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Thursday, May 12, 2016

How do we take pictures of our galaxy if we are in our galaxy?

How do we take pictures of our galaxy if we are in our galaxy?


How do we take pictures of our galaxy if we are in our galaxy?

Posted: 11 May 2016 09:19 AM PDT

So we have pictures of the Milky way but we are in the Milky Way?

Edit:Rip my inbox

submitted by /u/Dolphythedolphin
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Why do things smell? Can smell be measured?

Posted: 12 May 2016 04:46 AM PDT

What is the largest possible tsunami size?

Posted: 11 May 2016 07:17 PM PDT

Like say if the largest known asteroid to hit which was 20km in diameter. What would be the max tsunami size and speed if it hit the right place at the right angle?

submitted by /u/swiftessence
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 11 May 2016 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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If Michael Phelps started at the bottom of a pool, could he swim upwards with enough force to propel himself completely out of the water like a whale?

Posted: 11 May 2016 07:05 PM PDT

Example. And if he couldn't, what if he had flippers? At what point do you think he'd be able to?

submitted by /u/ThePsykylegist
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Why do nuclear or atomic bombs create mushroom clouds?

Posted: 11 May 2016 06:38 PM PDT

Where sensors and analysis measure global temperature?

Posted: 12 May 2016 12:03 AM PDT

I'm imagining a network of weather stations with air temperature sensors. My detailed question is, whenever I see a large graph of temp data displaying global warming, what are the sources? Are there probes located in the oceans as well as continents? What numerical formula is used to combine the temp readings into a global average? What uncertainty factors are taken into account?

Because I feel powerless to do anything about it, I'm one of those people who doesn't care a whole lot about global temperature changes. However, I'm very interested in the evidence of whether or not it is occurring.

I want to know the nuts and bolts of the data so I can definitively talk to people about the state of our atmosphere.

PS. I categorized this as "Engineering" because the answer I want has to do with sensors and analysis... and none of the other topics seemed to fit. Maybe Earth Science? Meteorology (not listed) would probably fit best.

submitted by /u/scurvybill
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Is √-1 the only imaginary number?

Posted: 11 May 2016 06:12 PM PDT

So in the number theory we learned in middle school, there's natural numbers, whole numbers, real numbers, integers, whole numbers, imaginary numbers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. With imaginary numbers, we're told that i is a variable and represents √-1. But with number theory, usually there's multiple examples of each kind of number. We're given a Venn diagram something like this with examples in each section. Like e, π, and √2 are examples of irrational numbers. But there's no other kind of imaginary number other than i, and i is always √-1. So what's going on? Is i the only imaginary number just like how π and e are the only transcendental numbers?

submitted by /u/ButtsexEurope
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What's on the other side of a belly button?

Posted: 11 May 2016 11:46 AM PDT

When dropping a phone, can the case breaking off absorb some of the shock?

Posted: 11 May 2016 04:57 PM PDT

I noticed that every time I drop my phone at all the back of the shell pops off. Inconvenient, but I started wondering if it'd be any worse if I attached the shell better.

submitted by /u/VectorLightning
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Krebs Cycle: Where does the extra oxygen come from in the oxaloacetase+Acetyl CoA-->Citrate step?

Posted: 11 May 2016 07:43 PM PDT

I am in a high school biology class, and I was studying the krebs cycle specifically tracing the oxygen through the cycle; in my textbook the diagram shows acetyl coA donating one oxygen to Oxaloacetate, which already has five, and then becoming Citrate, which has 7. Where is this mystery extra oxygen coming from? What am I missing?

submitted by /u/kit_hairington
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Do animals avoid incest when mating in the wild?

Posted: 11 May 2016 09:06 AM PDT

Moreover, do animals remember or recognize their siblings and then avoid mating with them in the wild?

submitted by /u/Skylordjovis
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In the double slit experiment, what are the results if you remove the slits? Does the wave pattern still appear?

Posted: 11 May 2016 07:30 AM PDT

Why is gas under pressure cold?

