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Thursday, December 3, 2015

Why are Nuclear reactors never built in Water or below water?

Why are Nuclear reactors never built in Water or below water?


Why are Nuclear reactors never built in Water or below water?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 05:19 PM PST

If water stops radiation and also keeps contained the fuel rods why don't we just build entire plant's under water? Would a meltdown be much more survivable if it was under 20 feet of water? Oh what about underground reactors?

Edit: Thanks for the response so far :) But another issue is why not deep under ground such as in deep cave systems where a space has been created or in mountain where it can provide additional shielding? Basically why build it where they are built right now?

submitted by Punishtube
[link] [515 comments]

If a person is deaf does the brain continue to run auditory processing on a "null audio feed" or is that part of the brain shut off or get repurposed for something else?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 06:44 PM PST

What causes these vertical lines that sometimes come stretching out of the top of a flame?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:40 PM PST

Picture (imgur direct link) for reference.

I've seen this before and always found it strange. I took a picture in part to rule out it being something to do with my eyes/brain. A few minutes of googling didn't get me any information at all. The lines don't always appear, don't always appear in the same size/place/configuration and more often than not seem to disappear over time.

I can't imagine what it could be - difference in local atmospheric pressures or oxygen ratios don't seem like they could explain straight vertical lines.

Thanks in advance both to mods & commenters.

submitted by Haber_Dasher
[link] [52 comments]

I had a very cold but totally liquid bottle of water in my refrigerator. When I took it out and chugged it a plug of slush formed in the mouth of the bottle. What were the physics behind that occurrence?

Posted: 03 Dec 2015 04:55 AM PST

How fast do you need to travel to "chase the sunset"?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 05:27 PM PST

If you were traveling around the globe and wanted the sun to remain relatively stationary right above the horizon, how fast would you be traveling?

submitted by jeffontiv17
[link] [61 comments]

Is there a stationary center of the universe?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 07:36 PM PST

Every time we are talking about velocity of something, it's relative to some other thing. And actually nothing is standing still everything is moving relatively. But I wonder if there is an absolute reference point of the space. I consider about big bang. It started from a single point and universe continued to expand. It's still expanding and galaxies are moving away from each other. Is there a center of this expansion?

submitted by ulville
[link] [70 comments]

Why have we evolved the ability to smell very specific chemicals we would never have been exposed to during our evolution?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:01 PM PST

As a chemist, I am constantly amazed by the variety of different chemicals that are identifiable by their very distinctive odors. It makes sense why we evolved the ability to smell things that might have been relevant to our survival, like rotting meat, or acetic acid (rotting fruit), fruit esters, smoke, cooking food, etc. But some chemicals have a very distinct smell that doesn't resemble anything that I might expect to find in the wild. For example, xylenes (magic marker smell) are very easy to identify by smell, and are structurally dissimilar to anything I would expect to find in nature in any amounts.

Is this merely an accident of our evolution, or does it imply that the ability to easily identify xylene by smell gave some advantage to our ancestors?

submitted by mlukeman
[link] [16 comments]

How fast could we travel before cosmic microwave background would blueshift enough to fry the spaceship?

Posted: 03 Dec 2015 06:26 AM PST

Additional question, with time dilatation we can travel arbitrary large distance in arbitrary short time. What distance could a spaceship travel in, lets say 1 year experienced by the crew (ignoring aceleration / deceleration) while going with the maximum "safe" speed from the main question?

submitted by omgoldrounds
[link] [2 comments]

What causes the Earth to spin on its axis?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:54 PM PST

How fast would I have to launch a radio for the Doppler effect to allow me to see the radio waves?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:17 PM PST

Stars collapse once they start producing iron at their core. How much iron would I need to throw into the sun to kill it?

Posted: 03 Dec 2015 05:34 AM PST

Bonus questions: Is this even possible and would another element work better?

submitted by Gingevere
[link] [5 comments]

What are the differences in safety and structural integrity in a car with 'suicide doors'?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:10 PM PST

Why is it that, if you add any sequence of numbers like this (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1), the sum is always the square of the largest number?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 10:20 AM PST

I was doodling around with my calculator in trig during high school several ago, and found this pattern. I forgot about it entirely until I was nodding off to sleep last night, and now I must know.

submitted by diminutive_sebastian
[link] [960 comments]

What particles can we smash in the LHC? What particles can we not smash? And could we smash antimatter?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 09:30 PM PST

I don't really know much about particle physics at all. But I know that the LHC can collide protons. Why not antiprotons?

submitted by petridishes
[link] [6 comments]

How come when my download speed doubles is doesn't cut the download speed by half.

