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Wednesday, January 20, 2016

How much work does it take to send a packet across the internet?

How much work does it take to send a packet across the internet?


How much work does it take to send a packet across the internet?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 07:33 PM PST

A packet of some size is sent from A to B, which are some distance part, via some number of routers. Can someone Fermi estimate (or better) the energy required to do this?

submitted by aggasalk
[link] [329 comments]

Ask Anything Wednesday - Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Posted: 20 Jan 2016 07:05 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by AutoModerator
[link] [1 comment]

Is hygiene a learned behaviour or instinctive in the animal kingdom?

Posted: 20 Jan 2016 04:32 AM PST

It seems like different animals clean themselves in many different ways so I'm just wondering if their methods are culturally based, passed down from mother to offspring, instinctive, etc.

submitted by MySlipperyPete
[link] [comment]

Have any extra dimensions been found?

Posted: 20 Jan 2016 04:56 AM PST

Does the color of light shining on ice affect the melting speed?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 09:03 AM PST

Hi!

I was just ice skating and a bit bored when I saw the ice melting. (It is a really good ice rink! Not...) But I noticed colored lights shining on the ice and I wondered if they can speed up (or slow down) that spot of ice.

I began thinking and I came up with this: I know white colored things reflect all colors of light. So if the ice is colored white it does not matter? But if the ice for example is colored red. Could not red light shining on it increase the melting speed? Becasue red objects absorb all light except red, they reflect that. And absorbing is also absorbing heat? Not? I was just wondering... Thanks!

submitted by SimonGulix
[link] [10 comments]

What does Math in Quantum Physics "look like"? Is it still much like applied math, or does it start to look more like doing proofs?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 06:21 PM PST

I've heard that a lot of the really theory-heavy areas of math show up in quantum mechanics a lot; things like linear algebra, group theory and complex analysis. Moreover, it seems like there are some folks in the pure math camp that are also doing stuff related to QM.

Does quantum physics mostly rely on the computational results coming out of these fields, or do you start working at a higher level of abstraction and do a lot of proving?

submitted by Smartless
[link] [6 comments]

Why should this perpetual motion machine not work?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 11:07 PM PST

The proposed machine is as such: There is a bar magnet with its N pole facing a wheel, and on top of the wheel, there is another bar magnet firmly attached to it. On the right half of the wheel, the N pole is always closer to the bar magnet above, and is thus repelled, causing a clockwise rotation of the wheel. As the wheel rotates round and the magnet on the wheel reaches the left half, the S pole is closer and is thus attracted. This reinforces the clockwise rotation of the wheel.

In both cases, it seems that the wheel is constantly being accelerated clockwise resulting in perpetual motion. What am I missing here?

A bonus question (if anyone is nice enough to answer this as well): Does this system have an equilibrium state (unstable or stable)? That is, is there any position I can place the magnet and the wheel such that there is no motion.

Note: I do realize that perpetual motion machines can't exist because of First Law of Thermodynamics, so please do not simply quote the law as an explanation. I want to know why it holds in this context.

Also, by placing the wheel in its initial position as shown in the picture, I understand that I have input some initial energy into the system.

I would appreciate any ideas regarding this!

submitted by scorleo
[link] [20 comments]

If light has energy, does it lose that energy over time? For example, the stars we see: does that light lose energy between their point of origin and it reaching Earth?

Posted: 20 Jan 2016 07:18 AM PST

How to calculate neutron decay?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 06:22 PM PST

I was recently reading about neutronium, which is composed of purely neutrons that is extremely dense and is present in neutron stars. What I read stated that neutrons isolated from protons are unstable and start to decay. According to what I read they have a half life of ~10 minutes. When they do decay they release a ton of energy. What I want to know is how one could calculate that amount of energy released per # or neutrons or lbs or whatever. Your help is greatly appreciated!

submitted by 20mcgug
[link] [8 comments]

