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Wednesday, January 27, 2016

AskScience Panel of Scientists XIII

AskScience Panel of Scientists XIII


AskScience Panel of Scientists XIII

Posted:

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!


You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc/MA/MPhil or equivalent degree in the natural or social sciences, AND,

  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.

  • OR have flair in /r/Science

Those studying towards undergraduate/integrated masters degrees must be in their final year.

All panel applications are at moderator discretion.


Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).

  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)

  • Succinctly describe your area of research or expertise in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)

  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?

  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience or another subreddit which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in reddit.


Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:


Username: /u/VeryLittle

General field: Physics

Specific field: AstroPhysics

Particular areas of research including historical: Neutron stars.

Education: PhD student.

Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.


Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/MockDeath
[link] [141 comments]

Planet IX Megathread

Posted:

We're getting lots of questions on the latest report of evidence for a ninth planet by K. Batygin and M. Brown released today in Astronomical Journal. If you've got questions, ask away!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
[link] [2477 comments]

How can a dimension be 'small'?

Posted:

When I was trying to get a clear view on string theory, I noticed a lot of explanations presenting the 'additional' dimensions as small. I do not understand how can a dimension be small, large or whatever. Dimension is an abstract mathematical model, not something measurable.

Isn't it the width in that dimension that can be small, not the dimension itself? After all, a dimension is usually visualized as an axis, which is by definition infinite in both directions.

submitted by /u/Attil
[link] [291 comments]

What is the non-human animal process of going to sleep? Are they just lying there thinking about arbitrary things like us until they doze off?

Posted:

We found two different plants but still classified under Adiantum philippense. Could one of these be a new specie?

Posted:

Hi, first time posting here.

When I was asked to get specimen of Pteridophyta for our Systematic Botany class, we got ferns that are really similar but different in some structures.

We found herbarium sheets of both plants, but they are still classified under the same taxon.

Hers: http://images.ala.org.au/image/viewer?imageId=af1d8e6d-a2ab-42ff-8a9a-c599ad918857

Mine: http://images.ala.org.au/image/viewer?imageId=8b423a2a-73bc-4ac9-b661-40fee12457e5

We have asked our professor but she said she knows nothing about it and told us to ask other people.

I can provide the pictures that we took as we were taking it if asked.

Could this something new?

submitted by /u/Gainspipr
[link] [50 comments]

Is it possible to make an atomic nucleus containing only neutrons?

Posted:

I would imagine this to be very rare to occur in nature, since the strong force works on femtometer scales. But if we put two neutrons very close together, would they stay bound? Would one decay into a proton and electron in a short time? Or is there some other reason that it can't happen?

submitted by /u/astrawnomore
[link] [80 comments]

Due to loss of mass via hawking radiation, could there be a black hole that has an escape velocity below the speed of light, thus visible? (Physics)

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What happens if two black holes collide? What's the interaction between the two horizons?

Posted:

What is the distinction between polar bonds and and der Waals bonds?

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How did we come up with string theory?

Posted:

Is it possible to learn something without being consciously aware that you have ever learned it?

Posted:

What is John Beale talking about in this paper published by The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1669?

Posted:

http://i.imgur.com/BVd9DjN.png

From what I understand, Beale took various apple varieties (Pipin, Peamains, Deuxans, and Kentish Codlins (?)) and let them wither. He cut them open and carried them in his pocket for a few days. He claims that everyone who he showed the withered apples to thought the apples were made of wood. Beale also noticed their close appearance to cork. Some of the more philosophical people he met believed that Beale had perfected the art of converting all fruit into wood. John Beale goes on to say that similar results were observed when he let pears, cucumbers, turnips - and all the grains and vegetable seeds stuck within them- dry out. Here is where things get hard to understand. What does it mean to be, "cherish'd by a full supply of Marley water." Did he let some kind of seeds grow into foot long shoots? What was the closet for? How does he use the teachings of Robert Boyle to explain why everything turned to wood? This question is historical, but has elements of experimental design and biology that I think r/AskScience can explain pretty well.

Full text for context: http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/45-56/919.full.pdf

submitted by /u/notphillipka
[link] [1 comment]

Is the evolution of the wavefunction deterministic?