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 04:01 PM PST

Basically I jump in download spped from 2 megabytes a second to 4 but it only cut the 20 minute time down by like four minutes to 1 minutes. Why does this happen.

submitted by Johnny-raven
[link] [14 comments]

Can a transplanted appendage heal tissue/bone and grow nails/hair?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 02:57 PM PST

I was learning about limb transplants in my bio class today, but I don't think my teacher knew much beyond the videos he showed us.

submitted by rhar1703
[link] [2 comments]

Are there any experiments involving lab mice that have had hugely different results when testing on other animals and/or humans?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 01:03 PM PST

Lab mice are used in all sorts of studies of medicine, psychology, biology and others. I am just curious if there have been any results when studying mice that have had a completely different result when that study or test was performed on another animal.

submitted by Zabawakie
[link] [6 comments]

[Biology] Can a cell that doesn't typically divide be stimulated in some way to divide?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:54 PM PST

Neurons and red blood cells do not divide regularly, but is there some way a cell that doesn't multiply can be spurred on to do so?

submitted by consultantdetective
[link] [3 comments]

Difference between compacted snow and ice

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 05:15 PM PST

I have someone who thinks compacted snow and ice are the same thing. I've tried explaining that when chemicals that are the same but undergo different processes, they become separate things. I guess I need it more simplified. Is compacted snow and ice the same?

submitted by TheMercDeadpool
[link] [4 comments]

Studies show that sleep makes you learn better overall, but how does this relate to time lost sleeping instead of studying?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:05 PM PST

Correction for title: *more sleep over less makes you learm better.

Like, at what points is one more needed, if ever? Is 8 hours sleep and 5 hours studying better than 5 hours sleep and 8 hours studying?

Is the time spent sleeping ever better for learning over lost studying time?

I'm thinking strictly learning, not well-being, social functions and feeling tired.

submitted by TDuncker
[link] [2 comments]

Do almost all land mammals have tails? What land mammals don't, other than primates?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:55 PM PST

[Kinesiology] Is there any science behind working out according to your blood type?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 03:51 PM PST

Do people in colder environments have higher caloric demands?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 12:04 PM PST

If you're living in a colder environment, does your body need to burn more calories to keep you warm? Is this difference in caloric needs significant enough that people in colder climates need to eat more food that those in warmer ones?

submitted by timmy_p
[link] [2 comments]

Are there any human-borne diseases that are of little harm to us but become deadly and infectious when transferred to other species? (similar to smallpox, the plague, tuberculosis, etc.)

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 09:20 AM PST

I was watching this GCP Grey video that said that fast-acting infectious diseases are of little harm to the species they originate from, but become deadly when transferred to humans (@4:30 in the video).

I was wondering if the reverse is ever true- a disease is no big deal for humans, but is highly deadly and infectious for another species. What are those diseases and how do they impact animal species?

submitted by VikingRule
[link] [4 comments]

Wednesday, December 2, 2015

AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and entrepreneurs working to build an elevator to space. Ask us anything!

AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and entrepreneurs working to build an elevator to space. Ask us anything!


AskScience AMA Series: We're scientists and entrepreneurs working to build an elevator to space. Ask us anything!

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 05:00 AM PST

Hello r/AskScience! We are scientists, entrepreneurs, and filmmakers involved in the production of SKY LINE, a documentary about the ongoing work to build a functional space elevator. You can check out the trailer here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YI_PMkZnxQ

We'll be online from 1pm-3pm (EDT) to answer questions about the scientific underpinnings of an elevator to space, the challenges faced by those of us working to make the concept a reality, and the documentary highlighting all of this hard work, which is now available on iTunes.

The participants:

Jerome Pearson: President of STAR, Inc., a small business in Mount Pleasant, SC he founded in 1998 that has developed aircraft and spacecraft technology under contracts to Air Force, NASA, DARPA, and NIAC. He started as an aerospace engineer for NASA Langley and Ames during the Apollo Program, and received the NASA Apollo Achievement Award in 1969. Mr. Pearson invented the space elevator, and his publication in Acta Astronautica in 1975 introduced the concept to the world spaceflight community. Arthur Clarke then contacted him for the technical background of his novel, "The Fountains of Paradise," published in 1978.

