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Tuesday, May 10, 2016

AskScience AMA: Hi, I'm Stacy Konkiel, ex-librarian and expert on research metrics. Since 2008, I've worked at the intersection of Open Science, altmetrics, and academic library services with teams at Impactstory, Indiana University , PLOS, and now Altmetric. AMA!

AskScience AMA: Hi, I'm Stacy Konkiel, ex-librarian and expert on research metrics. Since 2008, I've worked at the intersection of Open Science, altmetrics, and academic library services with teams at Impactstory, Indiana University , PLOS, and now Altmetric. AMA!


AskScience AMA: Hi, I'm Stacy Konkiel, ex-librarian and expert on research metrics. Since 2008, I've worked at the intersection of Open Science, altmetrics, and academic library services with teams at Impactstory, Indiana University , PLOS, and now Altmetric. AMA!

Posted: 10 May 2016 04:49 AM PDT

Hi, I am Stacy Konkiel, Outreach & Engagement Manager at Altmetric, and I'm here to talk about whether the metrics and indicators we like to rely upon in science (impact factor, altmetrics, citation counts, etc) to understand "broader impact" and "intellectual merit" are actually measuring what we purport they measure.

I'm not sure they do. Instead, I think that right now we're just using rough proxies to understand influence and attention, and that we're in danger of abusing the metrics that are supposed to save us all--altmetrics--just like science has done with the journal impact factor.

But altmetrics and other research metrics don't have to be Taylorist tools of control. I love the promise they hold for scientists who want to truly understand how their research is truly changing the world.

I especially appreciate the fact that newer metrics allow the "invisible work" that's being done in science (the data curators, the software developers, etc) can be recognized on its standalone merits, rather than as a byproduct of the publication process. That's been my favorite part of working for Altmetric and, previously, Impactstory--that I can help others to better value the work of grad students, librarians, data scientists, etc.

Today, I want to talk about better measuring research impact, but I'm also open to taking other relevant questions. There will also be some live tweeting from @Altmetric and @digitalsci and questions using the #askstacyaltmetric hashtag.

I will be back at 1 pm EDT (6 pm BST, 5 pm UTC, 10 am PDT) to answer questions, AMA!

submitted by /u/Stacy_Konkiel
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What is our solar systems orientation as we travel around the Milky Way? Are other solar systems the same?

Posted: 09 May 2016 06:36 AM PDT

Knowing that the north star doesn't move, my guess is that we are either spinning like a frisbee with matching planes to the Milky Way, or tilted 90 degrees to the Milky Ways plane.

submitted by /u/redhousebythebog
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If Mercury's year is only 88 Earth days, why is it's transit across the Sun so rare?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:21 PM PDT

Is it possible to put chlorophyll into an animal cell? If so, would a human be able to live on sunlight?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:20 PM PDT

If not, does heat energy from sunlight provide our bodies with usable energy anyway?

submitted by /u/MyDeadKitten
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Does blocking our eye vision for long periods of time stops melanin production?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:52 PM PDT

Can melanin production be stopped if something like a eyepatch blocks the eye vision for several weeks? People who doesn't take sunlight for some time have whiter skin than before. Can this apply to the eye color as well?

submitted by /u/Lucifel-
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How are supersonic aircraft able to slow the air coming into the intakes so that the shock wave doesn't damage anything internally?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:28 PM PDT

Can your body develop an allergy to a new food because you pair it with a food you're already allergic to?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:51 PM PDT

For instance: If a person is allergic to peanuts, and that person eats a sandwich containing peanut butter and strawberry jelly, can that person develop an allergy to strawberry jelly or strawberries?

submitted by /u/peter-s
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Today I read that coral is dying off faster than expected due to human induced climate change and the acidification of the oceans... How did coral grow 30 million or 300 million years ago when the ocean was more acidic than it is now?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:10 PM PDT

This article is saying coral is dying of far faster than expected, why did coral grow and survive in more acidic oceans with harsher weather before?

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/florida-reefs-begin-to-dissolve-much-sooner-than-expected/

submitted by /u/waygook1284
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Is the density of vacuum energy decreasing as the universe expands? What happens if it gets near zero?