Hawking recently quoted ""Although the chance of a disaster to planet Earth in a given year may be quite low, it adds up over time, and becomes a near certainty in the next thousand or ten thousand years." Do the chances of a disaster increase after not occurring for a long period of time?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 07:36 AM PST

Also, is it possible Hawking is including other unstated factors that increase the probability over time ? Thanks you geniuses!

submitted by PoundingOutVag
[link] [41 comments]

Can an atom from a solid theoretically pass through into the atomic structure of another solid?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 08:44 PM PST

Since solids experience movement at the atomic level, is it possible that an atom can randomly wiggle its way over time into the atomic structure of another solid?

submitted by justbcuzzzz
[link] [9 comments]

What color light would Radon emit in a gas-discharge lamp?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 04:11 PM PST

Everything that I've read says Radon is obviously difficult to experiment with due to its radioactivity. I can't find anything conclusive, though it seems from the spectral lines of other noble gasses and their procession toward higher temperatures (with regards to color that is) that Radon would probably emit a violet/UV light. Basically, if I filled a neon "OPEN" sign with Radon instead of neon, what color would the light be? Thanks!

submitted by Matador32
[link] [1 comment]

Can someone in mid Indiana, go outside, look up, take a picture of the giant ring around the moon. What the hell is that?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 07:26 PM PST

Why is the NH3 molecule shaped like a pyramid? Despite the orbits of the lone electrons being on both sides of the N-atome?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 10:20 PM PST

If a plane flies towards me at Mach 2, would I hear the noise it makes, backwards?

Posted: 20 Jan 2016 04:54 AM PST

If not, is there a way we can manipulate the Doppler Effect to hear/see something in reverse?

submitted by MrMcGowan
[link] [8 comments]

Why does silly putty break if yanked and stretch if pulled slowly?

Posted: 20 Jan 2016 04:53 AM PST

Asking for my inquisitive kid, who noticed that if he pulled hard on his silly putty, it would break cleanly. But if he pulled gently, it stretches. You can even combine these by pulling gently to stretch it, and then doing a quick yank to break it cleanly. What is the science behind that? Thanks!

submitted by Ratscallion
[link] [5 comments]

How do you calculate the well depth of a Lagrangian point? Is this "depth" directly used to state the volume of the well?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 08:00 PM PST

How do you wake up from coma ?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 01:34 PM PST

Just curious

submitted by sweetjoe221
[link] [2 comments]

How could Venera13 send photo of Venus to Earth when digital photography was practiclly non-existent?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 03:40 PM PST

I found that Venera13 "It snapped a panorama of images with its camera, sending back 14 color photographs and another eight in black and white."

But there is nowwhere to be found how it developed or processed these, was there digital camera in 1981 in SSSR?

submitted by Tanknastole
[link] [3 comments]

How can coral reefs be threatened by climate change when they have endured it before?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 07:46 AM PST

Coral reefs are composed of relatively ancient organisms, with the corals and sponges being the oldest members. These species have all endured a shifting climate before and Im not sure how long the ecosystem has been around but I did remember hearing that the earth was so warm when the dinosaurs were around that there were no ice caps. If this was the case then wouldn't we expect this ecosystem to survive modern climate change, or is it happening too rapidly?

Bonus question: what are some whole ecosystems that were eradicated during a great extinction that are no longer around today?

submitted by bryophyteclub
[link] [8 comments]

Tuesday, January 19, 2016

AskScience AMA Series: We are members of The Conversation here to discuss science communication. Ask Us Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We are members of The Conversation here to discuss science communication. Ask Us Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We are members of The Conversation here to discuss science communication. Ask Us Anything!

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 05:00 AM PST

Communicating science in the public conversation

In an era where many policy decisions facing lawmakers and voters involve scientific issues, it's important that scientists engage with the public to communicate scientific knowledge.

The Conversation is a non-profit, grant-funded news site dedicated to getting academics -- including scientists -- to share what they know with the general public. In addition to appearing on our site, all content is licensed freely under Creative Commons to other websites. The Conversation has editions (and editors) in the US, Australia, UK, Africa, and France.