Posted:

The title is basically the question I'm asking. Ignoring wave-function collapse, does the Schrödinger equation or any other equivalent formulation guarantee that the evolution of the wave-function must be deterministic. I'm particularly interested in proof of the uniqueness of the solution, and the justification of whichever constraints are necessary on the nature of a wave-function for a uniqueness result to follow.

submitted by /u/TheKrouton
[link] [20 comments]

Would a perfectly insulated drinking glass ever sweat?

Posted:

Related: You have a poorly-insulated glass and a well-insulated glass. Each is situated above a bucket, so that any sweat collecting and falling will be measured. If both glasses are filled with the same amount of equally cold liquid, which glass will produce more sweat?

submitted by /u/mindule
[link] [16 comments]

So do we consider spacetime flat or curved after all? And could dark matter just be the result of curved spacetime?

Posted:

I know that Dark Matter is responsible for 85% of the gravitational force in the universe. I also know that the universe shows to be having critical density indicating that spacetime is flat. However according to Einstein's Theory of General Relativity he claims that spacetime is curved and Gravity isn't really a force but a bending of spacetime.

My question now: is it plausible that, what we call "dark matter" is in fact just "natural curved" spacetime that isn't precipitated by an object with mass?

submitted by /u/Feadz
[link] [25 comments]

Graphite is a good lubricant because each layer of carbon is only held together by London Dispersion forces. How can Graphene be a good lubricant if it is one layer thick?

Posted:

I'd also like to make sure my title was factual and I'm not wrong. That may be a reason for my confusion.

submitted by /u/SeismicAltop
[link] [1 comment]

What exactly is the problem preventing us from having a grand unified field theory?

Posted:

Everyone knows how QM and GR are "not compatible", but what would it take to solve the problem and what implications would the discovery of the graviton have on quantum gravity? Suppose we ignore frameworks such as M theory, is a working model mathematically impossible to build or is a lack of data the issue here?

submitted by /u/TheSoundDude
[link] [12 comments]

Is the paradigm shifting "accelerating universe" based on old, i.e. now invalid, data?

Posted:

This theory is based upon observations and measurements of galaxies billions of light-years away. Thus, this is their condition billions of years of ago when this light was emitted, and are now, most certainly, existing in a much different state. Isn't it almost certain that those galaxies have slowed down, as has ours and those around us? This is such an obvious basic fact, and such an important theory would receive thorough peer review, it could not have been overlooked. What am I missing?

submitted by /u/Gabby-Gary
[link] [20 comments]

Every day our heart makes enough energy to drive a truck 20 miles?

Posted:

Today I heard it said that every day a human heart produces enough energy to drive a truck 20 miles. That.... can't be right can it?

submitted by /u/thedaileyshow1
[link] [12 comments]

What technological obstacles need to be overcome to make solar energy viable?

Posted:

Ask Anything Wednesday - Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Posted:

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
[link] [comment]

In exoplanet detection, could we ever tell if there are multiple planets dimming their star together?

Posted:

I wonder if it is possible that two planets might share an orbital period and clock position and plane around their star (not necessarily in an L1 or L2 point), would anything we can observe give it away? When there is a report of an extrasolar planet and its estimated size, is it possible it's two smaller planets combining their solar transit effects? Thank you very much for considering my question.

submitted by /u/Astrodoof
[link] [2 comments]

Could there be a micro "neutron star"?

Posted:

If the mass is small enough, you can theoretically create micro black holes using energy in the Tev region.

So if using the same amount of mass, but applying less energy, could you than over come pauli exclusion principle to the extent of electrons and protons, leaving only micro neutron matter behind?

submitted by /u/Staviao
[link] [4 comments]

Does the gravity of everything have an infinite range?

Posted:

This may seem like a dumb question but I'll go for it. I was taught a while ago that gravity is kind of like dropping a rock on a trampoline and creating a curvature in space (with the trampoline net being space).

So, if I place a black hole in the middle of the universe, is the fabric of space effected on the edges of the universe even if it is unnoticeable/incredibly minuscule?

EDIT: Okay what if I put a Hydrogen atom in the middle of the universe? Does it still have an infinite range?

submitted by /u/NippleSubmissions
[link] [1120 comments]

If a star is brighter than the Sun does it consume fuel more quickly or more slowly? If a star is more massive than the Sun does it have greater or lesser fuel reserves than the Sun?