Posted: 09 May 2016 10:22 PM PDT

Can a single-celled organism evolve to the size of a human?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:11 PM PDT

Does a single cell have the ability to become as large as a human, with the organelles acting as organs?

submitted by /u/Sheepeasy
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How can standing waves exist without propagating an ideal distance between two points that is exactly equal to a multiple of the wavelength, which is impossible?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:46 PM PDT

If I'm constructing a speaker box for waves of wavelength 1 meter, and I try to space the inside faces of the box at a distance of 1 meter, inevitably the true distance will be 1.0001 meters or something. Wouldn't the waves from the speaker provide less and less constructive interference, and then destructive interference as opposing waves became out of phase? Or do they just fizzle out before this happens?

A follow up question would be: What is wavelength dependent on? All the waves coming from a speaker must be the same wavelength, or constructing a measured speaker box to induce constructive interference would only amplify a small fraction of the waves produced by the speaker, right?

submitted by /u/stir_fry
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why is hunger at a 25 year low?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:13 PM PDT

why isn't it at an all time low? what was happening 26 years ago that is better than today? https://www.reddit.com/r/UpliftingNews/comments/4ik7c0/world_hunger_is_at_its_lowest_point_in_at_least/?ref=share&ref_source=link

submitted by /u/garyzxcv
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What is on the otherside of the belly button?

Posted: 09 May 2016 05:28 PM PDT

How many atom/molecules of a compound/matter do you need to identify the compound's phase?

Posted: 10 May 2016 03:30 AM PDT

Can a single molecule of water be considered a solid, liquid or gas, for example? Or, for that matter how many Carbon atoms would you need to determine if you were looking at graphite or diamond? Would it depend on the it's crystalline structure?

submitted by /u/axis_of_weevil
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Why do different types of alcohol seem to give you a different type of buzz? Isn't it just alcohol regardless of what type of booze it is?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:00 PM PDT

How does a tire balancing machine tell how much mass to add and where by simply spinning it?

Posted: 09 May 2016 07:02 PM PDT

Since pi is an irrational number, does that mean it's impossible to measure both the radius and circumference of a given circle exactly?

Posted: 09 May 2016 10:58 AM PDT

Does electrical current sent through water kill bacteria and viruses?

Posted: 09 May 2016 04:00 PM PDT

Is it viable for sanitation purposes?

submitted by /u/Lykotion
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Do mitochondria get cancer?

Posted: 09 May 2016 03:47 PM PDT

What would happen if a magma chamber came in contact with an oil deposit?

Posted: 10 May 2016 12:58 AM PDT

Are there any human populations without any Neanderthal DNA? Are there measurable differences from that absence?

Posted: 09 May 2016 04:39 PM PDT

Which muscles does clicking with a mouse use?

Posted: 09 May 2016 06:39 PM PDT

I've been wanting to improve my click speed as it is around 6 cps. What muscles does a person use to click? Would making these muscles stronger improve how fast you can click? Thanks!

submitted by /u/bboossccoo
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What phonon modes are occupied at temperatures above the Debye temperature?

Posted: 09 May 2016 05:22 PM PDT

My understanding of the Debye frequency is that it's the highest energy lattice vibration. Molecular solids have low Debye temperatures (~101 K). If there is a process that needs significantly more energy than the Debye frequency, where does it get the energy? Multiple phonons at the Debye frequency?

I'm specifically thinking about spin-phonon interactions, where excitations in the spin manifold are (*can be) on the order of 102 K and the Debye temperature is 101 K.

More general discussion and references are definitely welcome.

submitted by /u/qweoin
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Does lightning impart momentum onto an object it strikes?

Posted: 09 May 2016 04:09 PM PDT

What if lightning passes through an airborne body?

submitted by /u/Salle_de_Bains
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Do we know where the Sun's mother is?

Posted: 09 May 2016 09:45 AM PDT

My understanding is that the fact that the Earth has elements heavier than iron in it demonstrates that our solar system, including all the hydrogen in the Sun, comes from the residue of an explosion of a supernova long ago. That would seem to imply that the explosion from which our solar system came also produced other objects, including a black hole at the center of the explosion, and possibly other solar systems made up from other parts of the jetsam of the supernova. My question is: do we know where the black hole is that we came from -- in other words, the Sun's "mother"? Do we know where any of our sister solar systems are? Are these objects nearby, compared to the size of the Milky Way?

submitted by /u/meltingintoice
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Monday, May 9, 2016

Since radio waves and light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, is it possible to detect visible light with an antenna?

Since radio waves and light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, is it possible to detect visible light with an antenna?


Since radio waves and light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation, is it possible to detect visible light with an antenna?

Posted: 08 May 2016 05:18 AM PDT

Does a stronger immune system lead to stronger allergic reactions?

