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Saturday, February 29, 2020

Numerically there have been more deaths from the common flu than from the new Corona virus, but that is because it is still contained at the moment. Just how deadly is it compared to the established influenza strains? And SARS? And the swine flu?

Numerically there have been more deaths from the common flu than from the new Corona virus, but that is because it is still contained at the moment. Just how deadly is it compared to the established influenza strains? And SARS? And the swine flu?


Numerically there have been more deaths from the common flu than from the new Corona virus, but that is because it is still contained at the moment. Just how deadly is it compared to the established influenza strains? And SARS? And the swine flu?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 04:02 PM PST

Can we estimate the fatality rate of COVID-19 well enough for comparisons, yet? (The initial rate was 2.3%, but it has evidently dropped some with better care.) And if so, how does it compare? Would it make flu season significantly more deadly if it isn't contained?

Or is that even the best metric? Maybe the number of new people each person infects is just as important a factor?

submitted by /u/ECatPlay
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When we eat meat, it has cells which have the animal's DNA and RNA. What does out body do to them once they've been digested and broken down into nucleotides? Do our cells use these nucleotides when replicating DNA or making mRNA?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 10:03 PM PST

How do we know a single quark's mass if quarks don't exist as individual particles?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 02:28 PM PST

A proton's mass is 900-something MeV

A pion's mass is about 140.

And "Single" up and down quarks have masses of 2 and 4 MeV.

Wikipedia says that the rest of the energy comes from gluon interaction, at least in case of baryons. I can't seem to find the info whether mesons are too bound by gluons, but I assume it is so.

How did we figure how much mass is attributed to the quark itself and how much - to their binding energy? Did we just calculate the binding energy somehow and then substracted it from the total mass, or is it something more complicated?

Again, if a quark can't exist as a single particle, then what exactly is its "mass"?

Apologies if I'm misunderstanding anything.

submitted by /u/Momoneko
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Where did MERS, SARS, Swine Flu etc go?

Posted: 29 Feb 2020 04:02 AM PST

Previous viral scares never spread to the general population. Containment efforts can't be the explanation, those would only slow the spread. With modern transportation, eventually nearly every person in the world should be exposed to these viruses, with a billion people dead given a 1 to 2% death rate . Instead the death counts have been in the thousands. Off by five to six orders of magnitude. What gives?

submitted by /u/pulcon
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How do fish naturally "spread" to other lakes/ponds?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 08:49 PM PST

For a little background to my question. My uncle bought a house with a decent piece of property. He dug a large pond that he has been intending to stock with fish for his grandkids, nieces and nephews. He dug this pond a couple of years ago, and has been letting the natural plants grow around it, balancing the PH, and just getting it suited for fish.

A few days ago, he noticed several small pan fish around the edge of the pond. He didn't put them in, and his pond is pretty far from any roads or streets, and near his house, so it's very unlikely anyone dumped anything in. There is no water running in, and no floods connecting it to any other water.

People on his Facebook have suggested birds of prey dropping them in, or even bears/cougars. Those seem relatively unlikely as I would think they would be unable to survive swim after being grabbed/dropped by a large predator. I'm unconvinced, any ideas?

submitted by /u/Thatguymike84
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When does a baby's life begin?

Posted: 29 Feb 2020 04:25 AM PST

I got into an argument with a friend of mine, he said that a baby (at this point a fetus) is alive from the moment of conception. I myself, strongly disagreed.

After spending a good amount of time actually researching this topic and not relying on hearsay anymore, i came to the conclusion that the sources i found are not clear or lack the desires information.

When does life begin for a baby? At which point of the development of a fetus can we say that it is alive? Or does it come alive earlier?

submitted by /u/Glaxom
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How does viral count of influenza evolve after washing hands?

Posted: 29 Feb 2020 04:06 AM PST

This question is based on health guidelines about washing hands due to COVID-19.

If you wash your hands in a public restroom, after closing the tap and opening the door, your hands are likely get dirty again. I'd like to know how to quantify this. I think the virus with most of information available which spreads easily would be influenza (either the 2009 H1N1 or some other strain). As a first approximation, maybe some here knows what percentage of viruses are left or picked up after briefly touching a surface? What experiments have been done?

