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Tuesday, July 12, 2016

If a limb were severed from the body and left in the sun for a while, would the skin sunburn?

If a limb were severed from the body and left in the sun for a while, would the skin sunburn?


If a limb were severed from the body and left in the sun for a while, would the skin sunburn?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 06:04 PM PDT

Is personality dependent on memory? If you lose your memory, do you lose your personality?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 09:05 PM PDT

If you somehow lost 100% of your memory, including all the subconscious memory (i.e. you even forget how to walk), would you lose your personality?

I've been thinking about what defines a person's identity. Is memory sufficient for identity? If personality is not a part of memory, then memory probably isn't sufficient for identity. This means that if you put someone's memory in another person's brain, the second person won't have the same personality as the first person.

submitted by /u/linksku
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If light is "sucked" into a black hole due to its gravity, does this mean that light can accelerate? How does this work with special relativity?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 10:46 PM PDT

Special relativity states that nothing can travel faster than light- however, light can't escape a black hole when it get's too close to it, meaning that it is accelerating towards the center of it? Does this contradict what Einstein said? Or is spacetime just being curved so severely that the light is traveling that same distance it would normally?

submitted by /u/tylercwats
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How is Netflix streaming so reliable and high quality compared to other streaming services?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 07:35 PM PDT

How did the evolution of asexual organisms into live/egg birth occur?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 07:05 PM PDT

The idea of evolution is relatively simple to understand, at least when you look at it in terms of tiny, incremental changes occurring through selective breeding. However, something that has always confused me when it comes to evolution is the massive jumps that had to have occurred at some point to get to where we are today. One of these jumps I've been thinking about is the transition between creatures that merely split off from one another asexually to procreate and those that birth their young after what could be broadly called a pregnancy period.

I'm just wondering how and when this leap in gestation methods occurred, and what the incremental steps that allowed this jump to happen might have been.

submitted by /u/alpharius120
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What happens when you accidentally breathe in a small piece of food and it goes into your lungs?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 05:58 AM PDT

What is the mechanism of non-pitting edema?

Posted: 12 Jul 2016 12:03 AM PDT

While pitting edema is caused by a reduced plasma oncotic pressure or raised hydrostatic pressure, what in the etiology/pathogenesis of a non-pitting edema make it non-pitting? I tried to look for papers on this, but could not find a satisfactory answer. The only answer I found here (http://www.progressivehealth.com/pitting-and-non-pitting-edema.htm) but it presents no references and is incomplete. Non-pitting edema as in lymphedema and the edema accompanying thyroid disorders.

submitted by /u/thesatwik13
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Do aircraft electronics have to take into account the electromotive force generated when moving at high speeds?

Posted: 12 Jul 2016 06:01 AM PDT

Logically it would only be a few volts max for a huge plane moving at high speeds, but does it still have an effect?

submitted by /u/Sir_Illo
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[Planetary Sciences] Why are the great lakes not saltly?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 07:07 PM PDT

I similar large bodies of water are salty. Isn't the oceans salinity a result of the salt washed away in the land run off into them?

submitted by /u/ohneatocool
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Why is the sun is so much H/He and not other stuff?

Posted: 12 Jul 2016 04:04 AM PDT

So, the solar system formed from accreting clouds of gas and dust. As I understand it, the inner planets are rocky, as volatiles were stripped by the sun. The outer planets, more gaseous, sure, I can grasp that, too. But the sun - why isn't there a lot of rocky crud in it's composition, as the biggest body in the system, forming first from all that dust ?

submitted by /u/waveydavey
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If gravity is not a force, but rather the warping of spacetime, are there other "forces" that are really some kind of warping?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 11:58 AM PDT

Do plant stem cells really make a difference or are beauty products that contain them just selling snake oil?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 04:30 PM PDT

Is there a primate family structure in which the young are raised by uncles?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 04:15 PM PDT

