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Tuesday, August 2, 2016

What is the physiological difference between the tiredness that comes from too little sleep and the tiredness that comes from exertion?

What is the physiological difference between the tiredness that comes from too little sleep and the tiredness that comes from exertion?


What is the physiological difference between the tiredness that comes from too little sleep and the tiredness that comes from exertion?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 08:49 AM PDT

Does rotation affect a gravitational field?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 06:04 AM PDT

Is there any way to "feel" the difference from the gravitational field given by an object of X mass and an object of X mass thats rotating?

Assuming the object is completely spherical I guess...

submitted by /u/taracus
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What is the Noether charge to electromagnetic duality?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 05:14 AM PDT

EM duality says if you rotate by any angle in the E - B plane, that's a symmetry of maxwell's equations. Nöther's theorem states that for every continuous symmetry there is a conserved quantity. What is the conserved quantity for EM duality? I've found nothing through google, so maybe there's something I'm missing.

submitted by /u/JimPlushie
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What, on a molecular level, makes a material a good insulator?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 08:22 PM PDT

Edit: A good thermal insulator

submitted by /u/SkepticalMoose
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Do we weigh more at night since the gravitational pull of the sun is compounding with that of Earth?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 05:42 AM PDT

Due to rapid expansion of the universe, will this result in our Milky Way being isolated from other galaxies to the point where we see nothing but darkness when we try to observe space?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 06:58 PM PDT

Just as the title states. The universe is expanding so dramatically that it is becoming more difficult to look further into space and time. With light being stretched for such long distances of travel, light will eventually fade out before reaching earth. In a few billion years or so, will space be so large that the nearest neighboring Galaxy - Andromeda Galaxy will be so far in space that we will not be able to see it? Future humans will look into the sky and see nothing. If so, is that the point in time were science will truly stop because we will not be able to study the Big Bang or any other activity in the universe.

submitted by /u/Common_Kaner88
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Why is it more accurate to say that chemicals will diffuse down a fugacity gradient than down a concentration gradient?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 07:28 AM PDT

Chemical Engineer here with a question on everyone's favorite topic in my field FUGACITY (sarcasm).

I have often heard that it is more accurate to say that a chemical will travel down a fugacity gradient than to say it will travel down a concentration gradient. Can someone please explain this and give me an example of a time when a chemical will travel down a fugacity gradient while traveling up a concentration gradient?

Many thanks!

submitted by /u/Hisplan
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Does the Earth get colder following a solar eclipse?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 05:32 PM PDT

Pretty much the title does the Earth get colder during or following a solar eclipse? If so how much would it fluctuate.

submitted by /u/Shawn_Spenstar
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Why do fusion reactions emit photons?

Posted: 02 Aug 2016 06:52 AM PDT

Okay here's my confusion. Photons are force carriers for the electromagnetic force, gluons are force carriers for strong nuclear force, and gravitons are theoretical force carriers for gravity, right? Why do fusion reactions give off anything in the electromagnetic spectrum? Why don't they just emit strong nuclear force carriers (gluons), similar to how electrons give off photons when they change energy levels? Do they give off both and we only care about/detect the electromagnetic waves?

I guess electrons changing energy levels would give off minuscule gravitational waves as well, right, since they are matter moving through spacetime?

submitted by /u/TristanIsAwesome
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How does one measure the magnetic field of an exoplanet?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 06:49 PM PDT

I am curious how they figured out how much EM protection Juno needed for its trip. How do you measure that energy from here or satellite?

submitted by /u/Papa_Caliente_
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A nature article claims that light can exit an apparatus before it enters it, due to superluminal light propagation. How is this possible?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 07:51 AM PDT

This article claims that they have managed to increase the propagation speed of light inside a caesium gas so much that a light pulse can seem to exit before it has entered the medium. I tried to understand the reason for this, but I can't grasp it. Could anyone explain this to me ?

submitted by /u/pixartist
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Is it possible to surgically change a person's voice?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 09:52 PM PDT

How does our solar system's planet count compare to other solar systems?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 03:59 PM PDT

