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Monday, March 7, 2016

Based on ongoing experiments, how far away are we from nuclear fusion power?

Based on ongoing experiments, how far away are we from nuclear fusion power?


Based on ongoing experiments, how far away are we from nuclear fusion power?

Posted: 07 Mar 2016 02:58 AM PST

I know there's the ongoing joke of nuclear fusion being 50 years away every year, but based on current experiments, does that still hold true?

submitted by /u/fr4ternity
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Are protons in nuclei wiggled by electrons "flying" around them?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 08:07 PM PST

Protons and electrons attract each other. And I hear that an electron is like wave around the nucleus. Waves oscillate so they should shake the proton.

submitted by /u/kindpotato
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Do the same species of animals from different parts of the world have different accents?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 07:14 PM PST

Humans speak different languages in different regions of the world. Do wolves from North America, for example, have the exact same calls as wolves from Russia?

submitted by /u/PagesNewShoes
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Challenger Deep: How certain are we that it's the deepest spot in the ocean? How was this proven?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 08:34 PM PST

How do we know for certain that there isn't a trench or a fissure somewhere in the ocean floor that is deeper than Challenger Deep? How do we know that it's the deepest spot? How was this first proven? At what point was it suspected that it was the deepest part of the ocean, and how was it investigated?

submitted by /u/spikebrennan
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Does increasing the pressure of smoke (in a container) make it deposit on the walls faster or slower?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 09:05 PM PST

I'm curious about this because:

1) There's brownian motion where for particles small and light enough, they'd be moved by the internal movement of the gas molecules, which would be higher at higher pressure.

2) The particles in the smoke might clump together faster by collisions with each other, making it harder for them to be moved around by the gas molecules, making them settle faster.

3) The particles in the smoke which clump together, might get broken up again if there is an increase in pressure because of the more energetic gas molecules, thus remaining in air longer or may get abraded off the walls because of the more energetic gas molecules?

So what direction would it go, faster or slower deposition of the solid particles?

Does the method of increasing pressure matter? (say, increasing temperature, decreasing volume, or increasing the amount of smoke/aerosol through an inlet). How do the type of particles in the smoke/aerosol matter?

submitted by /u/portmantoux
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Would it be possible to kill a star with the technology we currently have?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 06:48 AM PST

I saw a post in /r/all that got me thinking about this. Specifically, the Sun. Is it possilbe?

submitted by /u/Schruef
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Does all antimatter come from nuclear fusion? If not, where can it be found in nature?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 06:23 PM PST

If not, where does antimatter come from? I understand that nuclear fusion results in positrons. I also understand there could have been an equal amount of matter and antimatter after the big bang, but is it otherwise found in nature? Thanks, askreddit!

submitted by /u/plasticmacaroni
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Would a charged and/or rotating black hole lose charge and/or angular momentum along with mass-energy through Hawking radiation?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 09:38 AM PST

[Mathematics] Why are we unable to express the antiderivatives of some functions e.g. (e^x)/x?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 02:01 PM PST

I mean shouldn't we have developed some technique by now to express these functions since we can numerically solve them?

submitted by /u/martinbosui
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If water was compressible what affect would it have on the oceans?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 08:12 PM PST

If water suddenly became compressible what affect would it have on the oceans? Would we see a huge decline in ocean level due to the water compressing at depth? Or would nothing happen?

EDIT: To clarify I mean if ocean water is more compressible like Air. Thanks to /u/iorgfeflkd for pointing out my error.

submitted by /u/1Darkest_Knight1
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Brown Dwarfs?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 06:49 PM PST

When a nebular starts to come together, the core of it starts to heat up due to friction. But if it does not have the required temperature to begin nuclear fusion it becomes a brown dwarf. My question is do brown dwarfs glow or let out light energy, and if so where does this energy come from, and will it run out of energy from producing light?

submitted by /u/gravitybrick
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How much battery power is needed to lift a small drone (~1.1 kg / 2.55 lb) above the Karman line or 100 km above mean sea level?