I took a physical anthropology class a couple years ago, and I remember the professor telling us about monkeys (or apes) that have a very interesting family pattern. The father figures for offspring are the offspring's uncles. Basically, I would be taking care of my sister's children, while my own children would be living with their mother's brother. What are these monkeys? What kind of a social structure is this? Are there many species that do this? Did I mix something up?

submitted by /u/mello_keyz
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How is the moon visible in the Instagram gif?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 05:52 PM PDT

NASA posted this https://instagram.com/p/BHvDkTlgZA4/ gif of the moon passing between the satellite and earth. How is the moon visible if the pictures are taken from the dark side of the moon where the sun doesn't hit. Shouldn't it be pitch black?

submitted by /u/gdhhdhd
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Is it possible to make a 3D object which cannot be balanced?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 01:23 PM PDT

To clarify, is it possible to create or design and object where there is no point on the object's surface where the object does not 'topple'.

submitted by /u/S00ley
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What is actually happening when people "think hard"?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 02:23 PM PDT

How are people able to "think harder" than normal? Is there a hormone that gets released at will or a part of the brain that gets activated during this process or something? Or is the ability to think harder all "in your head"?

submitted by /u/MaeveTheBrave
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Why do we find large "collections" of molecules in nature, instead of distributed homogeneously throughout?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 06:32 PM PDT

I was just thinking about comets and the fact that they contain water, and I'm wondering where that water originally came from, and why it would "collect" in one place.

If every atom in the universe was forged inside of stars, shouldn't we expect elements and molecules to be more or less evenly distributed throughout the universe?

In other words, why do we find things like gold veins, or quartz crystals, or a planet whose atmosphere is almost exclusively ammonia?

Why does Titan have a sea comprised of methane? Shouldn't we expect it to be a mix of all of the elements in the periodic table?

What causes these elements (and molecules) to collect together into single locations? Is it localized conditions that encourage them to "stick" together?

submitted by /u/voyetra8
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Is the Asperatus cloud a by-product of climate change?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 07:33 PM PDT

I know wikipedia says they were spotted 30 years ago so it might be possible.

submitted by /u/fuzzyshorts
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Would the unobserved data of a shielded measurement of a quantum superposition also be in quantum superposition?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 02:03 PM PDT

For example, say you put a wireless camera inside a Schrödinger's cat box which automatically took a picture of the superimposed cat inside the closed box, and saved it to a computer. If you had no way of knowing anything about the image data prior to opening the file, would the data itself be in quantum superposition?

submitted by /u/Gilmad
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What about the physiology of humans allows us to excel at endurance running compared to other animals?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 04:31 PM PDT

I've heard multiple times that early humans would hunt by literally chasing prey until it was too exhausted to run any more. What about human physiology makes us that much more efficient at running long distances?

submitted by /u/therealqicksilver
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Monday, July 11, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: I am Rodney Dietert, immunotoxicologist and author of The Human Superorganism. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Rodney Dietert, immunotoxicologist and author of The Human Superorganism. Ask Me Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Rodney Dietert, immunotoxicologist and author of The Human Superorganism. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 05:00 AM PDT

I am Rodney Dietert, author of the book THE HUMAN SUPERORGANISM and a Cornell immunotoxicologist who studies noncommunicable diseases, immune development, environmental health hazards, and the microbiome. AMA!

My passion is to help reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases that are today's number one global killer and the cause of myriad human disabilities. My work at Cornell University draws upon newly-emerging concepts about human biology to argue for a paradigm shift in both self-care and healthcare to one that uses more holistic and personalized approaches for health, wellness, and human safety based emphasizing the microbiome. This effort has led to new research papers, lectures, an appearance in the award-winning documentary movie, Microbirth, and now THE HUMAN SUPERORGANISM (July 12 publication). Among the things I love talking about are:

  • The developing child
  • A new way to view humans
  • Preventing chronic diseases
  • The microbiome
  • Pre- and probiotics
  • The immune system
  • Ensuring safety of chemicals and drugs
  • Useful nutrition
  • Swing dancing
  • Pets
  • Antique Scottish silver

Please do Ask Me Anything!