Posted: 11 May 2016 06:57 AM PDT

This might be a stupid question and I still haven't figured this out..

So obviously stars are made of gas etc. My extremely basic understanding is that they're really hot because they're under extreme pressure.

Why is compressed gas in e.g. cannisters or lighters cold?

EDIT: Thank you everyone for your answers, it's actually pretty interesting.

submitted by /u/CuntOnABike
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Do animals seek a variety in their diet?

Posted: 11 May 2016 09:36 AM PDT

For animals, why are feeding chains organised into food webs, rather than chains, is it because having more than one source of nutrition provides a security in the case of an extinction occurring to a species you're feeding on, or do they simply enjoy having a variety in their diet, much like the way we humans do?

submitted by /u/theLAZYmd
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Why can't I charge my bigger devices using USB?

Posted: 11 May 2016 09:10 AM PDT

I know that with some devices, when plugged into USB and in use, the battery will be depleted faster than it can be charged - but why are there seemingly no USB -> laptop chargers on the market? Wouldn't it be really useful to be able to charge a laptop with a portable USB power brick?

submitted by /u/DrywallJackson
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If fire needs oxygen to survive then how some water, 1 part oxygen 2 parts hydrogen doesn't just fuel the fire with the oxygen component?

Posted: 11 May 2016 11:48 PM PDT

Why can you only recharge lithium-ion batteries? Why can't you recharge alkaline batteries?

Posted: 11 May 2016 08:25 AM PDT

What is preventing the opposite redox reaction from occurring in alkaline batteries in order to restore their chemical potential energy? Any links to articles are also helpful.

submitted by /u/i_shud_b_studying
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How wide would the Sagittarius A* be, if it wasn't collapsed? What I mean is, it still had the same weight, but the density of earth.

Posted: 11 May 2016 11:14 AM PDT

How do antiperspirants work chemically?

Posted: 11 May 2016 04:52 AM PDT

From doing my own research I have seen only generalized examples of the reactions that make antiperspirants block the eccrine gland, but was looking for a more in-depth answer on the chemical reactions which lead the aluminum salts to reduce, and what reactions occur that cause the aluminum ions to cause the sweat glands to close.

submitted by /u/FreshKhan
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Human females are born with a set number of eggs and can't generate more. Are all animals like this, especially egg-laying hens?

Posted: 11 May 2016 06:11 AM PDT

Nocturnal Dinosaurs, evidence and how common?

Posted: 11 May 2016 05:41 PM PDT

We have predators today that are nocturnal. We have raptors (more closely related to dinosaurs than reptiles). It seems almost certain there would have been nocturnal dinosaurs.

Are there any studies or evidence of there being nocturnal dinosaurs yet or are we left to speculation and assumption? How common would it have been? What in the fossil record indicates whether a creature was nocturnal or not?

submitted by /u/Evoraist
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What does the Falcon 9 use to stabilize itself when landing?

Posted: 11 May 2016 05:29 AM PDT

What we see on camera here seems physically impossible, as it looks like the rocket is only being propelled from the bottom, making it practically impossible to counteract net torque. When it comes down it's like trying to balance a pen its tip: any slight deviation will make it fall over.

Does it have some extra jets that I can not see, or does it control the lower propultion jet ridiculously accurately or what? I know there has to be something I am missing.

submitted by /u/JooJoona
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Why is plant DNA so much more complex than animal DNA?

Posted: 11 May 2016 05:27 AM PDT

Wednesday, May 11, 2016

Kepler Exoplanet Megathread

Kepler Exoplanet Megathread


Kepler Exoplanet Megathread

Posted: 10 May 2016 02:04 PM PDT

Hi everyone!

The Kepler team just announced 1284 new planets, bringing the total confirmations to well over 3000. A couple hundred are estimated to be rocky planets, with a few of those in the habitable zones of the stars. If you've got any questions, ask away!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How did dyslexia manifest itself before the invention of written language? Or, alternatively, was dyslexia developed due to written language?