Posted: 07 Mar 2016 02:42 AM PST

I read today about a drone flying 11,000 feet by someone in the Netherlands. link!. What I understand from the site is that it has a 5200 mAH, 11.1 volt Lithium battery. How many of these would be needed to power a similar size drone (1160g) about 10 times the height achieved?

submitted by /u/babganoush
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Is it possible to trap static electricity in a mason jar?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 08:36 AM PST

Is it possible to trap static electricity in a mason jar? If so how long can it stay "trapped" in there? I am helping my daughter with a science experiment.

submitted by /u/syncmaster213
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What causes neutron beta decay?

Posted: 07 Mar 2016 05:19 AM PST

Not a physics person by education, but I was watching this show about how the atomic bomb was created the other day and it got me thinking...

If I understood correctly, atoms with atomic numbers greater than Uranium are unnatural. We created them in the lab by firing neutrons at a Uranium-238 particle and that neutron transmuted(?) into a proton, thus creating a new element.

My question is as such; what would cause a neutron to 'want' to do this? I read on this website about the mechanics of how the beta decay happens, but don't understand why it happens. What am I missing here?

Also, it is possible for a proton to decay into a neutron by the reverse process?

submitted by /u/durpyDash
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Would you undergo time dilation in simulated gravity as you would in actual gravity? If so, why?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 08:22 AM PST

If I spin something really, really fast, like a circular space station, I undergo artificial gravity. But if I go super super fast (I know I'm using complex terms, just stay with me here), would I also be experiencing time dilation?

If so, why? I was under the impression that time dilation is only a thing because gravity is a "dent" in spacetime. Does the rotation of the space station also create this "dent"?

submitted by /u/Cheesewithmold
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How can relatively soft animals survive the crushing pressure of the Mariana Trench while still maintaining their shapes?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 09:17 AM PST

Can we fold an A4 sheet of paper all the way to the moon?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 01:14 PM PST

I've heard that if you fold an A4 sheet of paper 42 times it would double it's thickness so many times it could reach to the moon. Of course, in the real world, we can't really fold one more than 7 times or so. But granted we could fold it as many times as we wanted, would it be possible to fold an A4 sheet of paper so it reached all the way to the moon?

submitted by /u/Monkwasher
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How does a quantum computer factor prime numbers to break encryption?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 06:22 PM PST

A lot of talk around quantum computers involves using them to break modern encryption which relies on large prime numbers and the difficult modern computers have in finding prime factors.

I think I understand how qubits work - each holding the superposition of probabilities of values 0 and 1 instead of just a 0 or 1.

How can this used to factor prime numbers? I know quantum computers have been in the lab as long as I can remember. Are we close to having a practical quantum computer?

submitted by /u/rebbsitor
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[Biology] Do proteins made with the same amino acids but different codons act exactly the same?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 11:23 AM PST

I'm taking an upper division genetics course and refreshing on basic stuff like wobble. If different codons can produce the same amino acid, and different organisms have different codon biases, then would a protein of the same sequence from two different biases behave exactly the same?

submitted by /u/ShutUpAndEatWithMe
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Would it be possible to live off of self-generated electricity?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 11:19 AM PST

Say I have a bicycle or some other mechanical means of converting mechanical energy into electricity. How much would I be able to generate? How long might it last and what could I do with it?

submitted by /u/johnmadden110
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Does the weight of an object vary with the rotational speed of the planet?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 11:41 AM PST

I'm assuming the centripetal force would reduce the effect of gravity on the surface......

submitted by /u/anujw005
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Sunday, March 6, 2016

How do we know the population of deep sea fish?

How do we know the population of deep sea fish?