AMAs are posted early to give readers a chance to ask question before the AMA starts. Rodney Dietert will be here from about 2PM ET/11AM PT/7PM UT for two hours.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Why is there only one human race?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 05:06 AM PDT

This question is not about why the other species that could be considered human (e.g. the Neanderthals) died out but instead is going to sound a bit racist, I'm sorry for that, it's not my intention.

My question is about why we don't classify the currently alive humans into biological races like we do with both plants and the animal kingdom. Do we consider ourselves above nature or is it to try to avoid conflict and steer away from an implied class system, "us" and "them" mentality and the superiority some would feel over others as was the case in the past (and arguably still is)?

Wikipedia states that the term "race" - while informal - can be defined by a variety of factors including geographical (e.g. can you tell where someone is from just by looking at them as is the case for the carrion crow and the hooded crow?). It seems pretty clear that this can be applied to humans with their looks giving a rough indication from where their ancestors are from. That alone seems like it would be ample reason to classify different races or even subspecies when talking about animals, so why is it not done for humans?

submitted by /u/Syzygy___
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What is the difference between quantum mechanics and quantum field theory?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 04:47 AM PDT

How does human daily intake of calories compare to other animals? Do we require much more energy or is it roughly linear with size?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 05:47 AM PDT

Where do the laws of thermodynamics come from?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 01:24 AM PDT

Obviously I'm not saying they don't have value but, where do these ideas come from?

1: Energy can't be created or destroyed. I guess this one makes sense and I get why it's there but... why is that a law? Is there some experiment of some kind that proves this, or hints so strongly towards it that it's the most reasonable explanation? This law sort of just seems like it'd be nice, but the universe needn't care if it makes our calculations more simple or whether or not things are predictable.

2: The entropy of the universe will always increase. This is probably a lot more difficult to explain - but again, why would the universe care about order?

3: The entropy of an system will approach a minimum at as it nears 0 Kelvin. I honestly don't even understand this one (kinda embarrassed by that).

Anyways, are these just laws in the way that it would be very convenient and therefore we should just assume these are true, or is there a compelling case to say there is certainty that these are true and not the guise of an old man who didn't want to deal with really hard maths when he didn't need to.

TL;DR Are the laws of thermodynamics actually real or just assumptions of the universe to make maths easier.

submitted by /u/hallelujahforpuppies
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Conceptually, why is the quantum Lagrangian of the form e^i*theta?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 02:18 AM PDT

I'm trying to figure out where the wave-like properties of quantum systems arise, and the Lagrangian / action appears to be the source for the path integral interpretation (??) I looked at the math on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_integral_formulation#Quantum_action_principle but didn't really follow it and wonder if there is a more conceptual explanation.

submitted by /u/hyperspheroid
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Can a remote magnet slightly deflect charged particles to help shield an interplanetary vessel from radiation?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 12:29 AM PDT

As far as I can tell a ring shaped magnet placed a few hundred or thousand meters between a space ship and the sun, should be able to deflect incoming charged particle. Maybe not by much, possibly only a degree or two. But that should be enough since by the time it reaches the ship it will be tens of meters off target, therefore missing the ship.

Does this not work? I can't find any resources or designs like this. What stops this from being a viable option to help shield astronauts from radiation on their way to mars?

submitted by /u/thicka
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If the event horizon of a black hole were an impenetrable solid, what would happen to things falling into it?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 12:20 AM PDT

For example lets imagine we use some kind of magic to crush the Earth beyond its Schwarzschild radius and then make the event horizon perfectly impenetrable, nothing gets through, and finally we drop an astronaut into it. What sort of energy release upon impact are we looking at here? Any weird quirks our "magic black hole" would have (other than the impossible event horizon)?

submitted by /u/Cantankerous_Tank
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Has the ratio of people with certain mental disorders roughly remained the same throughout history?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 02:22 PM PDT

I'm wondering if things like bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, and so forth would have also been around in the same ratios in a population in, say, feudal times.