On the panel today are:

Jonathan Garlick, /u/Jgarli01, Professor of Oral Pathology, Tufts University https://theconversation.com/profiles/jonathan-garlick-144707. Dr. Garlick's research expertise is in stem cell biology, wound repair, and human tissue engineering through which he has developed new therapeutic approaches for cancer, wound healing and complications of diabetes at Tufts University. He is leading a national initiative in Civic Science with Tisch College at Tufts to inform public learning about science-based issues that impact our lives as a bridge towards creating an inclusive, national science dialogue.

Jonathan Wai, /u/waijon, Research Scientist, Duke University, https://theconversation.com/profiles/jonathan-wai-186368 Wai researches and writes about the development of talent, broadly conceived, and its impact on society.

David I. Miller, /u/davidimiller/ Doctoral Student in Psychology, Northwestern University, https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-miller-163531. Miller is an advanced psychology doctoral graduate student at Northwestern University studying how and why students move into and out of science and engineering fields.

Maggie Villiger, /u/MaggieVvv, Science + Technology Editor, The Conversation US https://theconversation.com/us/team#maggie-villiger. Maggie has a background in broadcast journalism, having worked in both public radio and television, and has degrees in neuroscience and science communication

Our panelists have written on this issue, including Here's why academics should write for the public and To seek common ground on life's big questions, we need science literacy.

We'll be on from 12-2 PM ET. We'd like to discuss the challenges and necessity of talking to the public and asking and answering science questions. AUA!

submitted by AskScienceModerator
[link] [18 comments]

How does glue work at an molecular level?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 04:39 AM PST

Does it bond with the contact material or is there a more simple 'sticky' explanation? If the glue does not bond with the contact (as I assume is does not because of the relative ease of separation) then how does it stick in the first place while losing it's initial stickiness when hardening?

submitted by NickShiers
[link] [15 comments]

How do prions propagate by 'touching' healthy proteins?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 03:32 AM PST

How does 14nm lithography work?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 03:56 AM PST

I am wondering what technology the semiconductor industry utilizes to achieve 14nm feature sizes. I searched the web for a while but could only find stuff about Moore's law and why 14nm is great, but nothing tangible about the actual manufacturing process. Would be great if someone could help out!

submitted by mmx11
[link] [10 comments]

Biology: Do snakes/fish/limbless animals have handedness?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 07:42 PM PST

For example, if they are trying to move - will they favour using muscles on one side first? Asymmetrical chewing perhaps?

submitted by Lokarin
[link] [14 comments]

How does a GPS satellite handle all the requests from smart phones and other devices?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 04:50 AM PST

What's the difference between Fisher information and Shannon information?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 08:00 PM PST

How do volcanologists determine that a volcano became dormant millions of years ago?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 07:25 PM PST

How are they able to get estimates like that? How is it possible to tell that a volcano last erupted millions of years ago?

submitted by CaptainCougar
[link] [6 comments]

Could you use high powered lasers to burn/char paper instead of using ink?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 07:26 PM PST

If you have the right amount of power and the right thickness of paper, could you theoretically burn a small amount into a piece of paper and simulate black ink?

submitted by riptide747
[link] [22 comments]

Why do electron orbitals form the shapes they do?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 12:31 AM PST

I am a high school student who has recently begun learning about chemistry and I have found it relatively simple. However, the one part about chemistry that has been difficult to grasp has been electron orbitals and why they form in the ways they do. I am under the impression that everything in science has an underlying reason for it, so why is that these orbitals form in seemingly 'random' ways that do not make any intuitive sense? And why would the 4s orbital have a lower energy level than the 3d orbitals?

Also is there theoretical an infinite number of orbitals if you just add more electrons? If there is a pattern to the orbitals how would we go about predicting the form they would take?

