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Saturday, April 2, 2016

What animal produces the most-developed offspring, that is closest to their adult form at birth in terms of size, proportions, and abilities?

What animal produces the most-developed offspring, that is closest to their adult form at birth in terms of size, proportions, and abilities?


What animal produces the most-developed offspring, that is closest to their adult form at birth in terms of size, proportions, and abilities?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 09:59 PM PDT

  • I know there are broad classes of animals that give birth to relatively mature, self-sufficient offspring. My question is which species produces the most mature, closest-to-adulthood offspring of them all.
  • Offspring that start pretty unlike adults, but mature quickly don't count. I'm asking about their state at birth (so not "X species of rodent has young that are blind, hairless, and helpless but they're fully grown three-weeks later.")
  • Offspring that are born similar to adults, but just much smaller also aren't quite what I'm getting at. I'm asking what animal has young that are well-developed in terms of form and capabilities, but also born closest to adult size (so not "X species of squid has young that are miniature, fully-capable versions of the adults, but they're 1/1000th the size and won't be fully grown for another ten years.")
submitted by /u/translucent
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Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 05:53 AM PDT

Would the amount of sand affect the speed of a water wave?

Posted: 02 Apr 2016 04:16 AM PDT

Hello.

So I kind of get that changing the medium would change the speed of the save. However, does changing the amount of sand at the bottom of the water change it whatsoever then? Would the sand be part of the medium, or would it change the medium by altering the water depth etc.?

Thanks!!

submitted by /u/NAMukato
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What is the quantum explanation for the absorption of light by matter?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 07:15 AM PDT

I do spectroscopy for a living and am trying to better understand the fundamentals of the systems I study. I understand that the position of an electron can be described as a standing wave. I understand Maxwell's equations (well, I have a working knowledge), and I think I understand that the E field of an EM wave will apply a force to the electron causing a shift in the distribution function. How could you formally show this interaction and resulting absorption/coupling for a simple light-matter interaction in quantum terms?

submitted by /u/ouemt
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Is there a safe, available set of liquids that would be luminescent after being combined, but not before?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 08:06 AM PDT

I hope that today is not the wrong day to ask. I understand that it is April 1st, however I'm trying to find out for my wedding ceremony.

The desired result would be in a unity ceremony, my fiance and I pour two liquids (not glowing) from our containers into a third, larger container, and that liquid begins to glow after. We are getting married at midnight on a full moon night in September on the water. And we thought that the glow would be a nice touch.

Ideally it would be phosphorescent or fluorescent afterwards. But the luminescent property is more important.

We were told that we would be able to take apart glow sticks and dilute the parts in ethyl acetate, but I'm not sure how that would work, since part of a glow stick is a solid substance that is broken.

Thank you for your help.

submitted by /u/soberdude
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Why is it so easy for us to remember and describe images and sounds but so difficult to retain smells and scents?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 08:40 PM PDT

For example I was walking through an area of my local park and caught a wiff off something. I instantly remembered the smell (though I wasn't sure what it was) and then couldn't remember or mentally recreate the smell when I left that area.

submitted by /u/Imtherealwaffle
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Map projections have freely accessible equations that govern how the globe is portrayed two dimensionally. Earth isn't spherical, it is an oblong spheroid. Do those equations account for that? And can they be applied to other celestial objects of different shapes?

Posted: 02 Apr 2016 06:10 AM PDT

Is it possible to build a radio laser?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 08:17 PM PDT

It would be surprising to me if it's not physically possible since I assume the basic principles would also apply to the radio spectrum. So if it is possible, how/why do longer wavelengths make a radio laser impractical?

submitted by /u/MauiHawk
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[Math] [Psychology] Are there any studies about our intuitions of math?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 07:50 AM PDT

I'm wondering in particular about the differences in these phrases:

Increased by 50% vs 50% more

Increased by 150% vs 150% more

Increased to 150% vs 150% of

Decreased by 50% vs decreased to 50% vs decreased by 150%

5x faster vs 5x as fast

I've just noticed that I tend to have to clarify with most people what precisely they mean mathematically when they use these terms.

submitted by /u/Scraendor
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How is the force of a magnetic field related to the distance between two permanent magnets, a permanent magnet and a paramagnet, and a permanent magnet and a steel plate?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 06:41 AM PDT

In the case of aligned North to South poles, it would seem that the force should go as the 4th power (inverse square for each magnet) - yet it seems to go as the 3rd power of the distance.