I'm curious as to whether we are typically below or above average in terms of how many planets we have in our solar system. I've noticed that in most space games there are typically around 3-5, is this based on anything or just pure science fiction? Are we technologically advanced enough to even compare ourselves yet?

submitted by /u/NitrogenSnow
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How does one's "Biological Clock" work? And is it possible to "reset" it?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 07:07 PM PDT

On Earth, when we see an old vehicle (a bus, passenger jet, battleship, etc), we see oxidation, oil leaks and chipped paint. What would a space vehicle look like after several years travelling around our solar system?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 04:34 PM PDT

Is "weathering" something we'd see on a space ship? I know pits from micro-meteorites have dented windows on the Space Shuttle and ISS, but what would the effects of solar radiation, cosmic rays, and whatever else might be out there on a ship after a few decades?

submitted by /u/Buckeye70
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How is epigenetic information copied to the daughter genome during DNA replication?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 02:55 PM PDT

Epigenetics shows up occasionally in the news these days, with the suggestion that epigenetic changes (e.g. methylation) acquired during a parent's lifetime can be passed down to children. If this is true, how is that epigenetic information replicated when new DNA is created during cell division?

submitted by /u/munchler
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Rainbows. Are there more colors?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 04:03 PM PDT

Okay so I was at home and I see a rainbow, super bright and a beauty! I notice it's got the normal ROYGBIV but past violet I notice some other colors. Is this possible? I posted pics to imgur which I will link.

Pics were taken on iPhone 6s Plus. Additional colors were witnessed by my self and one other previous to taking a picture.

And what you want to see. https://imgur.com/gallery/MygqN

submitted by /u/thatoneguysbro
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How to calculate the force between two magnets?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 03:25 PM PDT

I can't find the answer to this and it seemed simple. Could you people guide me please?

submitted by /u/time2color
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How did sexual reproduction become a thing? Wouldn't two, complementary sexes have to evolve at the same time?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 08:51 AM PDT

What would happen if I use myself as an arrow with a bow in space ?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 02:28 PM PDT

Here's a drawing of the situation : http://i.imgur.com/oVj3iOK.png

If I suppose that I won't hit the bow, and that no other forces are exerced on me, would I be propelled if I drop the handle ?

submitted by /u/BeepBopImAPotato
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Why is the circumference of a circle still 2*pi*r in warped spacetime?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 11:23 AM PDT

Why do we place so much emphasis on the 'habitable zones' of stars if atmospheres regulate temperature?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 01:30 PM PDT

I searched to see if this had already been asked but of the 200 or so results I found about habitable zones, I couldn't see it, so apologies if I'm retreading old ground.

OK so most people are aware of the concept of exoplanets orbiting around stars in habitable zone (or 'Goldilocks Zone' or whatever you want to call it), where it's just the right distance from its parent star to be neither too hot nor too cold, and thus may host extraterrestrial life.

However, I was just watching this video about atmospheres and how it keeps us the right temperature compared to our moon, which is barren and has gigantic temperature fluctuations. But if this is the case and different celestial bodies have their own distinct atmospheres that have differing levels of heat retention, surely the whole concept of the Goldilocks Zone is negated?

For instance, if we look at an exoplanet and say 'it's too far away from its star and thus is too cold to sustain life', is there not a chance that it could have a super-thick atmosphere that efficiently absorbs and traps the tiny amount of warmth from its parent star? Isn't the Goldilocks Zone us calculating the habitability of exoplanets based on just our own atmosphere's capabilities at regulating temperature? Or does the Goldilocks Zone take this into account?

submitted by /u/EggsBenedictusXVI
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How does an Iron heat up so quickly?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 04:35 PM PDT

Monday, August 1, 2016

Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on gamma ray bursts!

Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on gamma ray bursts!


Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on gamma ray bursts!

