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Wednesday, February 24, 2016

Water solubility of caffeine, or, if I use a tea bag a second time has it become mostly decaffeinated?

Water solubility of caffeine, or, if I use a tea bag a second time has it become mostly decaffeinated?


Water solubility of caffeine, or, if I use a tea bag a second time has it become mostly decaffeinated?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 12:04 PM PST

So I find that I can get two cups of tea out of a tea bag (which I'm sure infuriates tea purists). I like to avoid caffeine near bead time, so I was wondering whether a second steeping of a tea bag would produce a mostly decaffeinated tea. So what do you think? Does most of the caffeine dissolve on the first steep?


What I've learned today:

  • The answer to my question is mostly yes.
  • That apparently I'm not doing tea wrong after all.
  • a lot about tea, like A LOT about tea
  • If you want to get scientists out in force, ask a question regarding their caffeine supply.

Thanks all for the answers!

submitted by /u/abitipie
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When a heavy nucleus breaks apart, the two resulting nuclei are more "Tightly bound" than they were before, but why does this mean they have less mass?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 02:23 PM PST

Is there a maximum voltage obtainable by simply stacking transformers one after the other?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 09:33 AM PST

What stops me from stacking 10 transformers which each multiply the voltage by 100, getting a compounded 1020 fold increase in voltage, with an initial voltage of 1 V, each electron would get an energy increase of 1020 eV, easily surpassing the LHC, so what stops this from happening?

submitted by /u/TheConstipatedPepsi
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What was the temperature at Planck time and GUT transition?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 10:06 AM PST

During the early Universe the relation between time and temperature is given by t = 2.4 * g-1/2 * (T/1 MeV)-2 s, where g is relativistic degrees of freedom (which should be 106.75 at above the electroweak transition).

Is this the right formula to use to get the temperature at Planck time (5.39 * 10-44 s) and similar to get time at GUT transition at e.g T=1015 GeV?

The degrees of freedom, g, should grow as we go back in time. Are there any estimates for this at the Grand Unified Epoch and Planck Epoch?

The reason I started thinking about this was that I kind of always though the temperature at the Planck time was just the Planck temperature...

PS: Short answers are welcome :)

submitted by /u/Lassetass
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Could someone explain the technology in todays tires that make them superior to the tires of the 80's and 90's?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 01:40 PM PST

Im asking because I bought a car recently. Its in mint condition even though its from 1993. The tires look okay, because they havent been used too much, but they are over 20 years old. I beleive I should get some new tires on it and I've been told that the tire industry has been able to develop better tires with better technology. While I believe this, how have they improved and what difference does it make ?

submitted by /u/Lateroni
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Could a planetary system be close enough to a nebula so as to have "nebula-lit night sky?"

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 06:08 AM PST

With our new ability to measure changes in gravity, could information from within the event horizon of a black hole be communicated by creating gravitational waves within the black hole?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 12:39 AM PST

Let's say I have a gun, that when fired creates a (strong) gravitational field. Thus, firings of this gun could (I believe, correct me if I'm wrong) be measured with LIGO. Since a black hole's own gravity can escape it's event horizon (?), could firings of the gun be detected from within it? Could firings of different magnitude be used to transmit binary data?

Does this question make any sense at all?

submitted by /u/Porso9
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Why we see the sun sometimes yellow, sometimes orange, and sometimes white? And why during the day it could change de color?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 04:51 AM PST

Is it possible for photons to have a stable orbit around a black hole?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 01:54 AM PST

If you made the gas of a gas planet (Neptune, Jupiter, et cetera) invisible, would it still be a giant planet? If you coloured Earth's atmosphere, would it be akin to a gas planet?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 05:35 AM PST

Okay so I'm really dumb and bad at planet-stromony, but I was thinking about where the gas stopped in a gas planet... Once you got to the solid part of the planet, wouldn't all if the gas above it be like the atmosphere of Earth, except far less transparent?

And if Earth's atmosphere was made up of different gasous material that wasn't invisible, would it be a lot bigger to look at?