Is the case very much different for paramagnetic materials (particles) or iron plates?

submitted by /u/Secret_Testing
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Couldn't there be a theoretical cap to entropy in a system?

Posted: 02 Apr 2016 07:37 AM PDT

I'm a humanities major, so take it easy on me here... but, according to the Laws of Thermodynamics, if entropy approaches a constant value as we get closer to absolute zero (which we've never reached, if I am correct--but gotten terribly close), then wouldn't the entropy of a system be capped at -273K?

I will probably add on to this question as I receive replies...Thanks!

submitted by /u/WaAhLcK
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What is the science behind "seasoning cast iron pans"?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 05:03 AM PDT

Why when I throw an object in the air in a moving vehicle, such as a bus, does in not fly to the back?

Posted: 02 Apr 2016 03:41 AM PDT

I always assumed that once the object left contact with anything in the vehicle, then it would move independently of the vehicle?

submitted by /u/TheHornyToothbrush
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Are there any theorems that relate prime numbers to polynomials?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 06:10 PM PDT

Are there any interesting theorems that relate these two things? Sorry if this is a broad question

submitted by /u/CaptainLocoMoco
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How does our body tell the difference between touch and pain?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 07:03 PM PDT

What is happening at a nerve level. I understand that the sensory neurone sends a message to the brain, but how does the brain know how to interpret that message?

submitted by /u/FrenchButcher
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How do we measure the mass of particles i.e. electron, protons etc?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 04:40 PM PDT

It's my understanding that's electrons, muons and tau and nearly identical, at least in their charge. But they differer only in mass. How do we measure the mass of these particles?

Thanks!

submitted by /u/iTechie
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Is there a particular shape coffee/tea cup that keeps the beverage hotter, longer?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 07:11 AM PDT

I'm a pretty slow coffee drinker, so it tends to cool off quite a bit before I get to drink it all. So, usually, it's not palatable by the time I get around to wanting to finish it off. I got to thinking this morning, is there a shape of cup in which the surface area or distribution of the drink would allow it to stay at a higher temperature over time?

I am fully aware that I can use a cup with a lid or a thermos, but I'm more so curious if anyone with a knowledge of Thermodynamics (or whatever field this would apply to) would have an answer to the best shape coffee mug for retaining temp and why it would do so.

Thanks!

submitted by /u/Papagayo_blanco
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Why are cargo ships rounded off on the bottom?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 06:53 PM PDT

With the idea that the more volume, the more water displaced, the greater buoyant force, why are cargo ships rounded inward on the bottom rather than shaped like a large cargo box. Wouldn't the ship be able to hold more with the increase volume by extending the size of the bottom?

For example this: https://goo.gl/hSSX1A rather than a full rectangular bottom?

submitted by /u/the_chosen_one2
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Friday, April 1, 2016

Updates to AskScience Flair Policy

Updates to AskScience Flair Policy


Updates to AskScience Flair Policy

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 09:41 PM PDT

Hello /r/AskScience! As you know, we have opted to represent different scientific disciplines using our colored flair system. Well, after much internal discussion, we have opted to make a new change to how we are representing these disciplines. Science has evolved to the point where is now an unprecedented level of overlap between fields. We want /r/AskScience to better represent this reality, something that can be lacking on the internet.

To show how much we are all truly multidisciplinary experts, we are changing our flair system to a multicolored spectrum. The quality of the answers you receive is always our top concern, and we want to ensure you know what kind of answer you are getting. Happy sciencing!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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In diagrams where massive objects bend spacetime, what is depicted on the hight axis?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 06:18 PM PDT

Take for example this picture: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/1260px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png

What is on the hight axis (z-axis) How should one interpret such a graph? Secondly, in animations like this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GhkWuIDzpc, spacetime seems to bend "The other way"? what implications does that have?

submitted by /u/Dave37
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How does your body produce keratin and what can you do to control the amount it produces?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 06:51 PM PDT

How do scientists know that the red shift means the universe is expansing and it doesnt mean that other stars are moving away from us through empty space?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 01:43 PM PDT