Posted:

Antibiotics kill a wide range of bacteria, which is needlessly destructive to the human microbiome. Is there an effective alternative that only kills specified bacteria?

Posted:

If not, is there any research being conducted to create such a therapy?

submitted by /u/ferengiprophet
[link] [15 comments]

If there's no air resistance in space, does this mean that spacecraft design are irrelevant?

Posted:

Does this mean that an airplane shaped spacecraft of mass M and a humanoid shaped spacecraft of the same mass M would take up the same amount of energy to accelerate, since there's no air resistance in space?

Does that mean there's no reason to build a rocket-shaped spacecraft in space when all shape would basically behave the same in term of speed and acceleration?

submitted by /u/pbeta
[link] [7 comments]

Tuesday, January 26, 2016

Planet IX Megathread

Planet IX Megathread


Planet IX Megathread

Posted: 20 Jan 2016 03:22 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>We&#39;re getting lots of questions on the latest report of evidence for a ninth planet by K. Batygin and M. Brown released today in Astronomical Journal. If you&#39;ve got questions, ask away!</p> <ul> <li><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/22/meta">Astronomical Journal publication</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/01/feature-astronomers-say-neptune-sized-planet-lurks-unseen-solar-system">Science Magazine press release</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/21/science/space/ninth-planet-solar-system-beyond-pluto.html">NY Times article</a></li> </ul> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

We found two different plants but still classified under Adiantum philippense. Could one of these be a new specie?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 04:00 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Hi, first time posting here. </p> <p>When I was asked to get specimen of Pteridophyta for our Systematic Botany class, we got ferns that are really similar but different in some structures. </p> <p>We found herbarium sheets of both plants, but they are still classified under the same taxon. </p> <p>Hers: <a href="http://images.ala.org.au/image/viewer?imageId=af1d8e6d-a2ab-42ff-8a9a-c599ad918857">http://images.ala.org.au/image/viewer?imageId=af1d8e6d-a2ab-42ff-8a9a-c599ad918857</a></p> <p>Mine: <a href="http://images.ala.org.au/image/viewer?imageId=8b423a2a-73bc-4ac9-b661-40fee12457e5">http://images.ala.org.au/image/viewer?imageId=8b423a2a-73bc-4ac9-b661-40fee12457e5</a></p> <p>We have asked our professor but she said she knows nothing about it and told us to ask other people.</p> <p>I can provide the pictures that we took as we were taking it if asked.</p> <p>Could this something new? </p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

How did we come up with string theory?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 02:33 AM PST

submitted by

Does the gravity of everything have an infinite range?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 08:00 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>This may seem like a dumb question but I&#39;ll go for it. I was taught a while ago that gravity is kind of like dropping a rock on a trampoline and creating a curvature in space (with the trampoline net being space). </p> <p>So, if I place a black hole in the middle of the universe, is the fabric of space effected on the edges of the universe even if it is unnoticeable/incredibly minuscule? </p> <p>EDIT: Okay what if I put a Hydrogen atom in the middle of the universe? Does it still have an infinite range?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

What happens if two black holes collide? What's the interaction between the two horizons?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 06:56 AM PST

submitted by

Every once in a while I notice a group of about 100 crows flying in formation around the same parking lot at the same time (5pm). At the same time, they all start squawking and find a lamp post or tree to sit on. Then a few minutes later they all start flying again. What are they doing?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 05:05 PM PST

submitted by

Has any other animal other than human beings ever learned to pick up and throw objects with any kind of accuracy?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 12:15 AM PST

submitted by

A black hole is a strong example of the gravitational force. Are there other incredible examples of the other 3 fundamental forces? Like &quot;an electric hole&quot; or something?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 04:46 PM PST

submitted by

Would a perfectly insulated drinking glass ever sweat?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 08:39 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Related: You have a poorly-insulated glass and a well-insulated glass. Each is situated above a bucket, so that any sweat collecting and falling will be measured. If both glasses are filled with the same amount of equally cold liquid, which glass will produce more sweat?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

The age of the universe is 14 billion years. Its radius is assumed to be at least 45 billion light-years. How is this possible, considering the max relative speed in the speed of light?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 03:23 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I know it is related to the expansion of the universe. Is it possible to get a deeper understanding about what this means or do you just have to accept this as a fact, like: &quot;The universe expands, and since expanding is not the same as two objects having a relative speed to each other the speed of light is not the upper limit here.&quot;</p> <p>Or is there more?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