Posted: 09 May 2016 08:27 PM PDT

Is the element at 118 on the periodic table the last element that can possibly exist, or is it feasible that elements higher than that could exist with more protons in the nucleus, or electron orbitals higher than 7p, etc?

Posted: 10 May 2016 05:06 PM PDT

Just played around with an online tool that showed electron spins in the various orbitals for each element on the periodic table. It got me thinking why does the orbital stop at 7p - could a 7d+ exist? Why or why not?

submitted by /u/iOSbrogrammer
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Why did trilobites go extinct?

Posted: 10 May 2016 08:57 PM PDT

Trilobites were plentiful in the Earth's oceans for over 200 million years, and seem to have had a very simple formula for existing, similar to insects - armored swarms that have many offspring over their lifetimes. However, they completely disappeared, in spite of their diversity and simplicity. How did conditions change so that even the trilobites couldn't survive?

submitted by /u/day-of-the-moon
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What would it feel like to be in a microwave? Would I just suddenly feel hot, or would there be other sensations?

Posted: 10 May 2016 02:19 PM PDT

What modern group of humans are Egyptian mummies DNA most closely related to?

Posted: 10 May 2016 06:10 PM PDT

Electrostatics phenomenon: moving charge lights up a fluorescent lamp.?

Posted: 10 May 2016 08:27 PM PDT

I'm messing around with electricity for a class on electrostatics. I have a toy latex balloon (about 8 inch diameter blown up) and an unmounted fluorescent bulb, specifically an F8T5 lamp, which is about 12 inches long.

It seems I can light up the tube just by moving a charged balloon around nearby. Can you explain this?

I charge the balloon by rubbing it on my shirt. The lamp is held in one hand at one end. In my other hand is the charged balloon. Now if I just wave the balloon around, or back and forth, the fluorescent lamp will glow, bright enough to see in a room with dim lighting. It also works if the lamp is laid on a table and the balloon waved around it a few inches away. If the balloon is not moving relative to the tube there is no light.

I don't understand what is causing the light (presumably a discharge in the tube) when I wave the balloon around a few inches away. There are no sparks or audible crackles that I can perceive. The balloon needs to be moving just a few inches per second to make the lamp light up, and can cause the light from a distance of 5-10 inches.

submitted by /u/Man_from_Neptune
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Why is there such a disparity between the redshift value of the CMB and that of the most distant astronomical object observed?

Posted: 10 May 2016 08:18 PM PDT

The numerical value of the cosmic microwave background's redshift is 1089 and Wikipedia lists one of the most distant objects, galaxy GN-z11, as having a redshift of 11.1. What accounts for the disparity in redshift values between the CMB and a high-redshift galaxy?

submitted by /u/TarntKarntington
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Could there be objects that have a figure-8 shaped orbit around the sun and the Alpha Centauri System?

Posted: 10 May 2016 06:53 PM PDT

According to Wikipedia, the oort cloud could extend as far from the Sun as 200,000 AU (3.2 ly). This would put parts of it well inside the sphere of influence of Alpha Centauri, which is 4.37 ly away. Based on this, it seems possible that objects could orbit both the Sun and the Alpha Centauri system in a figure-8 shaped orbit. Is this possible?

submitted by /u/mattenthehat
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What happens to the "hardness" of ice as it is cooled close to absolute zero?

Posted: 10 May 2016 07:46 PM PDT

To expand, what happens at the molecular and subatomic level?

submitted by /u/B0xGhost
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Is there such thing as late spin?

Posted: 10 May 2016 05:25 PM PDT

I heard a baseball announcer say, "Look at his slider it has late spin" saying his 2 seam fastball breaks more at towards the catcher. Is this possible?

submitted by /u/ribrien
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Why is a balloon initially hard to blow up, but then easier to force air into after it has expanded a bit?

Posted: 10 May 2016 12:33 PM PDT

What was the lowest temperature on Earth during the last ice age?