How is the red shift of stars any diffferent than the red shift i would get if I launched a rocket away from earth wirh a bright light. Both indicate they are moving away from us?

submitted by /u/Memomo145
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Would it be feasible to shoot trash and radioactive waste into the sun or into space? What would the pro´s and cons be?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 11:48 AM PDT

I was just thinking about it and i can´t seem to make negative sides to it, and it seems like a good way to rid ourselves of radioactive waste more easily than to store it in mountains.

submitted by /u/SmokeyJoesAreSmall
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In what ways does dark matter interact with other dark matter?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 05:34 PM PDT

How does quantum indeterminism affect macroscopic events?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 09:42 PM PDT

Can quantum indeterminant events snowball/butterfly effect into changes at larger scales, or does it not affect anything beyond the movement of particles? Do all states of affairs observable to us with the naked eye still obtain out of necessity as in classical determinism?

submitted by /u/hail_pan
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What constitutes as "bend in spacetime"?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 04:27 PM PDT

What exactly are the factors contributing to this phrase?

submitted by /u/not_a_mudkip
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Where does body heat come from?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 03:42 PM PDT

I understand that blood is warm and the cardiovascular system distributes blood/oxygen/heat throughout the body, but how does the blood get hot in the first place?

submitted by /u/fibbonazi
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How is new genetic information created?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 05:44 PM PDT

I have a basic understanding of evolution and am curious about how new genetic information is created/introduced. From what I understand, imperfect replication of RNA plays a big part but I would love to understand this better.

submitted by /u/TheSkepticTexan
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How much of the sky is being searched for incoming asteroids?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 02:07 PM PDT

Have we searched a certain radius so we know nothing will hit us in say, the next week, month, or year? Thanks!

submitted by /u/medicine_is_fun
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In the double slit experiment, why is coincidence counting needed?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 05:00 PM PDT

I know there are many different setups of this experiment. I'm referring to this one here: http://grad.physics.sunysb.edu/~amarch/

While I understand the overall experiment, I'm not sure what the coincidence counting is needed for. I've read elsewhere on the web that it's used to distinguish the entangled photons from stray light and background noise. However, if it's only used for that, wouldn't that in theory allow FTL communication, if we were somehow able to get rid of the noise in a different way?

submitted by /u/cloogshicer
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Because temperature affects the speed of sound, how slow could the cold bring down the speed of sound?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 06:14 PM PDT

I assume it's not possible for sound to not move at all. I'm not exactly sure how this works other than temperature affecting energy levels.

submitted by /u/jewchbag
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It's possible to explain the gravitational force with geometry, as the curvature of spacetime. Is it possible to explain other forces (like electromagnetic force) with geometry too?

Posted: 01 Apr 2016 04:57 AM PDT

Does microwaving thermoplastics (Polycaprolactone) affect their performance or give off fumes?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 04:16 PM PDT

Microwaving is the easiest way to distribute heat on a thicker piece of Polycaprolactone but I'm not sure of health risks or material damage.

It can be synthesized with microwave radiation but I'm not sure whether further exposure to the radiation would weaken it similar to how resins get embrittled from UV exposure after the initial curing.

Also, healthwise, PCL is labelled non-toxic, bio-degradable, etc. I'm not sure if that takes other scenarios like microwaving into account.

submitted by /u/YiSC
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Can we make quantum weapons?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 02:35 PM PDT

There are really two parts to my question. The first relates to the history of the Manhattan Project. I knew it was a huge (multi?) national effort and the goal was to make a weapon that would end WWII. I thought it was started in the early 40's but just read that it actually began in 1939. It never occurred to me that nuclear physics was still in its infancy and how much was still completely unknown or at least unsettled. The neutron had just been discovered 7 years earlier, and the theory of the neutron was only 4 years old?!? amazing! How after just a few short years did we suspect that making a weapon was practical or even possible?