How do we know the population of deep sea fish?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 05:45 PM PST

People bring up that the bottom of the ocean is less known than the surface of the moon, and yet, when I go to the Wikipedia page for Frilled Sharks, I see that it's classified as 'near threatened'. How do we know the population of such a deep sea species well enough to term it 'near threatened'?

submitted by /u/rikudemyx
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P-47 Thunderbolt Propellor Damage. What would this do in flight, if anything?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 03:09 PM PST

Hey r/askscience,

I saw this picture on another sub and was curious what effect this would have in flight, if anything at all. Also let's say, hypothetically, that if he could eject the damaged propellor blade, what effect would that have in flight also? Thanks! Here's the Picture: http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/176A8/production/_88521959_fre_009553.jpg

submitted by /u/rehwaldj
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"Photons" of different EM spectrum?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 08:11 PM PST

If photons are particles of light (visible light? correct me if I'm wrong), do photon equivalents of x-ray or gamma exist?

submitted by /u/FTLSquid
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Absent of some form of abuse, is asexuality scientifically supported as a fixed or innate condition?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 05:18 AM PST

Question 1: There's a substantial amount of evidence(as far as I know) that points to homosexuality as an enduring trait in humans based on either genetic or epigenetic factors. Does the existing research support the idea that asexuality works the same way? Most often, we might expect to see some practical version of this concept play out in eunuchs or those who have suffered some sort of abuse. Tumblr seems to invent sexual orientations out of thin air by tacking pre- and -suffixes together, many of which I imagine have no basis in science. Does asexuality work like this, or is there little evidence to conclude that it exists as an innate state?

Question 2: I've also seen a reasonable amount of evidence to support the "sexuality is fluid" conclusion. If the answer to question 1 is 'yes,' then would this also apply to those 'born asexual,' or would they be generally immune to sexual plasticity? Could someone who is asexual absent of environmental cause(if such a thing exists) become attracted to someone of the opposite sex? I greatly appreciate any and all qualified responses. :)

submitted by /u/SuperSelkath
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How is lightning hotter than the surface of the sun?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 01:31 PM PST

And why doesn't it cause more damage to the surrounding area if it's that hot?

submitted by /u/v3ctorman
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What does the theory of relativity say about earth's revolution (or any planets in our solar system) around the sun?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 11:54 PM PST

Do babies that are born via C-section have a lower immune system versus babies that are born vaginally?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 12:22 PM PST

From what I understand is babies born vaginally have bacterial flora introduced into their system when travelling down the vaginal canal. Because babies born via C-section are not exposed to this bacteria does it mean that they start out with an immune system that is not as strong? If so are there treatments that babies undergo to give them a boost?

submitted by /u/Untimely_TARDIS
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Can two planets orbit each other eternally?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 06:53 PM PST

This is assuming they are alone in the universe. If they would eventually collide, why?

submitted by /u/Howzieky
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After beta decay, what happens to the electron if it has very little (none at all) energy?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 02:00 PM PST

I am aware that electrons emitted during beta decay have a continous energy distribution with a sharp upper limit in the case that the antineutrino takes away none of the decay energy. What happens in the opposite case: the antineutrino takes away all of the decay energy, leaving none for the electron? Would it "stay" "inside" of the nucleus? What would happen to it in that case?

submitted by /u/sebasdf2
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Is there a difference between people for what is considered "fever"? If so, how does this work?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 02:21 AM PST

As an example, I'm currently stuck at home with flu and have just measured my temperature to be 36.8°C. Technically, that's not really a fever yet, though I do feel like I have one (e.g. feeling cold with a very warm sweater on and ~20°C inside). At the same time, my girlfriend is feeling mostly fine and has a temperature of 37°C. According to her, it's warm in here and she's just wearing a t-shirt.

What's the science behind this?

submitted by /u/MrBlub
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Can you "stop" a photon?