If anyone could give me an answer as long as it is does not require college level math or extensive prerequisite knowledge of the subject it would be greatly appreciated

submitted by DameonK
[link] [2 comments]

Could we "prove" the theory of relativity by speeding up a decaying radioactive material and measuring the adjustment in half life?

Posted: 19 Jan 2016 06:58 AM PST

If a particle collider can speed up material to nearly the speed of light, my thought is that we could measure decaying material and put it into the Large Hadron Collider, and check if more material has decayed than if it was at a standstill.

Am I on a plausible train of thought here? Is "nearly the speed of light" fast enough?

submitted by KeeganThomas
[link] [7 comments]

Why does the melting point of hydrous rock decrease with increasing pressure?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 08:09 PM PST

While the melting point of anhydrous rock increases with increasing pressure?

submitted by pulpbear
[link] [1 comment]

Does any living creature make use of bases in their digestive tract instead of acids? Is it even possible to uses bases?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 04:14 PM PST

Why doesn't blowing high pressure air at an object heat it up?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 07:35 PM PST

If heat is atoms moving very fast such that when a high speed atom collides with a low speed atom the transfer in kinetic energy is also the transfer of heat (i'm thinking like billiard balls) why is it that blasting air at an object doesn't heat it up? Shouldn't adding kinetic energy into moving the air at a high speed cause that kinetic energy to transfer to the atoms in the stationary object and increase their speed and thus transfer heat?

submitted by everfalling
[link] [12 comments]

How would a plunger or other suction cup type things behave in a vacuum?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 06:30 PM PST

Would it blow up? Create a black hole? Disappear? Enlighten me.

submitted by warlikewater
[link] [8 comments]

Is Dolphin language spatial?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 10:14 AM PST

Given dolphin's extensive use of sonar/echolocation to understand their surroundings, and the complex nature of their clicks/whistles, has there been any research into whether dolphins perceive their auditory language spatially?

Have there been any efforts to map dolphin communication to spatial/SONAR models, e.g. instead of communicating an idea in a piecemeal, time-series fashion like humans do with our low-bandwidth spoken language, could dolphins basically be transmitting an entire picture of their idea, where it would take us dozens of words to do the same?

Edit: Gee, I wish I could tag this as biology, neuroscience, and computing too =(

submitted by fansipans
[link] [3 comments]

Just bought a USB rapid charger. How does a rapid charger work? And why aren't all chargers rapid chargers?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 11:34 AM PST

What controls the rate of burning in a candle?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 04:10 PM PST

I looked a little into how candles work, and it was something along the lines of the wax that is evaporated is what is actually burned.

I put in some paper towel into an old candle without a wick, to act as the wick. It worked great for a long time, but I found it latter as a big ball of fire inside the candle jar, not even attached to the wick. just all the hole volume of the jar was burning.

There was a lot of paper towel in their, so did that somehow allow there to be far more vapor to burn? Did the abundance of wick just evaporate too much paraffin?

submitted by the_real_uncle_Rico
[link] [5 comments]

Did the Earth have rings for a period of time after the impact that ultimately created the moon?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 09:14 AM PST

Is there an equivalent to the "Planck Length" for time units?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 02:11 PM PST

And if there is, shouldnt it be possible to calculate a momentous velocity of an object based on the fact that there's a "minimum" timescale?

submitted by sad_panda91
[link] [8 comments]

Monday, January 18, 2016

How would a bee (or any flying insect) behave in the microgravity of the ISS?

How would a bee (or any flying insect) behave in the microgravity of the ISS?