Now roll the calendar forward 75+ years, is anyone asking if its possible or practical to make weapons based on quantum phenomena?

submitted by /u/Simusid
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How can frogs survive being frozen during winter ?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 07:38 AM PDT

from http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-frogs-survive-wint/

"Partially frozen frog will stop breathing, and its heart will stop beating. It will appear quite dead. But when the hibernaculum warms up above freezing, the frog's frozen portions will thaw, and its heart and lungs resume activity"

How ? How can the heart start beating again automatically after being frozen for days/months ?

submitted by /u/Setepenre
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When doing Liquid Chromatography of vitamins, should you use a separate column (normal or reversed phase) for fat soluble vitamins than the one you use for water soluble vitamins?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 02:54 PM PDT

are the differences in structure and polarity of fat and water soluble vitamins such that I should use a normal phase (Nonpolar mobile phase, polar stationary phase) or a reversed phase (polar mobile phase, nonpolar stationary phase) when trying to separate them using LC?

submitted by /u/Mycotoxicjoy
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Why does Euler's number appear in physics?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 11:52 AM PDT

I understand that Euler's number is an infinite sum of 1/n!, but what I don't understand is why things like the decay and growth of nuclear radiation can be perfectly modeled by this number. I guess you can have this discussion with pi, but to me it is more obvious why pi comes up in physics, whenever the circumference of a circle is divided by its diameter, it's the nature of a circle, which come up often. But why do things in nature work by this infinite sum of reciprocal factorials?

submitted by /u/hyperbolicjosine
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Sun has an Oort cloud that extends to possibly 1ly away. Can supermassive stars like Betelgeuse have Oort clouds and how far away could they possibly extend from their parent star?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 01:52 PM PDT

Will the forces that is expanding the universe ever get strong enough to expand the space between atoms atoms?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 10:25 AM PDT

Why don't contractors use intermediate hoppers and pumps to transport fresh concrete to the top of skyscrapers?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 06:07 AM PDT

I'm a structural engineer, and in my field there's always a big hullabaloo when a contractor breaks the record for highest concrete pump on a skyscraper. Here's an example of what I'm talking about from back when they built the Burj Dubai. I've always wondered, why doesn't the contractor just set up a system of hoppers and pumps at intermittent heights, maybe 20 stories or something? That way each pump could pump at a reasonable pressure for a reasonable height and none of this custom designing would be necessary.

submitted by /u/Enginerdad
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Why does the nucleus of an atom increase in mass when it is broken apart?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 11:14 AM PDT

Why do the nucleons (protons and neutrons) of an atom weigh more when separated then when combined into a nucleus?

submitted by /u/Just4Fun_Media
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What were the earliest recorded cases of PTSD as a result of Warfare, and how were they treated?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 08:22 AM PDT

Clarification: "PTSD" here meaning any documented psychological trauma that would fall under our definition of the term.

submitted by /u/Epoch-42
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Thursday, March 31, 2016

What really happens when I "get used" to cold water?

What really happens when I "get used" to cold water?


What really happens when I "get used" to cold water?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 11:34 PM PDT

When I wash or swim in cold water, after a while the water starts to feel warm. I've swum in a glacial runoff lake and it felt warm after a while, even though I'm sure my body was working very hard to keep from losing all its heat. Thanks!

submitted by /u/R07734
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In regards to projectile motions, why can the initial velocity of the object found at one angle be used to solve for variables at different?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 07:09 PM PDT

What I mean by that is if we have the initial velocity for an object being thrust outward at a specified angle, what proof do we have to say that we can use that initial velocity to theoretically solve for say, the distance the object will travel at a different launch angle or the time the object will be in the air for a different angle?

submitted by /u/can_a_bus
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How did we get the high resolution photos of the bright spots on Ceres?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 11:41 PM PDT

Does redshifted light have a higher energi level than a red light shone here on earth?

Posted: 31 Mar 2016 02:45 AM PDT

I know that blue light has a higher foton-energy than red light. So if we say a theoretical blue light was shining far away from earth, so far away it gets redshifted to red light. Has the foton-energy in the light changed on its travels to earth? Or does it still have the same energy as it had when it was blue?

I understand that redshift is caused by the galaxy is stretching but it seems weird that a redshifted red light could have higher foton-energi than a red light (with the same wavelength) shone on earth.

Edit: Changed "energy level" to "foton-energy"

submitted by /u/TheNumber999
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If the G1.9+0.3 supernova remnant is 25000 LY away, how do we know it's only 110 years old? Is there a specific piece of the event that is being dated?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 05:04 PM PDT

I'm aware the event actually took place roughly 25,000 years ago, and strictly hung up on how the age of 110 years old was determined.