Posted: 06 Mar 2016 01:40 AM PST

Read about an experiment some time ago where the scientists succeeded in "stopping" a ray of photons in a crystal. Is this possible?

submitted by /u/hashtag26
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If I were to chop down a 500 year old living tree and then radio 14 carbon date the center and outer rings, would the results be same?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 08:17 AM PST

I'm asking this question because I'm wondering just how accurate radiocarbon 14 date testing really is? Does living plant matter such as wood immediately start to decay as it forms or does the process start only after it dies?

submitted by /u/SwillFish
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Will a solid eventually "evaporate" given sufficient time, like a liquid sitting at room temperature will?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 05:08 PM PST

I know that the molecules in, for example, room temperature water all have different energies. Some of the particles have enough energy to escape the liquid and phase change into vapour causing the overall mass of the liquid to decrease. Does this also occur with solids, albeit at a dramatically reduced rate? Do solids even have molecules at different energies in the same way liquids do?

submitted by /u/YimannoHaffavoa
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Does momentum increase once top speed reached?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 01:26 PM PST

If someone is running and reaches their top speed, have they achieved their maximum momentum or does it continue to increase as they run (obviously reaching some limit)

Edit: I'm thinking along the lines if someone is trying to gain momentum for a long jump, would they actually go further if they take a longer run at it or once they reach their top speed, they're really not gaining anything.

submitted by /u/RyeGuyWpg
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Why is the sound barrier an aerodynamic problem?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 09:00 AM PST

Vibrations we pick up as sound can only move so quickly through a fluid (air). Fair enough. But why does aerodynamics get so tricky at that same speed? Why is it difficult for physical objects to exceed? Why did transonic speed cause such odd control difficulties for old aircraft? Why is the sound barrier a barrier for more than just sound?

submitted by /u/ZMild
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Is there a maximum theoretical strength that a material can have ?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 09:23 PM PST

Does air have a measurable surface tension?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 10:56 AM PST

Just curious if such a thing would be possible to measure or if it exists.

submitted by /u/Dannovision
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How can we know so much about planets and bodies light years away, when we just learned new things about Pluto with the arrival of New Horizons?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 03:21 PM PST

I find it so wild that we can know things like there's a planet that gets as hot as 2,000 Fahrenheit and rains liquid glass 63 light years away, when it seems like the arrival of New Horizons to Pluto, within our own Solar System, has yielded knowledge of that detail. Even things as basic as its size were found to be incorrect upon close observation, but I'm supposed to believe NASA just knows what's going on on a planet 63 light years away?

I mean, I do believe them, and I trust them. It's just an odd disconnect for a dullard like myself that isn't as science-minded.

For reference, the planet I was talking about is HD 189733b.

submitted by /u/ragenaut
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Probability behind a Plinko board?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 07:25 PM PST

realize that there is a Bell curve distribution pattern to a "wall-free" Plinko game. What I'm curious about is if there is a certain equation that is able to calculate the probability of a chip landing in a certain slot after X amount of rows. The type of Plinko board that I have in mind is one that looks like a triangle and one where the starting point of the chip is the top vertex of the triangle. (Picture of Plinko board attached) any input would be awesome.

submitted by /u/Jmoel
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Would it be possible to calculate the spin of a round object; like a planet or an atom, by shinning a light at it and using the doppler effect?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 12:21 PM PST

Why are certain allergies more common than others?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 10:16 AM PST

I know many people who are allergic to: Nuts, Strawberrys, Cats.

But I've never heard of someone being allergic to Cucumbers for example.

Why are certain allergies much more common than others?

submitted by /u/g-six
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Why can't an object escape a black hole if it's thrown in with a starting velocity?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 02:55 PM PST

Shouldn't the object get faster, pass the event horizon, make a sort of swing by, and leave the black hole again? (Assuming there is no friction).

submitted by /u/Jobarion
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Does the surface area of water in a cup have the same curvature as the earth?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 10:17 AM PST

It seems like water would be pulled down to earth at a constant rate, leaving the water in a cup with the same curvature as the water in the oceans. Any truth to this thought?

submitted by /u/toatslol
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Saturday, March 5, 2016

Does light that barely escapes the gravitational field of a black hole have decreased wave length meaning different color?