Posted: 08 May 2016 06:14 AM PDT

Allergies is the immune system mistakenly beliving a substance is harmful and therefor attacks it. Does this mean a stronger immune system leads to a stronger allergic reaction?

Also. Do people with AIDS no longer experience allergies?

submitted by /u/brattmyhr
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Can you integrate cos(t)-sqrt(cos^2(t)+24) dt?

Posted: 08 May 2016 06:20 PM PDT

I'm trying to find the area in terms of theta of the polar graph r = cos(t)-sqrt(cos2 (t)+24). To do this I want to integrate r dt (t being theta) from 0 to some angle. I can't figure out how to do the integration. Wolfram won't give me an answer. Is the integral possible? Am I approaching this wrong? EDIT: fixing notation

submitted by /u/Jmaster414
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Why do I get freckles and does my hair go blonder when I get a lot of sun?

Posted: 08 May 2016 06:06 AM PDT

How far apart are raindrops vertically?

Posted: 08 May 2016 03:18 PM PDT

On average, how long before 2 raindrops hit roughly the same spot one after another? I guess what I'm asking is, what is the average rate at which raindrops fall? If I place a raindrop sized object under a raincloud, how many raindrops will land on that object in 1 second?

submitted by /u/Haymaker33
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Why brakes lose their braking power once they get hot?

Posted: 08 May 2016 08:52 AM PDT

Why don't hummingbirds stay in flocks like other birds?

Posted: 08 May 2016 05:11 AM PDT

CRT displays show weird colors in presence of a magnet due to deflection of electrons. Why does the effect last even when the external magnet is removed?

Posted: 08 May 2016 10:17 AM PDT

How does potassium get from food to a cell?

Posted: 08 May 2016 03:37 PM PDT

What happens once food enters the intestines, what process recognizes potassium? How does the potassium move from the intestines to a cell in your finger that needs it?

submitted by /u/GoldySilveryIrony
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Why does buoyancy equal the density of the fluid multiplied by the submerged volume times the gravitational acceleration, g and not the density of the object submerged?

Posted: 08 May 2016 10:22 AM PDT

When we talk about the Arquimedes principle and buoyancy, why does buoyancy have to do with the weight of displaced fluid rather than the weight of the object submerged? I ask this since the sum of the vertical forces that are applied in an object, in equilibrium, by the fluid in which he's submerged equals the weight of that object which,on another hand, also gives buoyancy...

Sorry, my mother tongue is not english and it makes it rather difficult to explain my doubt, even more since it's about physics.

submitted by /u/OmegaWard
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Why does ionic propulsion in spacecraft use noble gases as propellent?

Posted: 08 May 2016 10:25 PM PDT

Wouldn't it be more efficient to use something that forms ions more readily, i.e. flourine?

submitted by /u/mrx347
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How do honey bees establish a new hive?

Posted: 08 May 2016 06:20 AM PDT

Does a hive send some kind of "expedition" to a suitable location? How do they choose where to settle?

submitted by /u/Batilda
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What would a spontaneous phase change in the quantum vacuum be like?

Posted: 08 May 2016 02:26 PM PDT

I've read that it's possible that the "false vacuum" can spontaneously decay to a lower energy value. What would that look like from our perspective? What form would the liberated energy take? Would the laws of physics be the same inside the expanding volume of lower vacuum energy, or different? Could life, or even matter exist in the new vacuum state?

submitted by /u/Userkare
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Are electric cars more dangerous to pedestrians and cyclists than other cars due to their overall lower noise levels?

Posted: 08 May 2016 06:03 AM PDT

What's the science behind creativity and imagination?

Posted: 08 May 2016 04:29 AM PDT

I'm a game designer going through art school, and after taking it for granted for a while, I started wondering what exactly creativity is and how it works. I'm trying to find out things like when it first arose in humans, if it's present in any other animals (that we know of), etc. I'd imagine it has survival value, but I'm still curious.

submitted by /u/Illumineillustrator
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How do we accurately measure the speed of light?

Posted: 08 May 2016 11:12 AM PDT

How do we accurately measure the speed of light? How do we accurately measure how far light travels in one year? I'm sure it takes some very precise calculations and instruments to measure this.

submitted by /u/gositinthecorner2016
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What is the physics behind the interaction of an x-ray with an atom in xrays diffraction?

Posted: 08 May 2016 11:17 AM PDT

If gravity is mediated by gravitons, how would gravitons be able to escape a black hole?