Posted: 10 May 2016 12:30 PM PDT

If the lowest temperature measured on Antarctica today is −89.2 °C what was the lowest possible temperature there during the last ice age and is it possible that there was frozen CO2 (dry ice) on Antarctica during the ice age?

submitted by /u/torrio888
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What causes a Coronal Mass Ejection?

Posted: 10 May 2016 04:58 PM PDT

I am doing a research paper on CME's when I came to this question. Seemingly simple, it appears that there are several schools of thought on the matter from shock time of arrival model to the ENLIL model to the interplanetary magnetic field model. Is there a "right" model or is it still up for debate?

Thank you

submitted by /u/mrskeletaldootdoot1
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How close could you get to the sun before you ignite into flames?

Posted: 10 May 2016 03:48 PM PDT

Is it possible to not lose weight when on a calorie deficit?

Posted: 10 May 2016 06:33 PM PDT

A pound of fat gives you 3500 calories, while (from what I've been told) a pound of muscle requires around 2500 calories, if you were to add a pound of muscle while removing a pound of fat, would you stay at the same weight even with a 1000 calorie deficit?

submitted by /u/NewbeginningNewStart
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Is our emotional response to certain colors caused by nature or nurture?

Posted: 10 May 2016 05:49 PM PDT

Most people have a similar emotional reaction to certain colors. Have these reactions been hardwired into our DNA or are they taught to us? For example, perhaps over centuries of evaluation green became so associated with plants, food, health etc that we instinctively know this at birth.

Im sure someone, somewhere has tested this but Ive never read a study. What would be ways of testing this? I was thinking maybe examining responses to color across cultures would be one way.

submitted by /u/MittenMan-
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How strong is solar wind, and/or radiation pressure? Is it strong enough to have a major effect on the path of a manned mission to let's say Mars?

Posted: 10 May 2016 09:00 PM PDT

I know that we have designed ships based on the pressure of the light coming off the Sun, but would it be possible that it could have an affect on the long term path of a manned or unmanned object? For example, did they have to calculate it into the trajectory of Curiosity?

submitted by /u/TheLegendaryBagel
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How would a spinning top work in lower gravity than that of Earth?

Posted: 10 May 2016 02:31 PM PDT

Obviously not a world-changing question, but I'm just curious.

submitted by /u/LiterallyBilly
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In, lets say, an electric dc motor in a vacuum, given it rotates it means it has acceleration. If it has acceleration with a consistent power, besides friction what inhibits its from reaching extremely fast top speed/breaking point?

Posted: 10 May 2016 05:48 PM PDT

Just wanted to attempt to design a simple dc electric motor that goes really fast. This question got me curious. Why don't spinning motors accelerate to oblivion ?

submitted by /u/MrNomad101
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Why does silica gel absorb water so effectively, and why only water?

Posted: 10 May 2016 12:14 PM PDT

I've been trying to persuade it to absorb ethyl and methyl alcohol with metal salts dissolved in it, to create potentially long-burning coloured fire fuels, but it won't have any of it, nor a few other solvents I have rattling about. So I'm wondering what is so unique about water that enables it to absorb monumental amounts? And is there a way I can make it absorb m/ethyl alcohol in the same way?

Thanks for your knowledge and insights.

submitted by /u/SilverHornet
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Do we really have 3/4 of the fundamental forces entirely figured out? My friend in physics basically said there's nothing left to learn about them except for gravity

Posted: 10 May 2016 05:20 PM PDT

Tuesday, May 10, 2016

AskScience AMA: Hi, I'm Stacy Konkiel, ex-librarian and expert on research metrics. Since 2008, I've worked at the intersection of Open Science, altmetrics, and academic library services with teams at Impactstory, Indiana University , PLOS, and now Altmetric. AMA!

AskScience AMA: Hi, I'm Stacy Konkiel, ex-librarian and expert on research metrics. Since 2008, I've worked at the intersection of Open Science, altmetrics, and academic library services with teams at Impactstory, Indiana University , PLOS, and now Altmetric. AMA!