Does light that barely escapes the gravitational field of a black hole have decreased wave length meaning different color?


Does light that barely escapes the gravitational field of a black hole have decreased wave length meaning different color?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 04:08 AM PST

Why does eyebrow hair grow back when it's been shaved but stay at the same length otherwise?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 06:21 AM PST

Extensions: if eyebrow hair continues to grow then why at a slower rate? Does hair being cut accelerate hair growth anywhere else on the body? Thanks!

submitted by /u/theguy5279
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Why do the mid-ocean ridges in this global seafloor map have horizontal lines running across them for basically their whole length?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 01:22 PM PST

Here is the map in question. I'm just trying to make sense of what I'm seeing here. I understand that these ridges represent boundaries between major tectonic plates, but I don't understand why they seem to be "hashed" all the way along their lengths with perpendicular lines hundreds of miles long. What would cause this?

submitted by /u/graaahh
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Will ions across a membrane prefer to equalize concentration over equalizing charge?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 05:21 AM PST

Let's say that a container of water starts with six 1- ions on the left side and six 1+ ions on the right side. There's a membrane in the middle that only allows the positive ions to move through it passively (if such a membrane can exist).

At equilibrium, will there be three positive ions on each side, equalizing concentration, or will all six positive ions move over to the left side to neutralize the charge separation?

Edit: Clarification

submitted by /u/OpenSystem
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Do the same areas of the brain 'light up' when we read a book versus listening to it?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 10:23 AM PST

Inspired by this post made by /u/b1rd from /r/Comics.

I also have a follow up question: How does listening versus reading pertain to the permeance of memory. I understand that we all learn differently, but what I'm more interested is the 'storage of the data' (and I guess accessing the data too).

submitted by /u/Masi_menos
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Why is the L3 Lagrangian point unstable? How is it any different than the location of the smaller celestial body?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 12:28 PM PST

Surely the force of gravity acting on a an object in the Sun-Earth L3 would be completely dominated by the Sun and the earth would be almost "invisible."

What am I missing here?

submitted by /u/I_HATE_HAMBEASTS
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Why are plankton such a large portion of the biomass in the ocean but not in freshwater ecosystems?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 12:08 AM PST

I can't imagine the salinity would make such a big difference to the survival of plankton. Yet plankton and filter feeding organisms that eat them are abundant in the ocean and barely present in freshwater systems. Why is that?

submitted by /u/NaturalViolence
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In quantum mechanics is the Hamiltonian always equal to the total energy?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 02:12 PM PST

From classical mechanics, we know that the Hamiltonian is the total energy of the system if the following conditions hold (taken from Thornton and Marion 5th ed p.261):

  1. The kinetic energy must be a homogeneous quadratic function of the generalized velocity.

  2. The potential energy must be velocity independent.

Are there similar restrictions in place for quantum mechanics?

submitted by /u/DarkAvenger12
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What is the math behind the microgravity on the ISS?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 07:27 PM PST

I've read that the reason astronauts are weightless on the ISS is because the centrifugal force is equal to gravity. Can anyone do the math to back this up?

submitted by /u/dokkuni
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Could you apply enough pressure to water that it wouldn't move?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 10:04 AM PST

So I'm probably mixing up different concepts but here's my train of thought:

If you fill a bottle half-full with sand and shake the bottle the sand shakes. However, if you press down on the top of the sand and keep pressing while you shake the bottle, none of the sand will move separately. All the grains of sand will move as one.