How would a bee (or any flying insect) behave in the microgravity of the ISS?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 05:17 AM PST

Would flying be somewhat normal?

submitted by amart89
[link] [108 comments]

If it only takes the Earth 23 hours and 56 minutes to rotate on its axis, why doesn't the sun eventually set "in the middle of the day"?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 08:19 AM PST

Would it be possible to jump off of Ganymede?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 08:12 PM PST

Friends were playing the CCG "Wars" and debating whether the dinosaur creatures could simply leap off of Ganymede rather than needing a spaceship. I am not smart enough to answer this query I hope that reddit can help.

submitted by grungytinman
[link] [22 comments]

If the Chicxulub impact caused a mass extinction event why do the Vredefort and Sudbury impacts not line up with other mass extinction events?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 05:06 AM PST

I'm having a hard time believing this hasn't been asked before but I've spent about an hour searching the web and Reddit and found nothing really addressing my question. If you know of existing sources feel free to link me to them.

Thanks!

submitted by flapanther33781
[link] [2 comments]

Since Pluto's eccentric orbit crosses that of Neptune's, will there be a point where both collide?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 05:48 PM PST

Reading Neil Degrasse Tyson's 'Death By Black Hole' where he mentions Pluto has an orbit much like an asteroid with an eccentric orbit, to the point that it crosses the orbit of Neptune. Is it possible that Neptune and Pluto could collide in the future?

submitted by Lachshmock
[link] [43 comments]

Most models of Dark Matter presuppose that it interacts with both gravity and the weak force. Why do Physicists believe that Dark Matter interacts with the weak force at all, why couldn't Dark Matter feel gravity alone?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 05:15 AM PST

Why is there more focus on Mars exploration over Venus?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 06:01 PM PST

I read it takes less energy to reach Venus. Other than the presence of water, what makes Mars a more focused target for exploration?

submitted by STIPULATE
[link] [46 comments]

Is it a coincidence that the formula for Kinetic Energy is the integral of momentum with respect to velocity?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 12:00 PM PST

KE = 1/2 mv2 = ∫mv dv = ∫p dv

submitted by jfb1337
[link] [20 comments]

Is it possible for a moon to also have its own moon?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 04:10 AM PST

What would happen to a paperplane in space that has the same orbit as the ISS?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 07:42 AM PST

Especially short term, like heat affecting the structure etc.

And just for fun, would a paperplane thrown from the ISS be able to reach escape velocity under any circumstances?

submitted by MandrakeRootes
[link] [146 comments]

Could we send a rover to Venus and have it roam and do sciencey stuff ala Curiosity on Mars?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 08:09 AM PST

How are drainage basins and continental divides even determined?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 04:58 AM PST

I was reading this wikipedia article and I was baffled that 17th century explorers managed to claim an entire drainage basin.

It was then that it dawned on me that I have no idea how we would even know the continental divides to do this day.

How are these discovered? Without going too far into /r/AskHistorians territory, was there even a process for this in the 17th century?

submitted by xpNc
[link] [3 comments]

How can you determine the interference path of sound?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 04:17 AM PST

I already know how interference works and worked with light wave interference. When working with light waves you could determine the 'path' the destructive and constructive interference takes/ where you will see light on a wall and where not. I've come as far as sketching the interference pattern for a set frequency and wavelength of two speakers and going from there but I'd like to find out how to do it mathematically.

I'm sorry if this doesn't belong here but I'd be glad if someone could help me!

submitted by slowdestiny
[link] [5 comments]

What is the de Broglie wavelength of a stationary macroscopic object?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 06:58 AM PST

I feel this was kind of glossed over in undergrad - the examples we were given usually included some macroscopic velocity too (e.g. m=1 kg, v=1 m/s, wavelength = 7x10-34 m). However, I suspect this was a bit of a "simplification for undergrads", and that the more accurate answer might be more subtle and complex. Otherwise, you might come to weird conclusions, like the idea that the wavelength of an object shoots up to infinity when you overtake its velocity.

submitted by Astrokiwi
[link] [3 comments]

Double slit - why are there so few images of the non destructive pattern formed by observation/detection at the slits?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 12:08 PM PST

Every video I see about the double slit experiment shows the interference pattern formed when going from one slit to two slits. Then, at some point, it is mentioned that if a detector is placed at the slits, then the interference pattern disappears and then forms two bands.