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 09:15 AM PDT

Hi everyone! In the past, Youtube videos have brought a lot of questions to askscience, so today we're trying something new! Use this thread to ask your questions about gamma ray bursts and discuss this new video by Kurzgesagt! Our panelists will be around throughout the day to answer your questions!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Is there an infinite number of wavelengths on the EM spectrum between 2 wavelengths?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 01:27 AM PDT

If you take 100nm and 101nm wavelengths, is there an infinite number of wavelengths on the EM spectrum between 2 wavelengths or is this number restricted by Plank's Constant? And if there is an infinite or finite number of wavelengths emitted within the visible spectrum, does black body radiation from the sun emit that finite or infinite number of wavelengths or less than the theoretical limit?

submitted by /u/souglythatevery1died
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Can photons be counted?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:56 AM PDT

Would it be possible to send out exactly 100 photons with different energies, and then measure exactly those 100 photons with the same energies at the receiving end? Or are photons just a unit/discretization of the EM field?

submitted by /u/tmlnz
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Is the digestive system's time to absorb energy dependent on the amount of new food pushing previous food through the system, or is the timeframe relatively constant?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:58 PM PDT

For example, take 4000 calories worth of donuts. If they're consumed and immediately followed by a low calorie high bulk 'meal' of indigestible fiber, would the donut meal be less absorbed compared to if the donuts were eaten and followed by a period of fasting?

submitted by /u/TBone_Filthy_McNasty
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How exactly is information defined in the context of information theory?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 09:36 PM PDT

I've read the basic concept behind Claude Shannon's information theory. If I understand it correctly, the more equally likely the outcomes (more random), the higher the entropy, and therefore the more information is produced. This is how it was explained to me in this video.

This doesn't make very much sense to me, because my intuition about information pretty much says the opposite. Information to me seems to be non-chaotic data in the midst of chaotic, random data. For example:

o9ausebrqoeiuf The above is gibberish. 

The first line of text is randomly typed; it is non-information. The second line, however, is not randomly typed. It has an order to it; it is information.

This makes sense to me. However, it seems to contradict what was explained to me. Am I wrong?

submitted by /u/theBCexperience
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are we sure all elements heavier than iron are made in supernovae?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 12:47 AM PDT

I was watching a show on high energy physics, and I realized we build particle accelerators to simulate cosmic rays basically...

Now, we make artificial elements like Californium by bombarding a relatively large nucleus with smaller ones hoping that some stick together long enough to measure

Wouldn't the same process occur naturally in space? Given the amount of radiation wouldn't this result in a significant portion of heavier-than-iron atoms being a result of this? Are we really star stuff? Or rather are we more like the gold on the inside of nuclear reactor lead lining?

submitted by /u/Vencaslac
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Why is Venus hotter than Mercury?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:31 PM PDT

I think I read that this is true.

submitted by /u/Random1990s
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When is a rock's birthday? At what point in it's formation does a rock become a rock?

Posted: 01 Aug 2016 12:42 AM PDT

How do red dwarf stars work?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 03:07 PM PDT

I read that they are fully convective, mixing hydrogen and helium throughout the star. Does this mean they switch between fusing helium and fusing hydrogen? Does it mean they fuse helium with hydrogen?

submitted by /u/Begold216
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When conducting an electrical current, are the mechanical properties of a metal affected?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:27 AM PDT

Will there eventually be a second Pangaea?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 07:43 PM PDT

Why does an atomic nucleus not push itself apart due to the similar charge from all of the protons?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:56 PM PDT

My chemistry teacher said she couldn't explain it perfectly and that I should ask the physics teacher, but I could only do that months from now. Shouldn't the similar charges push each other apart like two positive ends of a magnet? Am I thinking of this the wrong way?

submitted by /u/Hamsterman82
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Can someone please explain the Cherenkov radiation and how light is slower than the other particles?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 05:20 PM PDT

Benjamin Peirce's Notation of Euler's Identity? Picture inside.

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 03:13 PM PDT

http://imgur.com/a/s2eiF

From the book E: The Story of A Number. Skip to the outlined box if you just want to see Peirce's Formula.