Posted: 08 May 2016 03:07 AM PDT

As I understand, gravitons would be massless particles travelling no faster than C, just like photons. Photons cannot escape, but it seems gravitons would need to in order for the gravitation of a black hole to affect anything beyond its event horizon.

submitted by /u/JudasCrinitus
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Were D&C procedures part of the tubal ligation procedure in the early or mid 1980's?

Posted: 08 May 2016 05:06 AM PDT

So today is Mother's Day and a few years ago my mother confided in me a guilt she has carried for a long time. Several months after the birth of my youngest sibling, she had her tubes tied. Apparently the doctor performed a D&C as part of the procedure. She was never told that she was pregnant but later felt that this would be the only reason for that being included in the procedure. So in addition to giving up her own fertility, she has a guilt that she has carried related to a potential loss of a child she never bore.

Can someone give me some background on the nature of this procedure as it was performed around 1984, if her worries are based on fact or fiction?

Also, make sure to wish you mom a happy mother's day.

submitted by /u/52fighters
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What would happen if you gave an electron the exact energy of its work function?

Posted: 08 May 2016 07:06 AM PDT

I know that when you give an electron energy it can only be liberated if that energy is greater than the work function of the metal it is a part of. And that the kinetic energy of the liberated electron is equal to the energy of the photon - the work function.

From Ek= Hf - work function

So what would happen if the photons energy was exactly the same as the work function. To my understanding nothing can have 0 kinetic energy.

submitted by /u/RavernousPenguin
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What is the effect on the microstructure of alloying aluminium?

Posted: 08 May 2016 04:56 AM PDT

Sunday, May 8, 2016

Why does color fade when left in sunlight for extended periods of time?

Why does color fade when left in sunlight for extended periods of time?


Why does color fade when left in sunlight for extended periods of time?

Posted: 07 May 2016 06:51 AM PDT

We have a rack of DVD cases next to the window, and recently I've noticed the covers have all faded in color. Strangely the red ones seem to have faded far more than any of the others.

submitted by /u/Q101dabaws
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Why is only 10% of the population left handed?

Posted: 07 May 2016 04:14 PM PDT

How can phycists know the average lifetime of a proton?

Posted: 08 May 2016 04:48 AM PDT

In a physics book at school I read that the average lifetime of a proton is > 1,81037 seconds (5,71029 years). But how can we know this if the universe isn't even that old, not even remotely?

submitted by /u/JasJaco1234
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What evidence is there to support the theory that inside every black hole is another universe and our universe is inside of a black hole another universe?

Posted: 07 May 2016 06:15 PM PDT

Why aren't all amino acids glucogenic?

Posted: 08 May 2016 12:24 AM PDT

As far as I'm aware leucine and lysine are ketogenic. But why is this? Why can't the body just rely on glucogenic amino acids?

submitted by /u/LunarLuxa
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If all the cells and molecules in our skin change, then why do we keep bruises and marks from our childhood?

Posted: 07 May 2016 03:58 PM PDT

In the Schrödinger equation solutions for a square well, why do we assume the electron is not travelling?

Posted: 07 May 2016 10:55 PM PDT

If you send a wave along a slinky, it can still have a 0 amplitude at the edges, yet the pulse itself travels back and forth between the source wall and the opposite wall. Why can't this occur for electrons in the square well? Why do we assume that the wave is a standing wave, instead of a travelling wave?

submitted by /u/lepriccon22
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I've often heard Jupiter referred to as a "failed star." Is this a fair representation? How close in terms of mass was it to actually becoming a star?

Posted: 07 May 2016 11:09 AM PDT

Are there any studies that show other species to be capable of lying/dishonesty?

Posted: 07 May 2016 01:52 PM PDT

Does eating chicken increase antibiotic resistance in humans?

Posted: 07 May 2016 03:31 PM PDT

I've read here that there is a link between eating chicken and antibiotic resistance. The study doesn't seem very reliable to me, because it wasn't a controlled experiment.

What is the current understanding of eating chicken with antibiotics?

submitted by /u/groenewald
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Why does a Neutron star gets smaller the more mass it gains ?

Posted: 07 May 2016 11:19 AM PDT

If I am smelling a food, how do the particles that enter my nose leave the food in the first place?

Posted: 07 May 2016 02:57 PM PDT

If I am smelling an apple, then it means tiny particles of apple have shuffled off the outer layer and are diffusing through the air and some of them enter my smell receptors and bingo! it smells like an apple. Right?