Also seems to be very relevant the percentage of the population that is infected. If you touched the only person infected in the world, after washing it the risk going to be greatly reduced. But if most of the population is infected, washing might not make much difference.

submitted by /u/jinawee
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Van der Waal's equation of State, Why is Pressure proportional to density squared?

Posted: 29 Feb 2020 01:40 AM PST

The text in the book ( Heat Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics by Brijlal ) on the equation of state for a gas, correction for pressure, starts with stating 2 factors:

  1. pressure on walls of container depends on No. of molecules directly.
  2. pressure on walls of container depend on molecular interaction inversely.

But then, it says, according to these 2 factors, pressure is directly proportional to density squared.

please explain how so.

submitted by /u/vacuumcatastrophe
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Does anyone have an intuitive explanation of why optical bandgaps appear in periodic materials?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 09:44 PM PST

I've been looking at explanations in lecture notes and text books, but they rely quite a lot of mathematics of reciprocal vectors and momentum that I haven't got my head around yet.

Does anyone have an intuitive explanation of why this should happen?

submitted by /u/man-vs-spider
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Does cholesterol primarily block arteries in the heart, or do blockages occur everywhere, but are only of consequence in the heart?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 08:02 AM PST

What does light years have to do with space travel?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 11:57 AM PST

My understanding of a light year is how fast light travels, but why do scientists use light years to measure the distance between planets and how fast does light move in a year? Would the number in regular years be misunderstanding to a lot of people? I really don't understand the concept of it... Sorry the title is supposed to say do.

submitted by /u/KidBray
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Do identical twins occur exist for animals, or just humans?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 07:15 AM PST

Friday, February 28, 2020

Does a cat purr manually or automatically? Is it aware of it's own purring? Does purring have an effect on the cat?

Does a cat purr manually or automatically? Is it aware of it's own purring? Does purring have an effect on the cat?


Does a cat purr manually or automatically? Is it aware of it's own purring? Does purring have an effect on the cat?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 09:20 PM PST

Do cats turn it on or is it a response to something? If it's a response then what exactly is telling the purring to activate and cease? What evolutionary benifit is purring believed to grant?

submitted by /u/stexski
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One of the main reasons so many die from the flu and coronavirus is because of pneumonia. Since we have pneumonia vaccines, why is it not standard procedure to have the public get vaccinated for pneumonia?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 04:40 AM PST

In electricity, where does the flow of electrons actually come from?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 02:59 PM PST

When a turbine spins and electrons flow through the cable, where do they originate from? Are they coming off of the copper or iron itself?

If that is what happens, that must damage the material right?

submitted by /u/mkinstl1
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Do planets slowly grow in size?

Posted: 28 Feb 2020 02:44 AM PST

Asking because of archaeology. Seriously old stuff found really deep underground suggests it does right?

submitted by /u/MrDurka
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Has the weight or mass of Earth changed overtime?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 01:29 PM PST

For example if everything were even, all the resources on Earth have always been here and the contributed to the weight or mass of earth. We take those resources and make things. Sometimes the things we make emit gases or substances that upon leaving the atmosphere don't weigh on the Earth anymore. Then all the space debris we've sent into outer space. So, is the Earth lighter than say 25,000 years ago? 1,000,000 years ago?

submitted by /u/Jney2012
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What did the tropics look like during the last ice age?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 10:35 AM PST

(yes, I know that we're still in one of many ice ages, I'm talking that period of time that popular culture has decided is the ice age)

I often see cool maps and renderings of Europe and North America, with glaciers stretching into Germany or Wisconsin or whatever. But I don't think I've seen any description of tropical areas (Amazon, Congo, Borneo, and the like) during that period.

What did average temperatures look like around that time? Were there still rainforests? And what kinds of interesting species were living in that area?

submitted by /u/Shmebber
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How do you find the boiling point of something in a different atmospheric pressure?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 02:46 PM PST

So I was reading the book Artemis, and in it, they're basically a moon colony, and it mentions that coffee tastes bad to tourists because it's too cold to them due to the boiling point being lower because of the lack of atmosphere and the pressure of the colony domes being way lower(I don't remember the number they used).