How could anyone think this notation was superior to ei*pi = -1? Can someone explain to me why, if any reason exists, that this notation is useful in understanding of Euler's Identity?

submitted by /u/HybridNeos
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When falling into a black hole, it is said that you would be able to witness the universe progress at an incredible rate but doesn't that require you to see things move trough space faster than light?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 10:18 AM PDT

I know that you'd get shredded by the black hole's tidal forces. But let's put that aside (or imagine that we're falling into a really big black hole where you can pass the event horizon without getting ripped apart)

say you could see two galaxies move towards each other at 0.2c (may not be realistic, but it may also be another object).

Now if you were to fall into a black hole, you would see this, but at an immensely sped up rate, for example, x 10000.

But this would mean that you would see the two galaxies/objects move towards eachother at 2000c, and this can't be.

Is this not a valid reference frame, or where is the flaw in my logic?

submitted by /u/Poppejans
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What do the strong and weak fields "look" like?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 04:59 PM PDT

With the electromagnetic field, I know we draw two sets of field lines: ones radiating in/out from electric charges and wrapping around magnetic charges, but I also know the Strong on Weak Fields have their own sets of charges, as well as their own "electric" and "magentic" components.

How would this work for the weak fields and strong fields, both around the charges and the force carriers?

submitted by /u/chunkylubber54
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My water bottle says "Purified by reverse osmosis." What exactly does this mean and how does it purify water?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 09:15 AM PDT

I was just reading the nutritional facts on my water bottle because I was bored and noticed it on the back. http://i.imgur.com/awJFeIY.jpg how does this process work?

submitted by /u/3MGJohn
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Could humanity produce enough ozone to replace the ozone layer in an emergency?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 03:20 PM PDT

Like if a Gama ray burst blasted it off?

submitted by /u/axloo7
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If all electrical loads impart 3.41 BTU/hr per watt, where does a light bulb's light energy come from? It would seem that a 60W heater would produce a little more heat than a 60W light bulb, or else the light bulb would suck down slightly more than 60W.

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:43 PM PDT

When CO2 is produced from hydrocarbon-based fires, where does the infrared radiation come from? Is it CO2 particles? Or does the production of CO2 emit the IR?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 06:11 PM PDT

Could there be a star as big as our galaxy?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 05:57 PM PDT

People can lose the ability to talk or write due to head trauma or other causes. When they do, how does it affect their ability to type and read?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 11:14 AM PDT

Sunday, July 31, 2016

What Earth microorganisms, if any, would thrive on Mars?

What Earth microorganisms, if any, would thrive on Mars?


What Earth microorganisms, if any, would thrive on Mars?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 08:16 PM PDT

Care is always taken to minimize the chance that Earth organisms get to space, but what if we didn't care about contamination? Are there are species that, if deliberately launched to Mars, would find it hospitable and be able to thrive there?

submitted by /u/Sarlax
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Why do curved streamlines have a pressure gradient?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 05:29 AM PDT

Hey everyone

So the common theories of of lift generation are usually discarded by professors and scientists in this field as not being complete, i.e. the Bernoulli explanation and also the newton explanation. The same transit time or the area pinching explanation doesn't hold, and understandably so.

The correct explanation is shown as that whenever a streamline curves, there exists a pressure gradient, with minimum pressure at the center of the circular vortex and greatest outside. This pressure differential b/w streamlines when constructed over the entire wing explains lift, with the lower surface having a higher pressure than the upper surface.

What I want to know is, why does there exist a pressure differential between the inside and outside streamline of a vortex?

Additionally, in the speed-pressure relation in Bernoulli's equation, the change in speed in this case is shown as an effect of the pressure gradient, rather than a cause of it. Can anyone please shed some light on that too?

Thanks

Ref paper: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9120/38/6/001/pdf

submitted by /u/Jango214
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What's the difference between alpha beta and gamma rays, and are there any other Greek-letter rays, and what is a mnemonic so I don't keep forgetting the difference?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 12:32 AM PDT

How do sound waves behave in in a bent, open-ended tube?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 08:05 PM PDT

I'm trying to determine how sound changes in a tube that has a curve in it (kinda like this curve but more smooth). If I run a sine wave through a tube shaped like that, how is the sound output different from the input? Is it quieter? Is it distorted?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/squashula
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Does a Black hole dissapate from Hawkin radiation before an object crosses The event horizon?