Hi, I'm Miguel Drake-McLaughlin, a filmmaker who works on a variety of narrative films, documentaries, commercials, and video installations. SKY LINE, which I directed with Jonny Leahan, is about a group of scientists trying to build an elevator to outer space. It premiered at Doc NYC in 2015 and is distributed by FilmBuff. I'm also the founder of production company Cowboy Bear Ninja, where has helmed a number of creative PSAs and video projects for Greenpeace.

Hey all, I'm Michael Laine, founder of [LiftPort](http://%20http//liftport.com/): our company's mission is to "Learn what we need to learn, to build elevators to and in space – and then build them." I've been working on space elevators since 2002.

Ted Semon: former president of the International Space Elevator Consortium, the author of the Space Elevator Blog and editor of two editions of CLIMB, the Space Elevator Journal. He has also appeared in the feature film, SKY LINE.

submitted by AskScienceModerator
[link] [37 comments]

Why are good conductors of electricity also good conductors of heat?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 05:46 AM PST

I understand that good electrical conductors are such because of their free electrons. But why is this correlated with heat conductance?

submitted by spottyPotty
[link] [3 comments]

How can the diameter of the Universe exceed its age?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 02:27 AM PST

The Universe is 13.8 billion years old and the observable Universe is about 93 billion light years across. How is this possible?

If I had to guess, I'd wager that the Universe must have expanded faster than the speed of light at some point in its evolution. I'm not sure if that makes sense though, and details would be lovely.

submitted by mikeyshmikey
[link] [5 comments]

Why does 3*7 give the same result as 7*3?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 04:44 AM PST

Everyone I ask this question to is looking at me as if this completely obvious, but I really don't understand why it is that if I (for example) calculate the total number of nails that must used to fix a door, the answer is the same when I use 7 nails for 3 doors, or 3 nails for 7 doors. The answer to both questions is 21 nails. Why is it that the outcome of any multiplication is the same for any number? Thanks in advance for explaining the obvious to me (that I don't see)

submitted by I_am_not_unique
[link] [14 comments]

Is time just the way we measure how long gravity is taking to pull us toward whatever it is pulling us towards?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 08:25 AM PST

It seems like time/gravity are intertwined but if we can see light from the past, which is a measurement of time, is this only because gravity has an effect on light?

I just keep coming back to time/gravity and feel I dont know enough about their relationship.

submitted by Xhiril
[link] [36 comments]

How can you get an image of the sun with neutrinos?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 09:40 PM PST

I saw this image posted to reddit a few months ago. A neutrinos detector was used to generate an image of the sun. I haven't been able to find any information on how this image was actually created, though, and would appreciate if anyone could explain. Since neutrinos interact with matter so rarely, it seems implausible that any imaging modality analogous to photon-based systems would work. So how do you get the spatially localized information that you see in this image?

submitted by increment_username
[link] [4 comments]

Why is it that I can come up with a relationship between sequential integers, sequential integer squares, but not sequential integers of higher order exponentials? Is this related to Fermat's Last Theorem?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 08:44 PM PST

Alright reddit, I was holding onto this revelation since high school, but now it's time to outsource the answer.

If a, b, and c are sequential integers(eg. 4, 5, 6), then to find c, you need to look at what was incremented between a and b. In other words c = ( b - a ) + b.

If we look at sequential squares, then c2 = ( b2 - a2 ) + b2 + 2.

My questions are three: is there a significance to the additional incremental value 2? Are there additional relationships relating c3 to the difference of b3 and a3 ? Is this in any way related to Fermat's Last Theorem?

submitted by TimeGrownOld
[link] [1 comment]

Can light cast a shadow?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 07:56 AM PST

I'm not exactly sure the best way to articulate this question but maybe someone can give some information on the subject.

Can the flame from a candle block the light from a light bulb?

Do photons bounce off each other? Do they pass through in a straight line or is the light refracted?

submitted by SaturnUranus77
[link] [28 comments]

At what rate does water freeze? As in, when the portion of water reaches freezing temperature, does it freeze in an instant in its entirety, or does it start a discrete point and progress through the entire portion of water? If so, at what speed?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 05:24 PM PST

Why can't two snow flakes be identical?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 08:32 AM PST

If it is statistically possible for your laundry to come out of the dryer already folded, shouldn't it be possible that two snowflakes somewhere can be identical?

submitted by BootyFista
[link] [28 comments]

How do we know that E = mc^2 is correct?