Can someone please explain to me how absolutely wrong I am?

submitted by /u/0614
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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What is the purpose of neuron synapses?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 08:29 AM PST

Why is it necessary to have a gap between an axon and a dendrite? Why not just have one continuous path?

submitted by /u/mart122
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Can anyone please explain the difference between LUMENS and candela per square meter (CD/sqm) (In human language) as a measure of light brightness?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 02:05 AM PST

I am sourcing a product, a bicycle light. Have 2 options. One option has higher lumens (cheaper) but the other has higher CD/sqm (more expensive). I am now having difficulty understanding the difference between lumens and candella per sqm. Which one is a better indicator of light quality/intensity?

submitted by /u/MadNomad_
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Will the moon ever collide with the earth?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 04:09 AM PST

So when satellites orbit the earth they will eventually fall after many many years, will the same happen with the moon eventually? Will it collide with earth as its pulled towards us as its orbit slows due to drag or other gravitational forces from the sun?

submitted by /u/rossputman
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If our current Universe is Infinite then does it mean that every single part of our infinite universe have same laws of physics as we follow?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 03:48 AM PST

Or does having infinite possibilities of outcome would result in parts of the universe with slightly different or totally different physical laws that we observe?

submitted by /u/AdClemson
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If you give somebody mouth to mouth breaths, aren't you ventilating them with a high percentage of CO2?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 06:18 PM PST

Why is proper time invariant?

Posted: 24 Feb 2016 02:48 AM PST

I'm sorry, this may be an extremely dumb question, but what I mean is: proper time is the time measured by a clock at rest relative to the given frame of reference, it makes no sense to me to call it 'invariant' since we cannot, by defenition, measure it relative to any other frame.

submitted by /u/BetaLibrae
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Do metals (such as iron) rust faster in running water or in a stagnant pool?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 04:55 PM PST

Pulling up metal out of fast moving streams, it seems like they always have a thick coating of rust, almost impenetrable (although this may have something to do with the amount of time they spend in the stream). Bits of metal I find at the bottom of lakes or ponds, however, rarely have the dense rust, just a thin layer. I know that rust is caused by oxidation, but would the presence of more oxygen rich water moving over a piece of metal give the metal a thick coating that would protect the metal or contribute to a constantly growing layer of rust. Thanks

submitted by /u/HardoSquad
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Tuesday, February 23, 2016

Why do we have kneecaps, but we don't have elbow caps?

Why do we have kneecaps, but we don't have elbow caps?


Why do we have kneecaps, but we don't have elbow caps?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 05:56 PM PST

Do the past or future currently "exist" in some dimension or form?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 05:04 PM PST

Possible to decompose function into non-sine waves?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 03:16 PM PST

Fourier decomposition transforms a function into a superposition of sine functions with different amplitudes and phases. But is it also possible to decompose a function into other types of waves, for example triangular or square waves?

submitted by /u/tmlen
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Given two identical people, Person A living on the equator, and Person B living at a pole, how much longer does Person A live due to relative time difference?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 07:17 PM PST

This is a concept I've thought about for some time. Given two identical people, born at the same time with the same life span, how much time does person A gain traveling faster at the equator relative to person B living at a pole.

submitted by /u/denprofet
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Do preservatives have an effect on obesity?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 05:21 PM PST

Do preservatives carry enough antimicrobial properties to effect gut flora and cause obesity? This is coming from a place of speculation and curiosity, not FPH. Thank you for your time.

submitted by /u/wildjurkey
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Can we use Gravitational waves to find and discover new interstellar objects?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 01:55 PM PST

I know that in the LIGO Project that they used a fairly big Gravitational Wave detector to detect it but, can we use this to find interstellar objects that we can't find otherwise?

submitted by /u/TheHiddenLibrarian
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Can anything besides time affect the half life of a radioactive material?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 06:05 PM PST

Say you melted the substance? Would absolute zero affect it? What about an insane temperature?

submitted by /u/sandhol
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The surface of the earth is smoother than a snooker ball if it were to be scaled down to the same size. What would the relative heights and depths of the earth have to be for it to be as dimpled as a golf ball?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 11:20 AM PST

Are any radioactive elements or isotopes no longer radioactive when part of a molecule?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 05:29 AM PST

Why is the civil/tropical year shorter than the sidereal year?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 06:26 AM PST

On wikipedia ( the german one though ) it says it is due to the precession of the earth, but why ?

submitted by /u/fearlesspotatoeuw
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Why do air conditioners make the waste water acidic?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 04:49 AM PST