Posted: 31 Jul 2016 04:29 AM PDT

Since to an outside observer The object Will never cross The horizon due to The extreme time dilation near The hole.

submitted by /u/Krokkoguy
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Why don't we use superconductors in space probes, satellites, etc.?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 01:36 PM PDT

Superconductors require expensive, difficult cooling on earth. But why don't space probes, spacecraft, satellites, the space station, etc., utilize the coldness of space to take advantage of superconductors—for example, for magnetic leviation systems for positioning and maneuveing elements, for high-efficiency motors (to better utilize limited solar power), or (more dramatically) for complex devices such as superconducting CPUs (utilizing Josephson junctions) or single-photon detectors?

submitted by /u/notnp
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If a smoker got amnesia, would they remember they smoke and have the urge to smoke or unknowingly quit?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 05:56 AM PDT

There is a lot of conflict regarding whether Archaeopteryx should be classified as a theropod dinosaur or a bird. What are some of the best arguments for each side of this argument?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 06:16 PM PDT

I'm in a Zoology class and we're currently discussing reptiles, birds, and the similarities between them. We discussed Archaeopteryx and how it still remains unclear as to where it should be placed, taxonomically.

I'm also curious about what function its feathers may have served if it didn't use them for flying. Sources and articles would be awesome, as well. Thanks in advance for your feedback!

submitted by /u/Segrinn
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Why do muscles stop working when working out?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 09:30 AM PDT

So what I am getting at for example is when repeatedly doing the same motion and exercising a muscle why does it eventually stop contracting when it's told to. I know my brain sends a signal to tell the muscle to contract but eventually the muscle can't do what it's being told. The easy explanation is your muscle is tired but that is actually going on?

submitted by /u/Tmcdowell85
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Why did every single species in the Homo genus except for Homo sapiens sapiens go extinct?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 10:39 AM PDT

From what I can gather Homo neanderthalensis for were intelligent enough to make tools out of bone and rock for example, so why couldn't they evolve alongside what would eventually become modern humans? Did our species' "merge"?

submitted by /u/gubenlo
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How reliable is radiocarbon testing in human fossil remains, if the sample tested was exposed to high temperature via fire (field burn)?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 03:22 PM PDT

The Sheriff's office in charge of the remains claimed that the bones were tested and found to be over 700 years old but have not produced any test results. The bone was discovered after a field burn, exposing the bone to high temperatures. The test would have been conducted in 2007.

submitted by /u/whitewashed84
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When another spacecraft docks with the ISS, does it change the station's orientation or movement with any noticeable effect?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 09:10 AM PDT

I know next to nothing about physics, and realize that the station is way bigger than, like the SpaceX dragon--but I was curious whether the force imparted by a docking vessel was enough to affect the station in a way that was measurable.

submitted by /u/TheophrastusBmbastus
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When we look at galaxies (e.g. through Hubble), we're looking back in time. Where are those galaxies now?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 12:33 PM PDT

If warp drive, FTL, etc were a reality and we could quickly get to other galaxies, how would we know where they are if we're seeing where they were?

submitted by /u/AressVeran
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How much water has been taken out of the Earth's water cycle because of bottled water/liquids being thrown away?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 10:52 AM PDT

How does glow in the dark work?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 08:33 AM PDT

Why can I see reflections on mirages?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 08:13 AM PDT

Why can I see the reflections of cars and trees on mirages if there is nothing there?

submitted by /u/BASIC-Mufasa
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Do stars that burn twice as bright burn twice as fast?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 02:10 PM PDT

Could you theoretically change someone's opinion chemically?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 11:32 AM PDT

When I decide to take a different route home, there must be some chemical difference happening in my brain. If you had the instrumentation and the ability, could you induce this change in a person?

submitted by /u/converthis
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Why do some metals turn bright red and white when they are melting? Why don't they just turn to liquid like mercury does?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 11:09 AM PDT

What are the causes for finland being so far down (24th) on the HDI in comparison to other nordic countries?

Posted: 30 Jul 2016 07:23 AM PDT