Posted: 02 Dec 2015 01:22 AM PST

How do we as humans, who cannot convert energy to mass and vice versa (I think) know that E = mc2 is correct? And how could Einstein know?

submitted by Azuralis
[link] [4 comments]

Does magnetism effects change by the velocity of c?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 08:08 AM PST

I read a german article about magnetic fields and it says, that "Changes in a magnetic field spread out with the light of speed". Is this true? And if so, how is it possible?

(If there are any curious german people here, there is the source: https://www.lernhelfer.de/schuelerlexikon/physik-abitur/artikel/magnetisches-feld )

Thanks for the answers :)

submitted by Waffenbeer
[link] [5 comments]

Many primates have complex social structures with similarities to ours. Have we ever observed "grandparents" trying to help their offspring reproduce?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 03:08 PM PST

It makes sense to me that natural selection would select for genes that not only help the immediate offspring survive to sexual maturity, but also help those offspring reproduce. This could be anything from an alpha primate putting his offspring near suitable mates to a bird helping his son build a courtship bower.

Has anything like this ever been observed, or even investigated?

Total coincidence that I ask this right after Thanksgiving

submitted by iloveendo
[link] [4 comments]

Does it take more energy to make an LED light blink, or remain constantly on?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 07:06 AM PST

What was the Panthalassic Ocean like? Wild massive waves and storms? Or basically the same as today's Pacific Ocean?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 04:54 AM PST

The Panthalassic Ocean was the vast global ancestral Pacific ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea, during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. It covered most of the globe. Given this size, was their an oceanic equivalent of the continental effect? What would the weather have been like? Super-cyclones and giant waves?

submitted by CharityHack
[link] [1 comment]

Does the Nitrogen in the air we breathe have any effect on our body?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 07:11 AM PST

Tuesday, December 1, 2015

Why do we use factorial to get possible combinations in the card deck?

Why do we use factorial to get possible combinations in the card deck?


Why do we use factorial to get possible combinations in the card deck?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 04:42 AM PST

I saw this famous fact in some thead on reddit that there are less visible stars than there are possible combinations of outcomes when shuffling a deck of 52 cards.

That is by using factorial. And I've been taught that x! or "factorial" is an arithmetic process used only when elements of the group can repeat themselves, i.e. your outcome could be a deck full of aces. But this outcome is impossible.

If this is wrong, does this mean that there is a different proces than factorial that gives you even larger number?

submitted by Tonda9
[link] [8 comments]

How accurate are these images of brains depicting mental conditions?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 08:05 PM PST

Why can't a human and sheep reproduce?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 08:59 PM PST

Hello askscience! I am aware that we do not share the same number of chromosomes as sheep which is a reason why we cannot reproduce with eachother. However, a 45 year old man and I got in a heated (on his side) debate claiming that it has happened before, and even went so far as to say he was taught that in school, and other things that I can only describe as complete bullsh*t. I am searching for a more detailed answer as to why we can't cross-breed, specifically with sheep, since my answer wasn't good enough for him, and to be honest I would just like to prove him wrong.

Thank you!

submitted by dragonmuse
[link] [61 comments]

If you took 100 liters of water at 80 degrees and mixed it with 100 liters of water at 60 degrees, would you get 200 liters of 70 degree water?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 05:40 AM PST

Do tardigrades have bones? How do they move around?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 12:06 PM PST

I came across this gif recently and while I'm sure it's just a simulation of how they would move it's got me wondering, do tardigrades have bones or even cartilage? Can that kind of thing exist at such a small scale? How do they move around?

submitted by fluffkomix
[link] [7 comments]

Why don't I ever experience destructive interference of sound waves from two speakers?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 06:56 PM PST

I would think that, if I had two speakers on my desk, playing the same sound, the speakers would have a small chance to play the sound back just right so that they interfere and the sound is made quieter. I would assume that the speakers are not playing the sound exactly synchronized all the time, so I would expect to hear (if not often, but at least every now and then) the sound canceling out and being quieter. However, I have never experienced this, so why?

submitted by thetrombonist
[link] [10 comments]

By what mechanism is Vitamin C supposed to help the immune system?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 11:44 AM PST

Does the six-carbon ring in serotonin have resonance?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 05:51 PM PST

I'm finding conflicting answers on the internet.

submitted by irrelevant_user-name
[link] [3 comments]

Is there a diamond equivalent for silicon?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 04:43 PM PST

I understand that silicon shares certain properties with carbon. Can it arrange itself into a diamond-type structure?

submitted by hughgazoo
[link] [6 comments]

Why is expansion work by the gas in thermodynamics sometimes considered positive and sometimes negative?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 05:37 PM PST

I've known throughout high school and first-year university that the formula for work is W=integral of Pext *dV. The only time I've seen a negative sign in that equation is in springs, where the force and extension are in opposite directions. Now in my thermodynamics course, work BY the gas has been introduced as being negative. I can see why this makes sense when compared with internal energy and heat, since the equation changes from dU=dQ-dW into dU=dQ+dW, but how is there argument over what the work done actually is, isn't work a well defined concept in physics and by extension thermodynamics?

submitted by syriangiraffe
[link] [6 comments]

Can our subconscious understand negative statements?