AskScience AMA: Hi, I'm Stacy Konkiel, ex-librarian and expert on research metrics. Since 2008, I've worked at the intersection of Open Science, altmetrics, and academic library services with teams at Impactstory, Indiana University , PLOS, and now Altmetric. AMA!

Posted: 10 May 2016 04:49 AM PDT

Hi, I am Stacy Konkiel, Outreach & Engagement Manager at Altmetric, and I'm here to talk about whether the metrics and indicators we like to rely upon in science (impact factor, altmetrics, citation counts, etc) to understand "broader impact" and "intellectual merit" are actually measuring what we purport they measure.

I'm not sure they do. Instead, I think that right now we're just using rough proxies to understand influence and attention, and that we're in danger of abusing the metrics that are supposed to save us all--altmetrics--just like science has done with the journal impact factor.

But altmetrics and other research metrics don't have to be Taylorist tools of control. I love the promise they hold for scientists who want to truly understand how their research is truly changing the world.

I especially appreciate the fact that newer metrics allow the "invisible work" that's being done in science (the data curators, the software developers, etc) can be recognized on its standalone merits, rather than as a byproduct of the publication process. That's been my favorite part of working for Altmetric and, previously, Impactstory--that I can help others to better value the work of grad students, librarians, data scientists, etc.

Today, I want to talk about better measuring research impact, but I'm also open to taking other relevant questions. There will also be some live tweeting from @Altmetric and @digitalsci and questions using the #askstacyaltmetric hashtag.

I will be back at 1 pm EDT (6 pm BST, 5 pm UTC, 10 am PDT) to answer questions, AMA!

submitted by /u/Stacy_Konkiel
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What is our solar systems orientation as we travel around the Milky Way? Are other solar systems the same?

Posted: 09 May 2016 06:36 AM PDT

Knowing that the north star doesn't move, my guess is that we are either spinning like a frisbee with matching planes to the Milky Way, or tilted 90 degrees to the Milky Ways plane.

submitted by /u/redhousebythebog
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If Mercury's year is only 88 Earth days, why is it's transit across the Sun so rare?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:21 PM PDT

Is it possible to put chlorophyll into an animal cell? If so, would a human be able to live on sunlight?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:20 PM PDT

If not, does heat energy from sunlight provide our bodies with usable energy anyway?

submitted by /u/MyDeadKitten
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Does blocking our eye vision for long periods of time stops melanin production?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:52 PM PDT

Can melanin production be stopped if something like a eyepatch blocks the eye vision for several weeks? People who doesn't take sunlight for some time have whiter skin than before. Can this apply to the eye color as well?

submitted by /u/Lucifel-
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How are supersonic aircraft able to slow the air coming into the intakes so that the shock wave doesn't damage anything internally?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:28 PM PDT

Can your body develop an allergy to a new food because you pair it with a food you're already allergic to?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:51 PM PDT

For instance: If a person is allergic to peanuts, and that person eats a sandwich containing peanut butter and strawberry jelly, can that person develop an allergy to strawberry jelly or strawberries?

submitted by /u/peter-s
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Today I read that coral is dying off faster than expected due to human induced climate change and the acidification of the oceans... How did coral grow 30 million or 300 million years ago when the ocean was more acidic than it is now?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:10 PM PDT

This article is saying coral is dying of far faster than expected, why did coral grow and survive in more acidic oceans with harsher weather before?

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/florida-reefs-begin-to-dissolve-much-sooner-than-expected/

submitted by /u/waygook1284
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Is the density of vacuum energy decreasing as the universe expands? What happens if it gets near zero?

Posted: 09 May 2016 10:22 PM PDT

Can a single-celled organism evolve to the size of a human?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:11 PM PDT

Does a single cell have the ability to become as large as a human, with the organelles acting as organs?

submitted by /u/Sheepeasy
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How can standing waves exist without propagating an ideal distance between two points that is exactly equal to a multiple of the wavelength, which is impossible?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:46 PM PDT

If I'm constructing a speaker box for waves of wavelength 1 meter, and I try to space the inside faces of the box at a distance of 1 meter, inevitably the true distance will be 1.0001 meters or something. Wouldn't the waves from the speaker provide less and less constructive interference, and then destructive interference as opposing waves became out of phase? Or do they just fizzle out before this happens?