[Biology] Can whales survive in large, deep bodies of freshwater, like Lake Michigan?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 04:57 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I know there are freshwater dolphins in rivers around the world. Whales, being considerably larger would require deep water (I assume). So, given an appropriate food source, how about a pod of Orcas in the Great Lakes, or Lake Baikal?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

What technological obstacles need to be overcome to make solar energy viable?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 07:47 AM PST

submitted by

What cycle prevents huge energy/mineral build up at the bottom of oceans?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 01:34 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>A heck of a lot of things are governed by cycles - carbon, nitrogen, water etc.</p> <p>Is there a cycle that regulates how energy and nutrients are moved around in the oceans? Let&#39;s consider an example:</p> <ul> <li>Algae convert sunlight into energy in the ocean</li> <li>Plankton eat the algae</li> <li>Krill eat the plankton</li> <li>Whale eats the krill</li> <li>Whale dies and sinks to the bottom of the ocean</li> <li>Bottom feeders eat the whale</li> <li>Bottom feeders die / eaten by other bottom feeders...</li> </ul> <p>How does the nutrient and energy generated at the top of the ocean, now at the bottom of the ocean, cycle back around, or is there a huge amount of nutrients just sat at the bottom of the ocean?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

What happens if an anti-proton collides with, say, a normal neutron?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 12:45 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Everyone knows that an anti-particle annihilates its partner particle if they collide. eg, anti proton + proton = energy</p> <p>What if an anti-particle collides with normal matter that isn&#39;t its partner?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

What is the science behind the introvert-extrovert model of social interaction?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 09:26 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I have been seeing the terms &quot;introvert&quot; and &quot;extrovert&quot; used with increasing frequency as a physical diagnosis of one&#39;s capacity to interact with other people. Terms that evoke batteries--like &quot;energy&quot; and &quot;recharge&quot;--are used and there seems to an emphasis on this idea that people can be physically drained or energized by the presence of other people. </p> <p>There are many examples of this on the internet but here&#39;s <a href="http://romanjones.deviantart.com/art/How-to-Live-with-Introverts-Guide-Printable-320818879">a comic</a> I have often seen and <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/01/why-introverted-teachers-are-burning-out/425151/">an article</a> I just stumbled upon that I think show my point.</p> <p>I think that this is an interesting way to characterize human interaction and it <em>sounds</em> very good. However it seems like an overly simplistic description of something which has a huge variety of factors at play (mental illness, socialization, etc.). I want to know is there any scientific lab or paper which produced this energy-based model originally or is it just something which sounds good and has been internalized by our culture?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Hypothetically, if I tether a rope long enough for point A to be *outside* of the light cone of point B and pull, what happens?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 09:39 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Let&#39;s say it&#39;s Earth/Sun (8 light minutes). If I pull point A and suppose the rope itself is pulled taut, does point B move after 8 minutes?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Why Don't Photons Interact with the Higgs Field?

Posted: 26 Jan 2016 07:20 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Sorry if this is a stupid question. But from my understanding, particles Interact with the Higgs Field and by Doing so, they get mass. But why don&#39;t Photons Interact with the field, but all other particles do?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

How can 99% of the universe be plasma, when the average temperature of space is -270 degrees C?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 07:08 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I&#39;ve been reading about plasma and I was under the impression that gases have to be heated to very hot temperatures in order to become plasma, but how can plasma be so prominent in space where it is so cold. How do we have stars which are giant balls of plasma even forming when the universe is so cold?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Why is it so hard to make multi-threaded programs?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 04:51 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>We have been using multi-core CPUs for a relatively long time. For example i am using a 4-core CPU in my home PC. But there are not so many programs that utilize all cores effectively? Why don&#39;t we still have so many multi-threaded apps? (other than the specific ones like some games or business/science stuff)</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Do different body parts perceive heat differently?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 07:34 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I&#39;m sorry if this is a dumb question but today while eating soup the bowl was very hot when touching it with my hand but i spilled some on the outside of the bowl and I licked it with my tongue and it didn&#39;t seem as hot. Is there a reason such as nerves? Thanks!</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