I work as a handyman. Someone told me years ago that air conditioners make the water that drains out of them really acidic. At the time I observed where the drain water from one was rusting out a roof. Now I have two clients both with rusted out gutters because of air conditioner water that is run into the gutters. I can just tell my clients that this is what happens and they believe me, but I would like to understand the phenomenon.

submitted by /u/arkofjoy
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How far could Earth move either towards or away from the Sun before it left the Goldilocks zone of comfort and all temperate weather were eliminated?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 05:49 AM PST

Why does river sediment create fertile soil?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 05:42 AM PST

As a river rushes past rocks, it erodes them, and some salts dissolve. When it slows down, the bits of rock sediment, and I have always read that this creates very fertile soil. However, isn't the sediment mostly sand, as anything that could be useful to plants must be water soluble and therefore wouldn't sediment?

submitted by /u/plcanonica
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How many replication bubbles are there on one chromosome?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 06:32 PM PST

How many replication bubbles are there on one chromosome on average

submitted by /u/Woopy_Cushion
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Why can't mobile design offer swappable RAM modules like PC counterparts?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 04:02 AM PST

What about deep breathing makes us lightheaded?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 04:56 PM PST

As in, how does deep breathing cause lightheadedness? If it's simply "Too much oxygen" what about all that oxygen results in feeling lightheaded?

What mechanisms are at play/ what's going on?

submitted by /u/Dante_Valentine
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What about hydrocarbons makes them so great for combustion reactions?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 04:51 PM PST

Why are they so widely used in combustion reactions for energy?

submitted by /u/dr_spacedicks
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Does the energy required to heat water increase as the water temperature increases?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 04:59 PM PST

First time poster. Sorry if this should have been a physics question.

If I had water that was 10 degrees Celsius, and I wanted to raise it to 20 degrees Celsius it would require the same amount of energy in joules to do so every time correct?

So if I wanted to take that same water and raise it from 20C to 30C, would it require the same amount of energy in joules as the example above?

Practical use:

I'm about to build a solar heating setup for my pool. I built a controller for the water pump that will pump pool water through the heating coils on my roof. The controller has a temperature probe that will sit inside the coils. The controller senses the temperature inside the coils. Once the water reaches a 'high' temp set point the pump starts running. Once the water drops below the 'low' set point in the coil the pump turns off and waits for the water in the coils to warm up again.

I'm trying to figure out if there's an optimal 'high' temp set point I should be aiming for. I can set it up to 99 Celsius. But perhaps it's more optimal to have it cycle at (for example) 60C if the temperature will climb more slowly after that.

The idea being that if that's true, theoretically I'd have better results if the pump cycles more often.

submitted by /u/Notsosmartgeek
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In this video Brian Greene seems to say that in an infinite universe the big bang does not go back to a point, but take up infinite space. Am I interpenetrating this right?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 07:14 AM PST

https://youtu.be/GbFg1ocDOMk?t=956

I always thought of the big bang as a point that expanded and everything we know of is inside of that point, and the un-observable part expanded from that point as well, and just expanded out past where we can see. And the universe always has a definite size that is always growing.

What he seems to be suggesting is that in some theories the big bang is infinite so there is no "outside the big bang" am I understanding that correctly?

submitted by /u/MagicHatCat
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Do oxygen levels drop in areas during night time?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 02:31 PM PST

Plants stop producing oxygen at night because photosynthesis isn't taking place right? Does this cause a reduction in local oxygen level?

submitted by /u/Lezflano
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How do biological receptors recognise a photon if photons have no mass?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 02:33 PM PST

What is thought?

Posted: 23 Feb 2016 12:22 AM PST

I've already tried to figure this out, but every answer I see is related to output from or input to the brain. I want to know what thoughts are, on a measurable scale with units. I'm more interested on thoughts without immediate physical stimuli (like reactions) and more on random thoughts. Like why do I think thoughts when I'm trying to go to sleep? Where do new thoughts come from?

submitted by /u/VoltronIsSavior
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Can photons decay over time?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 10:36 PM PST

Why do humans have so much white in their eyes?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 08:54 PM PST

It seems like most animals irises take up the entire space between their eye lids why are we different?

submitted by /u/poops_on_the_good
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Monday, February 22, 2016

If I went back to the Cretacious era to go fishing, what would I catch? How big would they be? What eon would be most interesting to fish in?

If I went back to the Cretacious era to go fishing, what would I catch? How big would they be? What eon would be most interesting to fish in?