A follow up question would be: What is wavelength dependent on? All the waves coming from a speaker must be the same wavelength, or constructing a measured speaker box to induce constructive interference would only amplify a small fraction of the waves produced by the speaker, right?

submitted by /u/stir_fry
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why is hunger at a 25 year low?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:13 PM PDT

why isn't it at an all time low? what was happening 26 years ago that is better than today? https://www.reddit.com/r/UpliftingNews/comments/4ik7c0/world_hunger_is_at_its_lowest_point_in_at_least/?ref=share&ref_source=link

submitted by /u/garyzxcv
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What is on the otherside of the belly button?

Posted: 09 May 2016 05:28 PM PDT

How many atom/molecules of a compound/matter do you need to identify the compound's phase?

Posted: 10 May 2016 03:30 AM PDT

Can a single molecule of water be considered a solid, liquid or gas, for example? Or, for that matter how many Carbon atoms would you need to determine if you were looking at graphite or diamond? Would it depend on the it's crystalline structure?

submitted by /u/axis_of_weevil
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Why do different types of alcohol seem to give you a different type of buzz? Isn't it just alcohol regardless of what type of booze it is?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:00 PM PDT

How does a tire balancing machine tell how much mass to add and where by simply spinning it?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:02 PM PDT

Since pi is an irrational number, does that mean it's impossible to measure both the radius and circumference of a given circle exactly?

Posted: 09 May 2016 10:58 AM PDT

Does electrical current sent through water kill bacteria and viruses?

Posted: 09 May 2016 04:00 PM PDT

Is it viable for sanitation purposes?

submitted by /u/Lykotion
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Do mitochondria get cancer?

Posted: 09 May 2016 03:47 PM PDT

What would happen if a magma chamber came in contact with an oil deposit?

Posted: 10 May 2016 12:58 AM PDT

Are there any human populations without any Neanderthal DNA? Are there measurable differences from that absence?

Posted: 09 May 2016 04:39 PM PDT

Which muscles does clicking with a mouse use?

Posted: 09 May 2016 06:39 PM PDT

I've been wanting to improve my click speed as it is around 6 cps. What muscles does a person use to click? Would making these muscles stronger improve how fast you can click? Thanks!

submitted by /u/bboossccoo
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What phonon modes are occupied at temperatures above the Debye temperature?

Posted: 09 May 2016 05:22 PM PDT

My understanding of the Debye frequency is that it's the highest energy lattice vibration. Molecular solids have low Debye temperatures (~101 K). If there is a process that needs significantly more energy than the Debye frequency, where does it get the energy? Multiple phonons at the Debye frequency?

I'm specifically thinking about spin-phonon interactions, where excitations in the spin manifold are (*can be) on the order of 102 K and the Debye temperature is 101 K.

More general discussion and references are definitely welcome.

submitted by /u/qweoin
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Does lightning impart momentum onto an object it strikes?

Posted: 09 May 2016 04:09 PM PDT

What if lightning passes through an airborne body?

submitted by /u/Salle_de_Bains
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Do we know where the Sun's mother is?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:45 AM PDT

My understanding is that the fact that the Earth has elements heavier than iron in it demonstrates that our solar system, including all the hydrogen in the Sun, comes from the residue of an explosion of a supernova long ago. That would seem to imply that the explosion from which our solar system came also produced other objects, including a black hole at the center of the explosion, and possibly other solar systems made up from other parts of the jetsam of the supernova. My question is: do we know where the black hole is that we came from -- in other words, the Sun's "mother"? Do we know where any of our sister solar systems are? Are these objects nearby, compared to the size of the Milky Way?

submitted by /u/meltingintoice
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