What would happen if we create a sufficiently large gear and I rotate it so fast that the tangential speed gets faster than the speed of light?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 05:39 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>We all know that the speed of light is the maximum speed anything can reach. But theoretically it may be possible to build a gear large enough to make a reasonable angular speed into a tangential speed faster than light. Of course it would not be possible with the technology we have today but other celestial bodies, such as really large planets, come to mind.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

When supernovas occur, the neutrinos reach us before the light does - but neutrinos have mass, and therefore cannot travel at exactly c. Why wouldn't the light catch up to and pass the neutrinos before they reach us?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 12:51 PM PST

submitted by

Is it possible for someone to 'forget' how to breath?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 04:03 PM PST

submitted by

Can we create a single cell organism with basic chemicals/compounds? If it occurred naturally 4 billion years ago, can we recreate this event in a lab?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 08:30 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>If it&#39;s already happened, sorry! </p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Monday, January 25, 2016

Is a submarine able to safely contain humans in space?

Is a submarine able to safely contain humans in space?


Is a submarine able to safely contain humans in space?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 04:34 PM PST

submitted by

When light travels through a lot of atmosphere at sunrise or sunset, it's red. When light travels deep into the ocean, it's blue. Why?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 01:20 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>My guess is that it has something to do with different mechanisms of scattering and absorption but I probably still miss something.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Do spaces with time-like dimensions have spheres?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 12:52 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Isn&#39;t a sphere the set of points that are separated from the origin by a constant distance? Thus in euclidean space in 2 dimensions it is a circle (a 2-sphere) and in 3 dimensions a ball (3-sphere). For 4 dimensions there would also be a hybersphere (a 4-sphere). As I understnad if you viewed 3d cross sections of a 4-sphere scanning along the missing one you would see a point expand into a ball growing to a max size and then shrink into a point again.</p> <p>How about Minkowksi space? It is defined with a metric so surely it can be set to 1. Wouldn&#39;t such an object be a 3+1-sphere? How would the scan of cross-sections differ from the 4-sphere?</p> <p>This is a narrowed down question extracted from a <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/41j3cf/is_it_possible_to_uturn_in_flat_minkowski_space/">larger question</a> that didn&#39;t seem to grab anyones attention.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

How does one hasten copper turning green?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 12:31 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I&#39;ve heard that in the Swedish great power era when buiding houses with copper roofs they&#39;d somehow hasten the effect of it turning green</p> <p><a href="http://maestrobytumlare.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Stockholm-Sweden.jpg">where one can see a number of copper roof buildings</a></p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

How do planets &quot;capture&quot; a moon?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 04:09 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>The leading hypothesis for how many of our solar system&#39;s moons originated is through capture. For example, Mars&#39; moons, Phobos and Deimos, are believed to be captured asteroids, AFAIK.</p> <p>After playing many many hours of Kerbal Space Program, I believe I have a reasonably good layman&#39;s understanding of orbital mechanics. But I still can&#39;t comprehend how an unpowered hunk of rock can be &quot;captured&quot; by a planet into a stable orbit. As the approaching rock falls into the planet&#39;s gravity well, I&#39;d think it would follow a hyperbolic path that takes back into interplanetary space. For a capture, it would need to reduce its velocity relative to the planet (ideally, near periapsis). If this is done through aerobraking, then the periapsis would never leave the atmosphere (as a chunk of rock can&#39;t boost its own periapsis), and thus the orbit would decay. Without something to slow the rock down as it passes the planet, it seems it would simply exit the planet&#39;s gravity well without capture.</p> <p>So how does &quot;capture&quot; actually happen in real life? Is it a more complicated feature of orbital mechanics enabled by n-body physics? Or is it something more obscure like energy loss through tidal forces?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