But an apple is a solid, so why would it diffuse in the first place? Also, what is the rate of diffusion, or rather, what variables does it change with?

submitted by /u/suugakusha
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How does car wax work to protect the paint colour?

Posted: 07 May 2016 05:44 PM PDT

My car had a tough life for two years in the hands of the previous owner, than some parts that face upward are now less red than vertical parts (doors etc). I am told that waxing car would help fight the sun. How does it work, and how does waxing and wiping things off almost rightaway work? It doesn't seem like anything is sticking to the paint like clearcoat does. Also, i noticed when waxing it comes on in streaks. Wouldn't that protect just those streaks and not the lines in between?

submitted by /u/Movisiozo
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Can a strong enough electric field penetrate Faraday cage?

Posted: 07 May 2016 06:06 AM PDT

Is all body fat newly synthesized?

Posted: 07 May 2016 07:43 AM PDT

I think I understand what happens when I get fat by eating pasta. Some of the carbohydrate is oxidized to provide energy which is used to synthesize body fat, using the rest of the carbohydrate as a source of carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and more oxygen atoms than are needed.

When I get fat by eating animal fat is it just the same deal: burn some to power synthesis using the rest as raw materials? Or is there a process for recognizing fat molecules and storing suitable ones?

Are all the fat molecules in my body synthesized locally, or were some made months earlier, by a cow in a field eating grass?

Wikipedia talks over my head about triglycerides, but I get enough out of it to wonder if the answer is: half and half. The fatty acid molecules are found in the diet, but must be assembled into threes, with glycerol, locally.

submitted by /u/AlanCrowe
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If graphite can be turned into graphene, then can a similar thing be done with black phosphorus?

Posted: 07 May 2016 03:47 PM PDT

I was just thinking, that since black phosphorus has a similar structure and similar properties to graphite, would it be possible to make a "phosphorus-ene" or something similar, with the same properties as graphene? And what about phosphorus buckyballs or phosphorus nanotubes?

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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Can bleach expire/'go bad'?

Posted: 07 May 2016 05:43 PM PDT

If bleach has an expiration date, what would happen to it if it went past the date?

submitted by /u/Jul1usC
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Why is rocket staging more efficient?

Posted: 07 May 2016 07:36 AM PDT

For example, when you release a stage after using up all its fuel to lessen the empty mass. Why is this more efficient than say having one main fuel "compartment" and just burning it all out of what would be the first stage engines?

submitted by /u/kerb4lv2
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Can the gravitational pull between objects on earth be measured?

Posted: 07 May 2016 11:08 AM PDT

Say you have a massive object like a 747. And something small, like a post-it note. Can the 747's pull on the post-it note (and vice versa) be measured?

submitted by /u/amity_
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Why does my radio get louder when I put my hand near it?

Posted: 07 May 2016 11:38 AM PDT

Why time goes slower when you're near a massive object? (a black hole for example)

Posted: 07 May 2016 02:21 PM PDT

I just don't understand why time goes slower. Is anyone able to explain me why? Is it because the light is bended somehow by the object and arrives at an external observer slower?

Let's take 2 observers, both 20 years old. One decides to go near a black hole for some time and return to the second observer. When they meet again, will they be the same age? I just don't get how one would age slower/faster being somewhere else.

submitted by /u/Caydenz
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What mathematical conjecture looked solid, only to fall apart when presented with larger numbers?

Posted: 07 May 2016 10:18 AM PDT

I've been reading the Wikipedia page about Fermat's Last Theorem. It includes a passage:

Proofs of individual exponents by their nature could never prove the general case: even if all exponents were verified up to an extremely large number X, a higher exponent beyond X might still exist for which the claim was not true. (This had been the case with some other past conjectures, and it could not be ruled out in this conjecture.)

What are some of these past conjectures?

submitted by /u/DukeEin
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Does traveling through warped spacetime affect the polarization of photons (or any other polarized particle, I suppose), or just the direction of travel?

Posted: 07 May 2016 11:06 AM PDT

I guess I don't know for sure how special relativistic phenomena affect polarization either, although I have an intuition. If I am traveling near light speed along x, and intersect (unpolarized) photons traveling along y, it seems to be I would measure them as being linearly polarized along z (more completely so, the closer to c I was going). If the photons were linearly polarized along x, rather than unpolarized, then it seems that the photons would seem to disappear as I approached c.

Are those intuitions completely off base? Are there any interesting general relativistic effects on polarization that can be intuitively understood? Thanks!

submitted by /u/stimulatedecho
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