So I got to wondering because I know Mercury has an almost non-existant atmosphere, and it's also really hot(800F according to Google), so I checked, and the surface is made of silica(silicon dioxide) and that has a boiling point of 3,110F on Earth, so I wanted to find out how close to boiling that is on Mercury, but I can't find how to calculate the boiling point of silica(or anything) in a different atmospheric pressure.

submitted by /u/DrCorian
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Can 241Am spontaneously generate 243Bk?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 03:44 PM PST

As most of you may know, Berkelium was discovered after a surface of Americium-241 was bombarded with high energy alpha particles. This had got me wondering; as 241Am decays, it can occasionally produce a high energy alpha particle. If said alpha particle hits the nuclei of a nearby 241Am nucleus, wouldn't that generate 243Bk (just as in the original synthesis)? So, would this mean that any given sample of Americium-241 potentially has a few atoms of Berkelium in it?

submitted by /u/KongRC225
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How does the gut microbiome recover after a very strong antibiotic course?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 11:17 AM PST

Let us assume that a person takes a very strong antibiotic for over a month. I presume that this will impact the gut microbiome in a bad way. Now, how will the gut microbiome recover if most of it gets affected?

submitted by /u/paradoxonium
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During negative selection in the thymus, what mechanisms determine if T-cells bind too strongly to self-peptides and are eliminated?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 04:10 PM PST

From my understanding, TCRs which bind too strongly to self-peptides presented by MHC on professional antigen presenting cells or mTACs are eliminated via apoptosis to inhibit auto-immune diseases. Weak to moderate interactions are considered tolerable and the cells allowed to continue. What mechanisms exist in the cells presenting the self-peptides (or in the T-cell itself) which determine if the interaction is too strong and the T-cell needs to be eliminated? Is there something like a coupled GTPase which acts as a timer like with EF-Tu, or possibly inter-cellular proteins in the presenting cell interacting with MHC and aggregating to some threshold which can then trigger a signal to cause T-cell apoptosis?

submitted by /u/Tanthor
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How does alcohol kill everything from bacteria to viruses and more?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 08:31 AM PST

I was reading some news about the coronavirus, and that it is reccomend to use alcohol based hand sanitizer. I started to wonder how isopropyl alcohol kills basically everything from a cold to the coronavirus? It seems like one of those too-good-to-be-true things. Same thing with bleach. Thanks :)

Edit. I am wondering more about how it is so universal? What makes it so special?

submitted by /u/HoneyCide
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Can a Regulatory(Suppressor) T-Cell "protect" cancer cells from NK Cells and the rest of the immune system?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 03:17 PM PST

I have been watching this anime recently, called "Cells at Work." It usually provides a well-detailed summary of certain parts of the human body and certain phases it can go through.

I decided to read the manga, and in a chapter, it describes the immune system fighting off a cancer cell. However, it also shows a Regulatory T-Cell "protecting" it by not allowing an NK Cell and other parts of the immune system to attack it.

I realize that cancer cells usually have different receptors than other cells, and trigger an immune response, but is it possible for a Regulatory T-Cell to not notice this difference and thus, protect the cancer cell?

submitted by /u/Shopnil4
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Are quantum mechanics interpretations falsifiable?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 06:31 AM PST

I'm thinking specifically of Copenhagen, Many-Worlds and de Broglie–Bohm theory. Do these interpretations always make the same predictions, or is it possible to devise a test that could rule out one or more of them?

submitted by /u/Anaklusmos
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What causes Earth’s magnetic poles to reverse?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 06:21 AM PST

So I'm familiar with the fact that Earth's magnetic poles have sporadically reversed in the past. But why exactly would the two poles of a dipole "flip"? I've read that it's due to one field "weakening" and causing a reversal. If this is the case, what causes one field to become weaker?

bless u

submitted by /u/achimpinspace
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How can nuclear fusion reactor withstand the insanely high temperatures of plasma?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 06:15 AM PST

So in the concept of nuclear fusion we create plasma in a chamber which at this scale would require temperatures even hotter than those of the sun. Why doesn't the reactorwalls just smelt? How is it possible to transfer this heat energy this fast to protect the reactor from just sublimating?

submitted by /u/NathanTheOnlyOne
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Is Sars-CoV-2 / Covid 19 spread solely through humans around the globe or are there any other potential disease vectors like birds spreading it as well?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 01:23 AM PST

How does the new antiviral drug patented for COVID-19, Fapilavir, work?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 12:01 AM PST

I'm a medical student, and was curious about how we're treating the virus. Couldn't find much information on the drug while googling.