[Physics] Is it correct to say that higher space dimension don't exist, but higher time dimensions do?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 01:50 AM PST

submitted by

Are there more photons or atoms in the universe?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 01:01 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I know states of matter change constantly, but I wonder about their relative numbers at any given moment.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

why all the functions are multiplied by (e^something) in transformations like laplace and fourier?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 12:17 PM PST

submitted by

Why do we know that Pi and E are transcendental numbers, but we aren't sure if Pi^pi or e^e are transcendental or algebraic?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 12:13 AM PST

submitted by

what can the total derivative do that partials cant?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 12:05 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I am curious what the functional difference between partial and total derivatives are. like what can totals do that partials cant? I know partials hold all variables constant except for the given whereas the totals just assumes everything is a function of the given but the latter just seems like a semantic, esoteric generalization - since if the other variables really arent a function of the given, they will get reduced to 0 all the same - resulting in the same partial. And since in real life, 99% of the time we already know what is a function of what, it feels like the total derivative is just a &quot;safe/generalized&quot; way at expressing a concept with negligible benefits - used in situations that in the real world is often just handled by partials (note that I am ignoring the obvious case where f(x) is only a function of one variable, where you use d instead of \partial)</p> <p>more indepth question and latex examples of my point found here: <a href="http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1626028/functional-difference-between-dtotal-and-partial">http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1626028/functional-difference-between-dtotal-and-partial</a></p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

If my goal is to witness as much sunlight as possible In a 24 hour period on the winter solstice, would I achieve this by going towards the equator or by traveling west?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 08:47 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Assume that you start in New York, and you can only travel in speeds allowable by a car - say 100 mph. Additionally, is the optimal route actually some combination of west and south due to the curvature of the earth?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Since water expands when it's heated and reduces when cold, can you keep water cold in a bottle by sealing it tight with as little air as possible?

Posted: 25 Jan 2016 03:25 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Because water needs such a big force to compress (much higher than air), can you fill a bottle full with cold water and keep it cold because it can&#39;t expand? </p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

How do we know that stellar black hole are not neutron star ?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 11:19 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>How do we know that stellar black holes are not neutron star becoming too massive to let photon go away ?</p> <p>In other word, why a neutron star smaller than 3 solar masses &quot;eating&quot; an other star and reaching 3 solar masses collapse into a black hole ? Why this star doesn&#39;t stay a neutron star being invisible by physics ?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Are there more neutrinos or photons in the universe?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 02:59 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Googling produces conflicting results. <a href="http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/07/17/the-second-most-abundant-particles-in-the-universe-are-undetectable/">This link</a> says that neutrinos are the second most abundant particles after photons, while <a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/neutemp.html">this link</a> says neutrinos are more abundant than photons by a factor of (7/4). Which one is correct?</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Why is snow white? Is it not ice which is invisible?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 11:09 AM PST

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What is the theoretical limit to how tall mountains can get on Earth?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 06:36 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I know man-made structures are limited by how much weight the lower levels can support before collapsing, is there a similar kind of height limit to mountain ranges? Does that limit change with location and types of stone, or over time, as the tectonics of Earth change? Thanks!</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Does the casimir effect become weaker over time?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 04:16 PM PST

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Working out when you'd arrive on Earth after leaving Mars going Via Saturn?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 09:10 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>You&#39;re on Mars, you&#39;re heading back to Earth but you need to drop into Saturn to pick up...Stuff. How do you tell NASA what time to have lunch ready?</p> <p>How would you quantify time in the equation? I assume you have to adjust the time quantity according to your velocity (relative to earth) and strength of gravity field (also relative to earth)?</p> <p>How do you do this? I probably wont understand the answer but I&#39;ll give it a crack.</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Aren't the statistical methods used in medical research lead to a loss of lots of useful data ?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 06:43 AM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>Usually most medical studies and certainly high quality ones(like systematic reviews and cochrane) , use some statistical method to generalize an answer over a group of people. </p> <p>But in the process , don&#39;t we lose information about specific sub group who have a different reaction(sometimes much better) from the average, to said treatment ? </p> <p>And what does medicine and medical interpretation do to still extract that data and not lose it ? </p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

Can someone explain why a solution of triodide and starch creates a black color?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 01:38 PM PST

<!-- SC_OFF --><div class="md"><p>I understand that no reaction is occuring between the triodide and starch. They simply form a &quot;triodide-starch complex&quot; and the solution turns black. I would like to know a little more about why that&#39;s happening. </p> <p>(I&#39;ve taken most upper division chem courses if knowing my background will help you explain)</p> </div><!-- SC_ON --> submitted by

What would happen if a fusion and fission bomb (of equal payloads) were to occur simultaneously, either close to each other or right next to each other?

Posted: 24 Jan 2016 07:02 PM PST

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