Posted: 01 Dec 2015 01:13 AM PST

In many (often self-improvement) books it is stated that our subconscious cannot understand negation, so supposedly "Be smoke-free" is much better than "Don't smoke" as a goal:

How much merit is there to this idea?

Edit: I tagged this as psychology, but I think it could also be part of neuroscience..

submitted by JoschuaSE
[link] [comment]

Are people with darker skin better suited to living in sunny conditions?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 06:58 PM PST

What is the efficiency of laser cooling vs other methods?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 09:04 PM PST

The sort of scenario that I'm thinking of is:

If you had a refrigerator who's goal is to cool it's contents to some moderate temperature, say 5 degrees celsius, how much energy would it take some theoretical laser cooling system vs your average compressor based fridge.

Maybe the laser is cooling some matter that has a coolant being circulated through it or something. I imagine that's not practical, and that there are many theoretical and practical problems with it, and I'd love for you to tell me what those problems are, but I'm just trying to get an idea of "energy per degree cooled" if that makes sense.

Thanks!

submitted by farming_diocletian
[link] [4 comments]

Is there credible research linking antiperspirant usage to breast cancer?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 10:47 AM PST

How can a black hole be so much smaller than a neutron star? Aren't neutron stars already super dense and without orbitting electrons, so without any void between nucleons?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 10:30 AM PST

Are the ice caps melting?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 11:44 PM PST

I have a friend that is constantly sending me links trying to disprove climate change. He sent me this link and it was the first time I've been confused by information he showed me.

Is this an accurate explanation of the data and what does it mean if the ice caps aren't melting?

Just looking for a succinct rebuttal or an explanation that contextualises the data.

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamestaylor/2015/05/19/updated-nasa-data-polar-ice-not-receding-after-all/

submitted by chubby_hugger
[link] [2 comments]

How can I tell if an object is accelerating?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 07:20 PM PST

I know, usually the answer is if the velocity is changing, but I'm talking about when you don't know if the velocity is changing. Maybe the observer's velocity is changing and therefore if appears to him/her that the object is changing velocities, when in reality it might be completely still or have a constant velocity.

Also, I want to avoid answers that explain that one can sense both acceleration and jerk, I'm talking about an observer that only has sight.

Another way to explain this problem is if the only thing you knew was that the distance between two objects was changing and the rate at which the distance changes was changing, therefore you knew there was some sort of acceleration. Thanks

submitted by theinfectgamer
[link] [4 comments]

Are there any "ungraphable" functions?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 11:51 AM PST

Are there any functions that cannot, for whatever reason, be represented on a plot of y against x?

submitted by tomknapton628
[link] [23 comments]

Due to the two hemispheres of the brain processing different information, would being deaf in one ear affect the development of the corresponding part of the brain?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 06:37 PM PST

I've always wondered if being deaf in my right ear stunted the development of my left hemisphere.

submitted by username_anon
[link] [4 comments]

Would you see the end of the universe before you could ever enter a black hole?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 01:13 PM PST

So if my understanding of black holes is correct, time does not move in your reference frame within a black hole's schwarzchild radius. Does this suggest as you get close to the schwarzchild radius time travels slower so more time passes outside of your reference frame meaning as you get very close you should witness the end of the universe before you enter the schwarzchild radius? Does this mean someone with force preventing them accelerating towards the black hole couldn't witness someone enter the black hole and would instead see them slowing down?

submitted by SmellsOfTeenBullshit
[link] [16 comments]

What is the earlierst true bird we know of?

Posted: 30 Nov 2015 10:41 AM PST

When I ask that question I always get "Archaeopteryx" or "Protoavis" as an answer. But these aren't true birds (they aren't in the group Aves), are they? So what is the oldest i.e. earliest species/genus that gets placed within the clade Aves?

submitted by LouisVIIdeValois
[link] [1 comment]