If I went back to the Cretacious era to go fishing, what would I catch? How big would they be? What eon would be most interesting to fish in?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 08:00 PM PST

Is there a way to calculate how fast a fluid will drip through an opening?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 09:05 AM PST

I want to make a really slow hourglass, more like a yearglass. Googling only gives me results related to medical tubing/IVs and the tar drip experiment. I'm looking for formulas or research on how to realistically calculate or simulate how fast a liquid will drip or flow through air due to gravity, given factors like viscosity, aperture size, surface tension, etc.

Edit: Thank you everyone for all of the very helpful replies and references. After a bit of research and testing I decided that viscosity changes due to temperature swings will be too big of a factor to go with a purely gravity-powered hourglass setup. Instead I'm now revising the design to try it with an actuator delivering very small amounts of liquid into the bottom container on a very slow time scale. I think I might be able to still make it self-contained without needing to be plugged in.

submitted by /u/ThunderStealer
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If the earth's atmosphere was compressed into a liquid, how would it compare in volume to the oceans?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 10:15 AM PST

Why do globular clusters typically orbit outside of the plane of the galaxy?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 07:29 PM PST

Unlike the majority of galactic objects - young, open clusters, for example - globular clusters tend to orbit outside of the galactic plane. My initial guess is because they weren't part of the initial formation of the galaxy itself. Is this true?

If so, are these the bones of ancient mini-galaxies, nebula, something else, that the Milky Way subsequently captured?

Are these objects as old or older than our own Milky Way?

Is it fair to assume globular clusters are, in a sense, an older generation of open clusters?

submitted by /u/Phydeaux
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Can a larger magnet shift the polarity of a smaller magnet if held next to it for long enough?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 04:56 PM PST

Physics

submitted by /u/mrglubglub
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Why haven't the Trojan asteroids coalesced?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 09:26 AM PST

From what I understand of Legrangian points, the L4 and L5 positions are gravitationally almost flat (although they are still maxima in the potential field). Given the weak destabilizing vectors in this area and the overall mass of the Trojans, why hasn't the mutual gravity of the Trojan's pulled them into larger masses bodies?

Is it that the L4/L5s are still technically at gravitational peaks and thus the instability, while slight, is still stronger than the mutual attraction of the Trojans? Am I missing something here?

edited for clarity

submitted by /u/BillyBuckets
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Is understanding of numbers and magnitude when dealing with several objects universal for all humans? Do we have an innate ability to understand arithmetics?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 04:47 PM PST

I work part time in a kindergarten doing some very basic teaching of numbers and simple math. While teaching I was noticing how simple number tasks (addition, subtraction) is very intuitive and easy to graspe for almost all the kids, while more complex tasks, like fractions and multiplication, often takes way more effort when learned for the first time.

I am interested in if there is evidence of arithmetic abilities in infants that explain why these simple tasks seem to be executed without somone needing to teach them much. Or if there is examples of cultures that does not utilise the concept of numbers at all. Sources and references is very much welcomed, thank you in advance!

(PS. I apologize if my English is lacking, i use it way too rare.)

submitted by /u/Skje
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Is their any link between Myers-Briggs Types and political affiliation?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 04:20 PM PST

Pretty self-explanatory. Are certain type indicators correlated with particular political views?

submitted by /u/beelzuhbub
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Can a particle be entangled to two other particles?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 09:50 AM PST

For example, if A can be entangled to B which is already entangled to C. Second question, if the answer is yes: given the spin of A, can we know the spin of C?

submitted by /u/smarro
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[Physics] I have a couple of questions about gravitational waves?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 06:21 PM PST

Idk if this is the right sub for this and I'd previously posted on the megathread a week or so ago but here goes:

I was reading an article on the NY Times app, and at the end of it it says "only three days before the black hole chirp...antenna readings were plagued by radio interference." and earlier was mentioned how a group known as Bicep "claimed to have detected gravitational waves...They later acknowledged that their observations had probably been contaminated by interstellar stardust."

So could it be possible that LIGO's readings were polluted by radio interference?

Also, did VIRGO or any of the other interferometers detect the same as LIGO did?