I ask because on the one hand, I can imagine technological and cultural factors playing a large role. There are connections between PTSD and war such that a generation in peacetime might have many fewer cases of PTSD.

On the other hand, if certain circumstances cause mental health issues in a population to wane or wax, is it also possible that some mental health issues used to exist and no longer do? Or that some new ones have arisen in new circumstances?

submitted by /u/insipid_comment
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How do gravity assists have a net positive influence on momentum?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 05:56 AM PDT

So... We have all heard of the "gravity assist" or "slingshot" in orbital dynamics. I was looking into it yesterday, (I've been playing a lot of Kerbal Space Program) and it just didn't make sense to me. How can you use a planet to speed up? Won't the planet take away the same amount of momentum it gave to the ship in the first place, and the ship will come out with no net gain? For example, If I have a ball attached to an elastic rope, and I have a friend stretch it out while I hold the rope, it has lots of potential energy. The rope is like Gravity. Then my friend lets the ball go and it flies toward me because the tension (gravity) is pulling it. But once it gets past me, it immediately begins slowing down and eventually reaches the same velocity as before. How can a planet, with gravity constantly acting upon a ship, result in a net gain of velocity? Thanks!

submitted by /u/EngineeringFreshman1
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In what applications would it benefit to have an asynchronous computer?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 08:41 AM PDT

That is, a computer without a master clock source, operating solely on asynchronous logic. To my knowledge, there are a few "low-level" applications, like inexpensive desktop calculators, but are there any high-performance situations that might require such a design scheme?

submitted by /u/penguin_coder
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When a spacecraft gets a "gravitational boost" from a planet, Newton's laws of motion tell us that the planet gets a "gravitational drag". With enough spacecraft, could we ever inadvertently alter the orbit of a planet?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 08:31 AM PDT

Do gases have a pH level?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 08:26 AM PDT

I've only heard of liquids getting tested for pH levels, but if pH is just a measure of H+ / OH- concentrations, does that mean that solids and gases can also have pH? If so, how do you measure the pH of a solid or gas?

submitted by /u/socrates200X
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What does it mean for the time evolution of a system to be unitary?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 08:07 AM PDT

I've seen this term used to describe quantum systems and wondered what it meant and the implications of it.

submitted by /u/RulerFrancis
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What evidence has been found to support/refute baryogenesis?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 06:35 AM PDT

How do plants know which direction they have to orient their leaves in order to get more sunlight?

Posted: 11 Jul 2016 01:37 AM PDT

I have observed that my plant's leaves tend to orient perpendiculary to the sun rays, what makes me think that they have a way to measure the incidence of the sun rays? Also I'd like to know how they actually move.

submitted by /u/flxghtbear
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Does knowing the prime factors of two numbers, but not the value of the numbers themselves, provide any information about the sum of the two numbers?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 04:44 PM PDT

To clarify the question, let's say I know that x has the prime factors 2, 3, and 5, but I don't know how many times it has each factor; it may have each factor once, making x = 30, it may have 2 and 5 once but 3 twice, making x = 90, etc. Similarly, I know y has prime factors 7, 11, and 13, but I don't know how many times it has each factor. With this information, can I infer anything about the value x + y?