If you were to somehow apply enough pressure to the surface of water, or any liquid, could you achieve the same effect?

submitted by /u/Syphyx
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How can we differentiate fossils of species that are in the same evolutionary lineage?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 12:29 PM PST

If the features that differentiate Species B from Species A formed gradually over 200,000 years, what happens to all the in-between specimens, and how are they classified into group A or group B? Is it a question of which category they best fit into, or is it more clear-cut?

submitted by /u/boodacris
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Why do lower frequency radio waves travel further in air?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 01:57 PM PST

I read somewhere that it's because of attenuation and diffraction but I'm not sure how that works. I'm talking about radio waves sent by WiFi and things like that and not AM waves sent over huge distances.

submitted by /u/SomewhatRapey
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Why do I get 'car sick' when reading a book in a moving car?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 09:45 AM PST

What is the most accepted explanation on the state of the universe before the four fundamental forces split?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 06:11 PM PST

Since it occurred at 10-9 seconds, I'm aware that we have no observational evidence (yet.) But what is the most logical and accepted explanation of the universe before the four forces (gravity, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force) "split" and the natural laws came to be?

submitted by /u/vagina_vendetta
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If low orbit like ISS' is enough to experience zero G, does it mean the gravity we experience on Earth is mostly due to the mass of the crust directly beneath us?

Posted: 05 Mar 2016 02:04 AM PST

What is the physical process behind nuclear receptor down regulation?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 10:18 AM PST

Wikipedia gives the following paragraph on the process on receptor down regulation:

The process of down regulation occurs when there are elevated levels of the hormone insulin in the blood. When insulin binds to its receptors on the surface of a cell, the hormone receptor complex undergoes endocytosis and is subsequently attacked by intracellular lysosomal enzymes. The internalization of the insulin molecules provides a pathway for degradation of the hormone as well as for regulation of the number of sites that are available for binding on the cell surface. At high plasma concentrations, the number of surface receptors for insulin is gradually reduced by the accelerated rate of receptor internalization and degradation brought about by increased hormonal binding. The rate of synthesis of new receptors within the endoplasmic reticulum and their insertion in the plasma membrane do not keep pace with their rate of destruction. Over time, this self-induced loss of target cell receptors for insulin reduces the target cell's sensitivity to the elevated hormone concentration. The process of decreasing the number of receptor sites is virtually the same for all hormones; it varies only in the receptor hormone complex.

I find it confusing in several ways. For starters,

.How does this work for a nuclear receptor? They exist in the cytoplasm. The above paragraph makes it sounds like enzymes int he cytoplasm are what degrades receptor hormone complexes. If that's the case, wouldn't nuclear receptors always be degrading?

.It vaguely mentions a "path for regulation." How does this work? I know increased levels of, say, estrogen would cause a cell to down regulate estrogen receptors. But HOW?

.It mentions how the rate of synthesis of receptors cannot keep up with their rate of degradation. Again, how does this work for nuclear receptors, and why does this result in a decreased level of transcription for whatever the receptor hormone complex binds to in the DNA? Surely, if there are so many complexes that the body is degrading the hell out of them and cannot replace them fast enough, there must be a maximum number working on the DNA. Even if there is a decreased concentration of receptors in the cytoplasm as a result, shouldn't the cell be cranking out whatever they code for at maximum capacity?

.It says over time the cell has reduced sensitivity to whatever ligand the receptor attached to. Again, how? I get that there are less receptors (I still don't understand how this happens specifically) but the instant everything inside the cell gets to normal, the receptors should up regulate and maintain homeostasis. How are they permanently desensitized?

submitted by /u/Jnicky69
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Is it possible to integrate by parts with more than 2 parts, and if not why not?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 07:34 AM PST

Question about the effects of FTL on human body ?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 09:27 AM PST

Let's assume that a manned space ship is traveling toward a star located 1500 light years away with a speed of 0.99C.

Will time dilation limit the ability of the crew to be able to perform regular activities on on the ship such as eating food and exercising ?

submitted by /u/s0domist
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Can the most acidic substance, fluoroantimonic acid, destroy prions?

Posted: 04 Mar 2016 01:11 AM PST

I read that prions are very dangerous and very difficult to destroy. Even extreme temperatures don't affect them. Last I read that the only way to neutralize prions is to submerge them in bleach while at a certain pressure point. How about fluoroantimonic acid? Can it destroy prions?

submitted by /u/gminstrel
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