I should ask the physics teacher, but I could only do that months from now. Shouldn't the similar charges push each other apart like two positive ends of a magnet? Am I thinking of this the wrong way?

submitted by /u/Hamsterman82
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Can someone please explain the Cherenkov radiation and how light is slower than the other particles?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 05:20 PM PDT

Benjamin Peirce's Notation of Euler's Identity? Picture inside.

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 03:13 PM PDT

http://imgur.com/a/s2eiF

From the book E: The Story of A Number. Skip to the outlined box if you just want to see Peirce's Formula.

How could anyone think this notation was superior to ei*pi = -1? Can someone explain to me why, if any reason exists, that this notation is useful in understanding of Euler's Identity?

submitted by /u/HybridNeos
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When falling into a black hole, it is said that you would be able to witness the universe progress at an incredible rate but doesn't that require you to see things move trough space faster than light?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 10:18 AM PDT

I know that you'd get shredded by the black hole's tidal forces. But let's put that aside (or imagine that we're falling into a really big black hole where you can pass the event horizon without getting ripped apart)

say you could see two galaxies move towards each other at 0.2c (may not be realistic, but it may also be another object).

Now if you were to fall into a black hole, you would see this, but at an immensely sped up rate, for example, x 10000.

But this would mean that you would see the two galaxies/objects move towards eachother at 2000c, and this can't be.

Is this not a valid reference frame, or where is the flaw in my logic?

submitted by /u/Poppejans
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What do the strong and weak fields "look" like?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 04:59 PM PDT

With the electromagnetic field, I know we draw two sets of field lines: ones radiating in/out from electric charges and wrapping around magnetic charges, but I also know the Strong on Weak Fields have their own sets of charges, as well as their own "electric" and "magentic" components.

How would this work for the weak fields and strong fields, both around the charges and the force carriers?

submitted by /u/chunkylubber54
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My water bottle says "Purified by reverse osmosis." What exactly does this mean and how does it purify water?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 09:15 AM PDT

I was just reading the nutritional facts on my water bottle because I was bored and noticed it on the back. http://i.imgur.com/awJFeIY.jpg how does this process work?

submitted by /u/3MGJohn
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Could humanity produce enough ozone to replace the ozone layer in an emergency?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 03:20 PM PDT

Like if a Gama ray burst blasted it off?

submitted by /u/axloo7
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If all electrical loads impart 3.41 BTU/hr per watt, where does a light bulb's light energy come from? It would seem that a 60W heater would produce a little more heat than a 60W light bulb, or else the light bulb would suck down slightly more than 60W.

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:43 PM PDT

When CO2 is produced from hydrocarbon-based fires, where does the infrared radiation come from? Is it CO2 particles? Or does the production of CO2 emit the IR?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:11 PM PDT

Could there be a star as big as our galaxy?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 05:57 PM PDT

People can lose the ability to talk or write due to head trauma or other causes. When they do, how does it affect their ability to type and read?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:14 AM PDT