The specific values in the example above are just made up to illustrate a point. Please feel free to use other numbers if those happen to work better.

submitted by /u/effervescence1
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Are storms near the equator generally more intense than storms in the northern and southern hemispheres?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 01:08 PM PDT

Also do they occur more or less frequently?

submitted by /u/Titzleb
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Are there other substances that work as analgesics other than opiates?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 02:22 PM PDT

Not considering NSAIDs, which are generally used to treat mild cases of pain, are there any other substances besides opiates that can work as analgesics?
Some people mention medical THC/CNB, that can be effective in cases of bone cancer and others, although I don't know which one, if not both, treat pain. With the DEA now cracking down on people who need to take opiates, in order to make their lives more miserable than they already are, could any other substances available in the market, or currently being researched, be used as a substitute?
And back to cannabinoids, they seem to me to be a much better option to treat chronic pain than opiates, judging by side effects. Are there any significant disadvantages to justify why they aren't used as often?

submitted by /u/GreekYoghurtSothoth
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Do insects get old in a manner that mammals do?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 09:02 AM PDT

Losing their endurance, speed, durability, brainpower etc.? Or do they remain same during all of their life?

submitted by /u/Westnest
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What is the difference between an atom being unstable and an isotope being unstable?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 02:04 PM PDT

And are there any other meanings of the term that apply to different areas of chemistry?

submitted by /u/Raggon
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Sunday, July 10, 2016

How exactly does a autotldr-bot work?

How exactly does a autotldr-bot work?


How exactly does a autotldr-bot work?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 05:35 AM PDT

Subs like r/worldnews often have a autotldr bot which shortens news articles down by ~80%(+/-). How exactly does this bot know which information is really relevant? I know it has something to do with keywords but they always seem to give a really nice presentation of important facts without mistakes.

Edit: Is this the right flair?

submitted by /u/Jirkajua
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Do lasers work in other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 04:47 AM PDT

Can you make a UV laser or a gamma laser? or could you go to the opposite end of the spectrum and make a laser that shoots radio waves? Also would it emit visible light or could you have a laser that is invisible to the human eye?

submitted by /u/Bullet1289
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Is it possible for a universe to have a 2 dimensional time? Would time travel be easier in such a universe? What would the effects of this be on sentient beings? How could we describe the 2 co-ordinates of time?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 01:53 AM PDT

Surprised that this isn't in the FAQ, but can someone explain the 10/11 dimensions of Superstring/M-Theory?

Are there organisms that could experience more dimensions than 3 spacial and 1 time dimension? If some dimensions are curled up and small enough (anywhere from planck length to 1mm) could microscopic bots experience these dimensions?

submitted by /u/lickmyspaghetti
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How permanent is a permanent magnet?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 07:06 AM PDT

If I leave a fridge magnet on my fridge for long enough, will it eventually fall off? Will the magnetism fade away over time?

submitted by /u/Grenadukebabelele
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Do super massive black holes decay?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 06:16 AM PDT

I'm sorry if this has been asked before or if it seems ignorant but recently I've been thinking about black holes.

My question is will the super massive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way eventually evaporate causing everything to drift apart?

I know that the more massive a black hole is the longer it will take to be decayed by Hawking radiation so it would probably take billions of years to happen but nonetheless I'm curious.

submitted by /u/TermlessBird
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How does radiation therapy manage to discern between normal and cancerous cells?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 06:02 AM PDT

are CRISPR gene edits carried forward to your children?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 01:34 AM PDT

and will edits that carry forward be a problem/benefit in a new individual?

trials of CRISPR may be beginning soon so this seems a relevant question. http://www.nature.com/news/first-crispr-clinical-trial-gets-green-light-from-us-panel-1.20137?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews

submitted by /u/whiskey83
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How a vector graphics data is stored?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 07:41 AM PDT

So, I know that for a raster graphic, computers store the data in a matrix-like structure, with the number representing the color of each pixel. But what about vector graphic?