The problem is, I've been looking around for the past few hours and cannot find any images, videos, or askreddit posts which show this.

It would be ideal to have a video showing a single slit pattern, then the double slit interference pattern, then turning on the detector, resulting in the interference pattern turning into the two bands pattern.

CGI animations nearly always show it, but where can I see an actual result of it?

I get it that wave function collapse occurs and all that, but I have yet to come across an image or video showing how to force either the interference pattern or double band to occur based off of a detector or observer interacting with the experiment...

submitted by AnotherBrownBike
[link] [20 comments]

Can two objects ever be in the exact same rest frame?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 11:04 AM PST

I'm by no means an expert in Relativity, but two objects can be in the same relativistic rest frame relative to one another.

However, looking at the quantum end of things, Heisenberg's Uncertainty principle seems to say that two particles can't ever really be in the exact same rest frame to arbitrary precision.

How do we reconcile these two things? What am i missing here?

submitted by mc2222
[link] [9 comments]

Wouldn't plants be more efficient at gathering light if their leaves were black?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 09:21 AM PST

From what I understand the colours we see are the non-absorbed wavelengths of visible light, meaning the green we see is light energy the chloroplasts are not utilising. If plants leaves were black wouldn't they gaining more usable energy?

submitted by AyyBaw5
[link] [13 comments]

Why do electric engines don't have gear box?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 04:13 AM PST

So to give a little bit of context, the other day i was browsing the tesla car web and i found out that the cars didn't have clutch pedal. I thought that would be because they had an automatic gear box but the thing is they just have one gear. I was trying to look for an answer and i found that they don't need gears because electric engines always have the best torque posible. So here is my question: what is different from explosion engines to electric engines that make the last always work at the best torque possible. P.S. Sorry for my english level and thank you.

submitted by alexmaci
[link] [5 comments]

Can some information move faster than light speed?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 08:45 AM PST

If the gravity around a black hole is so great that, within the event horizon, nothing including light can escape, then how does the information about the mass of the black hole escape outside the event horizon to tell objects how to move according to the laws of gravitation?

The Earth "knows" the mass of the sun to follow an orbit around the sun to complete a revolution in one year. If the sun were replaced by a black hole of the same mass (I know the sun would have to have much bigger mass to eventually become a black hole, but this is just a hypothetical question), the Earth's orbit should remain unchanged.

I suppose the answer probably involves the black hole's warping of space-time, but isn't there a group of physicists that believe there are graviton particles that convey gravitational force like electrons do for electomagnetism? How would they explain gravitons exiting from the event horizon to interact with other particles?

Thanks!

submitted by Clavius1023
[link] [13 comments]

Are planets perfectly spherical - and why don't we see planets in others shapes?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 02:50 AM PST

Could there be anything more fundamental than quarks, bosons and leptons?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 08:37 AM PST

If we zoomed in on matter even further than the three categories of subatomic particle discovered so far, is it possible that we could see something more fundamental, perhaps something that is a constituent of all three types? Or have these particles been proven to be the most fundamental?

submitted by mrgreencannabis
[link] [13 comments]

Can retrovirus infections be passed down through genes?

Posted: 18 Jan 2016 02:14 AM PST

I know that retroviruses infect cells/replicate by transforming their RNA into DNA through reverse-transcriptase and incorporate it into the host cell genome. Different factors can then make the host cell transcripe and express these viral genes, which leads to viral replication.
What I'm wondering is if it's possible for these retrovirus genes to be passed down from father/mother to child? Not through transplacental transfer of virions but through the genes. My guess is that it has to be an infection of either the ovaries or the testis, but do such retroviruses exist? HIV for example infects T-cells, and therefore cannot be transferred this way.

submitted by Drugoli
[link] [comment]

Regarding the expansion of the universe, is the "edge" of the universe moving away from the absolute center (like a soap bubble) or is all of space uniformly expanding (like how a rubber band stretches)?

Posted: 17 Jan 2016 09:03 PM PST