Thank you in advance.

submitted by /u/the_lost_banana
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Why do so few metals, such as gold and copper, have unique colors?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 02:34 PM PST

What about the electromagnetic field makes electromagnetism so much more exploitable than the other three fundamental forces?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 08:11 PM PST

Humans have been manipulating the electromagnetic field for thousands of years and the effect of our mastery of electromagnetism has had indisputable effects on our cultures and technology. Why are the other forces - gravity and the strong and weak forces - less useful?

submitted by /u/Porygon_is_innocent
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How is the right amino acid brought to ribosomes?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 06:03 AM PST

So what I know is that the mRNA is brought to the ribosome with a code for an amino acid. I also know that the tRNA with a matching codon and correct amino acid are brought to the ribosome for assembly. But how is the right amino known? Does the ribosome read the mRNA and call for a tRNA or do the tRNA keep trying to fit the codon in the ribosome till it fits then goes and brings the amino acid. Thanks i have a test on this is a couple of hours.

submitted by /u/zzVeZZyzz
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How is food distributed in an ant colony?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 02:35 AM PST

Ants are born to specific roles. Some ants protect the colony. Others scout for food. Still others attend to the queen and feed the brood. Not every ant is assigned to foraging food.

When do ants eat and how is the food distributed? Do the collector ants eat as they forage? Do they only regurgitate excess? When do soldier ants or non-foraging ants find the time to go eat? Is the food delivered to them? Do they take a break when they get hungry?

submitted by /u/questionable_plays
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What are the empirical differences between men and women?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 03:40 PM PST

Obviously I'm not talking about physical differences, but differences in cognition or behavior. This is a controversial topic and I've run into so many people that believe men are funnier, smarter, or just generally "better". I vehemently disagree with this but I acknowledge that there must be differences. Are there any good papers or studies examining these differences out there?

submitted by /u/parthian_shot
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String theory says there are extra dimensions, too tiny to detect. Will the accelerating expansion of the universe eventually inflate these dimensions to be big enough to affect anything perceptibly?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 12:51 PM PST

The article I saw said these dimensions are a billionth of a nanonmeter in size, which is about the scale the strong & weak force work on, so I imagine not much growth would be needed to mess with them.

If I remember rightly these tiny dimensions are what make gravity weak so inflating them could even prevent dark energy from tearing all the matter in the universe apart.

submitted by /u/googolplexbyte
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What's the point in creating new elements? Would anything further in the periodic table be stable?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 03:10 PM PST

How/why do gravity waves traveling at the speed of light escape the gravitational pull of a black hole while other things (example = photons) at that same speed can't escape?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 06:17 PM PST

If gravity waves travel at the speed of light, then how do gravitational waves escape the event horizon of a black hole whereas photons cannot?

submitted by /u/orionshmorion
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Does NASA or any other space organisation have satellites orbiting other planets? if not, why not?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 03:30 PM PST

How do bubbles work?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 12:33 AM PST

Bubbles are a mystery to me. How are they stable (to the point of sometimes being able to poke through them without them collapsing!)?

Why doesn't the attractive force between molecules make it impossible for them to form? Why does soap make it easier for bubbles to form? Soap reduces surface tension, so I feel like it should have the opposite effect.

Finally, why are bubbles slightly iridescent?

submitted by /u/The_Matias
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How do we test for genetic predisposition? How do we test for ANY predisposition?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 02:28 PM PST

I'm interested especially in certain mental illnesses, e.g. schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bi-polar disorder.

These were all initially identified as having only environmental ('nurture') causes, but have recently been pushed as originating genetically (nature). My question is : how do you test for something that can only happen- or not happen- once to a subject?

Are we really just talking about looking at genes that appear abundant among these subjects, and finding correlations? Isn't that correlation, and not causation? Do we ever do any better than that?

If anybody has any good hard science (data, studies, or journal articles) to share I'd be interested. Cheers.

submitted by /u/MattBloom
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When two black holes approach each other they accelerate and gain kinetic energy. Where does this energy come from?

Posted: 22 Feb 2016 03:29 AM PST

Due to the laws of conservation of energy, some form of energy must be converted into kinetic energy. Does gravitational energy convert to kinetic energy?

submitted by /u/Myldlyinteresting
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How to measure and calculate the transmitted and reflected wavefront distortions from a beam splitter?

Posted: 21 Feb 2016 03:41 PM PST

Just need the basics and formulas and maybe some material to read about it. Thanks.

submitted by /u/PastelFlamingo150
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