I'd heard that in Thailand they managed to use Oseltamavir to cure COVID, since coronaviruses have neuraminidase activity like influenza?

And on a similar note, they've been advising the use of chloroquine against COVID as well. Isn't that a heme polymerase inhibitor for malaria? How does it work as an antiviral?

submitted by /u/rjtsaigal
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Thursday, February 27, 2020

What does it take to develop a vaccine, and why does it take so long?

What does it take to develop a vaccine, and why does it take so long?


What does it take to develop a vaccine, and why does it take so long?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 03:02 PM PST

My basic understanding is that a vaccine contains a weakened or dead version of the virus in question, which can be injected into the body so the immune system can develop antibodies without risk of infection. The vaccine acts as a practice run of sorts.

What exactly is it that stops us from just getting a sample of the virus and, say, irradiating it with x-rays or dunking it in some sort of "virus-killer" chemical (if such a thing exists)? Do we have to figure out how to weaken each virus on a case-by-case basis?

I know there obviously must be some reason, and it's not as simple as just bake virus for 15 minutes, until golden brown. Otherwise disease just wouldn't be an issue, and that's obviously not the case. I'm wondering what makes it so hard.

Edit: Thank you for the answers everyone! To sum things up: it's complicated! (Who knew?) But it basically comes down to a whole host of biological factors that I now have a very vague grasp on but am not qualified to summarize (see comments if you want competent biological information), plus a bunch of administrative hurdles.

submitted by /u/merendi1
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Is there any correlation between the frequency of left-handedness in a population and the population's writing system being read right-to-left?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 06:13 PM PST

I've always assumed most of the languages I encounter are read left-to-right and top-to-bottom due to the majority of the population being right-handed, therefore avoiding smudging when writing. However, when I take into account the fact that many languages are read right-to-left, this connection becomes more tenuous.

Are writing systems entirely a function of culture, or is there evidence for biological/behavioural causes?

submitted by /u/telechronicler
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If E = MC^2 then why does a photon contain energy?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 03:40 AM PST

Surely 0 x C2 wouldn't work universally, or, I guess the equation wasn't posited as a universal truth to begin with - which is what it's reputation would lead you to believe :p

So what is it really meant to demonstrate?

submitted by /u/FanticalZappy
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Why are Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) a separate species from modern day humans (Homo Sapiens)?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 01:05 PM PST

I am reading a book that states what separates species is the ability to mate and have fertile offspring. How are Neanderthals and Homo sapiens separate species if we know that Homo sapiens have Neanderthal DNA? Wouldn't the inheriting of DNA require the mating and production of fertile offspring?

submitted by /u/LuchoMucho
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Why is Hydromorphone not called Hydromorphine. Same for hydrocodone why is it not called hydrocodeine? Or are they just not related?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 04:20 PM PST

What happens during a seizure and what do people feel?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 08:31 PM PST

Could we be missing a planet on the opposite side of the sun?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 12:17 AM PST

Is it possible that there is a unknown planet. That is perfectly orbiting the sun on the opposite side? At the same speed of Earth. So its always out of our view? Also if that was the case. Then what other 'space science' would allow us to know?

submitted by /u/unopinionated1
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How are there homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 05:53 PM PST

I know that there must be homologous chromosomes during meiosis, as that's what the whole meiosis I is predicated on, but how do you have mother and father chromosomes in your sperm or egg cells?

To the best of my knowledge, meiosis occurs before fertilization (inside your testes or ovary), but you only get both the mother and father chromosomes after fertilization. As homologous chromosomes are the mother and father's pairs of the same chromosome, I don't understand where they come from in meiosis.