I know that a vector graphic is represented as a mathematical expression. What kind of mathematical expressions are used to store a vector graphic data? How do computers store this mathematical expressions? I was wondering why we don't see vector graphic more commonly as I cannot see its disadvantages over raster graphics. I have a background in math / linear algebra / computer science, so you can explain them with a technical term.

submitted by /u/dkurniawan
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Why haven't we sent probes to Europa?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 07:32 AM PDT

Or Enceladus, or Titan? I mean, I know we sent one to Titan, but why only one? If we think these places may harbor life, not only multicellular life (which would be amazing), but life of any form, why haven't we explored the surface or below yet? As it stands now, me, as an 18 year old, will probably be about 40 by the time we land anything on any of these solar bodies.

submitted by /u/Know_What_Fvck_This
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If the photons take around 10,000 years to reach the outer surface from the core of the sun , was the sun dark for the first 10,000 years after nuclear fusion started to occur?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 01:03 PM PDT

Did the sun start out much darker than now and reach its peak and then start decreasing its brightness?

submitted by /u/shank9717
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Can sound have a direct effect on light?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 07:56 PM PDT

Take explosions, for example, you can observe the shock wave. Is that the direct result of the sound refracting the light? Or is it the temperature of the surrounding area like in a mirage or something?

submitted by /u/aTayter
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Are homes with 10-foot ceilings harder to heat and cool than homes with traditional 8- or 9-foot ceilings, if all other factors are equal (square footage, insulation, et cetera)?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 03:07 PM PDT

How does density functional theory and programs like Vasp and Quantum Espresso work?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 06:11 AM PDT

I'm a 3rd year in Aerospace but looking into materials research in aerospace applications. My professor wants me to look into DFT and the vasp program but the manuals are very dense and difficult to absorb.

My current understanding is that you input atomic/electronic positions of a unit cell, tell the program how you want to deform it, then the program applies a periodic condition and outputs a result that you asked for, is this correct? Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/exterstellar
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Why do bad neighborhoods exist? Why can't all neighborhoods be good neighborhoods?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 05:58 AM PDT

When you boil gnocchi (the potato pasta), it initially sinks, then rises as it cooks. What changes to make the gnocchi less dense?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 05:44 PM PDT

In most settings, taking on water would increase density, so what makes this process different?

submitted by /u/superhelical
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Why do we assume that the speed of light is constant throughout the universe?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 09:41 PM PDT

How was gravitational acceleration measured?

Posted: 10 Jul 2016 01:17 AM PDT

So I know about the story of Galileo and him dropping the two canon balls from the leaning tower of pisa, but how did the value of 9.8m/s/s get discovered? Who first discovered the value of gravitational acceleration, and how did they do it?

I would appreciate sources as well please, thanks :)

submitted by /u/TheRealMrWest
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We can't imagine a color we haven't seen- is this because our imagination is limited by our experiences, or because there just aren't other colors?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 10:41 PM PDT

Not sure how to classify this. Psychology? But is a normal person able to imagine a color they haven't seen, for example would someone who has just managed to avoid the color blue all their life be able to picture blue? And are the colors we know all the colors there are, or just all we see?

submitted by /u/Chili_Maggot
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Why is pure carbon typically black when most carbon containing compounds aren't?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 08:28 PM PDT

If most allotropes of carbon are black, why are carbon containing compounds usually either white or colorless?

submitted by /u/ericfussell
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Why does an atom that gains neutrons become radioactive?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 01:00 PM PDT

"Neutrons are much less influential on the chemical character and identity of an atom than protons, although they are just as hard to add to or remove from the nucleus, being so tightly bound. If neutrons are added or gained, the atom will still retain the same chemical identity, but its mass will change slightly and it may acquire strange nuclear properties such as radioactivity"

Source: www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-1/static-electricity/

submitted by /u/robsoneder
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Whats the deal with absolute zero?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 01:21 PM PDT

Why is -273.15°C the lowest possible temperature? What stops it from getting lower than this?

submitted by /u/Avalanche30196709
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How do after-tastes work?

Posted: 09 Jul 2016 08:41 PM PDT

I was drinking a mixed drink with apples and cucumbers in it and wondered, why is it i taste the apple first then the cucumber second after swallowing? does it have to do with where the flavor is on the tongue?

submitted by /u/Palmertabs
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