If the remnant itself is only 110 years old, how can we observe it presently?

submitted by /u/jazzychassis
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If I change the amount of Gauge Bosons in a system, will that affect in any way the strength of their respective interaction/force?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 10:03 PM PDT

Do "photonic booms" happen?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 03:26 PM PDT

I suppose there's no way to know for sure, but if something moves faster than the speed of light, would it create a "boom" of light like a plane does when it moves faster than sound?

submitted by /u/PenguinsRAwesome
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Were there calculations for visiting the moon prior to the development of the first rockets?

Posted: 29 Mar 2016 12:39 PM PDT

For example, was it done as a mathematical experiment as to what it would take to get to the Moon or some other orbital body?

submitted by /u/sbhansf
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Do neurons have their own genome?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 04:50 PM PDT

My AP Biology always said that all the cells in a your body have the same DNA but a few articles on the internet like this one ( https://www.sciencenews.org/article/brain-cells%E2%80%99-dna-differs ) say that neurons often have different ones and even unique to a specific neuron. So who is right?

submitted by /u/Nate_The_Eeyore
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What are the length scales involved in degeneracy pressure?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 06:48 PM PDT

In discussions about degeneracy pressure and the Pauli exclusion principle, it is common for people to talk about fermions that are "close together" not being able to occupy the same quantum state. What is close together? I guess since it is maybe more accurate to say that exclusion principle really says that the wave function of fermions is anti-symmetric, maybe the question should be at what point is a system too large to specify a wave function?

The example that I'm trying to better understand is the white dwarf or neutron star example. Certainly these are large systems from a quantum perspective. Is it that within the star, there can exist a single wave function that describes all of the, say, electrons, and therefore no 2 electrons in that star can occupy the same quantum state?

submitted by /u/dpawlows
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How fast would I have to tear paper for it to burst into flames?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 06:23 AM PDT

The negative side of the square root does not matter?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 07:24 PM PDT

I don't believe the title, but this is the impression people on the internet have been giving me when solving this math problem.

I am not talking about sqrt (-6)

I am talking about sqrt (36)=+/-6

Can someone give me an example why it is important, I mean why would we be taught that the sqrt (36) is +6 and -6?

The problem is contextless and people keep telling me we just take the principle square root...when the question saya nothing but sqrt (36). There is another variation, but at the end, you get +/-6.

I dont get why we assume to take the principle square root.

I am also shown pictures of the sqrt(x) graph but the reason they dont show the negative valuesnis because that would go against the definition of a function! AKA, we cant display a fuction where x has 2 values, it can only have one!

Thanks for any help.

Or learning incase i am wrong.

submitted by /u/Chieve
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How come each vibrating particle in a mechanical wave doesn't transmit the energy equally to the particle before as well as after it?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 11:09 AM PDT

In other words, what make waves one way?

submitted by /u/admashw
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How safe would it be to wear a ring made out of pure osmium?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 07:22 AM PDT

I've looked through this quite a bit out of curiosity. On some old posts on other forums, people have mentioned how it can be pretty toxic for you due to osmium's volatile and deadly oxide, osmium tetroxide, however upon doing some of my own research what I found was that as a pure metal under normal conditions, osmium is fairly unreactive, only forming the tetroxide when in a powder form or if heated to 400C, at which point if it ever happens i'd be dead anyways :(

So how safe would it be to wear a ring made out of pure osmium, for a short time or for a few/many years? Also, would it tarnish over time or keep its natural blue-silver color? (and if it does tarnish, how fast would it tarnish importantly and how safe would it be, as osmium can also form the safer, non-toxic osmium dioxide as well, and would there be any way to remove this tarnish?) As a side note: I found a site that sells them, but it isn't an english company and the rings look more like crystals, whereas I was hoping for a normal metal ring, such as in the shape of a plain gold/platinum one

submitted by /u/Zyvux
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Pangea Location?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 07:09 PM PDT

I asked my geology teacher this the other day but she could not give me an answer. If I were to look on a globe, where on it would the Supercontinent Pangea have been located at relative to our current world map?

submitted by /u/Exar88
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How does a Red Giant gain its mass?

Posted: 30 Mar 2016 12:09 PM PDT

How does something so small become so large without adding any physical elements to become larger?

submitted by /u/Kryptic_Anthology
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