I'm sure I'm missing something, but can't figure out what it is.

submitted by /u/benigncancers
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What exactly are "indeterminate growers" (like axolotl and some turtles)? Does this mean that given enough time one would grow as large as an elephant?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 10:46 AM PST

Also, is this synonymous with negligible senescence? If so, does that mean that even in perfect conditions organisms with negligible senescence will eventually die from becoming too large?

For example, there is this turtle that lived 250+ years and a shark that lived 400+ years. I wonder, after reading this article - https://io9.gizmodo.com/turtles-could-hold-the-secret-to-human-immortality-5618046 - is reference to accidents etc even correct? I've heard that turtles are "indeterminate growers". Does this mean that given enough time any turtle will grow as large as a car (or whatever) and so inevitably mechanically break down and collapse under its own weight? Or not and the reference to accidents/diseases is correct?

submitted by /u/Laroel
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Are there any parasites that alter human behaviour? Like the spinochordodes tellinii in crickets

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 11:09 AM PST

If you were in a ship in space with nothing else in your light cone as a reference point, would it be possible to discern your velocity?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 07:33 PM PST

Is there anything intrinsic to spacetime which could give information about the rate at which one passes through it?

submitted by /u/bangsecks
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Is it possible to apply Lagrange points to nuclei and electrons?

Posted: 27 Feb 2020 04:16 AM PST

Each nucleus bahaves like a body with its own gravitional pull. And electrons are smaller bodies. We could make an association between two planets and the five asteroids in each langrange point and two nucleii and 5 electrons. Could they behave similarly just at a much smaller scale?

I realize that for this to be possible the weight of the nuclei should be huge compared to the electrons which would imply heavy molecules, which usually have way more than five electrons.

Tho admitting the existence of two atoms which fit the requirements, maybe by extreme extreme izotopisation if that could happen, is it possible that they behave similarly?

submitted by /u/yvaine369
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Do late bloomers/people who mature later generally live longer?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 03:30 PM PST

Why is g constant regardless of the mass of an object on a planet, but the mass of the planet does matter?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 06:10 PM PST

At what point does a continent end and how "elevated" is it from the seabed?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 03:51 PM PST

Let's say you drain all the oceans and are on the furthest point of North America. How far out would you have to walk before you reached the established end of the continent and how far down would the sea floor be? I know it's not necessarily a linear slope nor is it equal in all places but I wanna try and get a rough visualization.

submitted by /u/Merry_Dankmas
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Is there any truth to the "fact" that "If the earth was 10 feet closer to the sun, we'd all burn up." meme?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 11:01 PM PST

Why do your legs tingle after they've fallen asleep?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 01:54 PM PST

I get that it's comes from paresthesia? What does that really mean though? I am having a hard time understanding what that actually is.

submitted by /u/IrToken
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How is a nuclear reactor physically built? Not how it works, but how is radioactive material put inside of it?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 11:17 AM PST

I finally got around to watch the Chernobyl miniseries, and something intrigued me:

If the debris on the roof were so radioactive that neither humans or robots could stay near it for more than a few seconds, how was the radioactive material physically put inside the reactor in the first place? How does that work?

edit: one word

submitted by /u/Le_Mug
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Can you get coronavirus if you had sars?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 08:45 PM PST

If you got immunity to sars, will that prevent you from the coronavirus since they are similar?

submitted by /u/viewsonic041
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Are people who contract coronavirus immune to it once they end up recovering?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 08:30 PM PST

There are a few people right now who have contracted covid19 and have recovered from it, are they likely to contract the disease again if they're exposed to the virus?

submitted by /u/A_confusedlover
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Most deadly diseases that humand have (the black plague, coronavirus, and hiv) come from animals. Is there any disease humans gave to animals?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 10:35 AM PST

How are nerve fibers structured for birds to be able to flap their wings in sync?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 05:39 PM PST

I know that the structure of nerves for vertebrates and invertebrates are different and I know that stimulus affects the contraction of muscles, but how are the nerve fibers in a bird different? They have to be able to flap both wings at the same time.

submitted by /u/Elitmentary
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How does using hand sanitizer compare to washing one's hands with soap?

Posted: 26 Feb 2020 06:39 AM PST

Have always wondered if one is more effective than the other.

submitted by /u/Killershot9
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