How were roots and logarithms inititially calculated without the use of calculators? | AskScience Blog

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Wednesday, December 13, 2017

How were roots and logarithms inititially calculated without the use of calculators?

How were roots and logarithms inititially calculated without the use of calculators?


How were roots and logarithms inititially calculated without the use of calculators?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 09:51 PM PST

Right now all I do is use the root, log or ln button in my calculator and it spits the answer out. Is there a systematical way of calculating this by hand?

submitted by /u/Magisidae
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How long does a supernova last?

Posted: 13 Dec 2017 04:33 AM PST

If a star exploded near enough to Earth for us to be able to see it, how much time would we have to enjoy the view before the night sky went back to normal?

submitted by /u/VelvetPoltergeist
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What selection pressures caused gender/sex to evolve?

Posted: 13 Dec 2017 02:19 AM PST

Since life came from a single celled organsim, what are the selection pressures that could've caused mutations/genes that resulted in genders?

Bonus questions I'd much appreciate if you could answer:

  • What selection pressures along with changes in genes caused different developments of sexual reproduction mechanisms? In essence how is it that some species reproduce in a manner that is completely different from a species whom not long ago came from the same ancestor?

  • Are their species where more than two genders/sexes evolved?

Thanks in advance.

submitted by /u/962rep
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Why isn't the atmosphere of Jupiter homogeneous?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 06:24 PM PST

After what I would assume is a few billion years of mixing, why are there still such defined patterns in Jupiter's atmosphere? Why are the layers not homogeneous? Does it have to do with updrafts mixing more dense layers?

submitted by /u/Now_Plain_Zero
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What do the dot product/the tensor product of two vectors represent geometrically?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 07:50 PM PST

So the cross product isn't too hard to understand conceptually, since there's an actual geometric representation for what it is (if a x b = c, then c is perpendicular to a and b and has a magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram made by a and b (E: that goes in the direction according to the right-hand rule)). But what about the dot/tensor product? I know how to do them, but what exactly do they represent geometrically?

submitted by /u/Popopopper123
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How do ISP's limit the speeds I get?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 05:27 PM PST

Is there any element that can form 8 or more covalent bonds?

Posted: 13 Dec 2017 05:49 AM PST

Or is the maximum permissible bonds seven like in IF7?

submitted by /u/DeltaEmerald11
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Posted: 13 Dec 2017 07:07 AM PST

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Physics, Astronomy, Earth and Planetary Science

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

submitted by /u/AutoModerator
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Does the gritting/salting of our roads during winter have any significant impact to the salination of the waterboard?

Posted: 13 Dec 2017 02:45 AM PST

What is our best information about the origin point of intersteller asteroid Oumuamua?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 10:20 AM PST

The first information I cam across (more than one science journalism source) suggested the star Vega, in Lyra. This seems pretty specific. Another source suggested that this thing had been travelling for so many billions of years that if it came from the area of sky that is now occupied by Vega, Vega wouldn't have been there at the time.

More recent updates have suggested the southern constellations of Carina and Columba. I don't have any astronomy-related training at all, but isn't that that a completely different chunk of sky?

...new here; hope I followed all the correct formats.

submitted by /u/tygrebryte
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Whats the difference between liquid and gas?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 11:34 AM PST

I know this many sound like an extremely simple question, but on a molecular level, what's the difference between a liquid and a gas? From a young age we're shown a collection of diagrams showing how the structure of molecules in solids, liquids and gases differ. In diagram of the solid, they're touching, in the liquid, they're spaced apart and less structured, and in the gas, they're even further apart. My assumption has always been (feel free to correct me if I'm wrong), that difference between a solid and a liquid is the molecules 'touching', there molecular bonds. When a substance becomes hot enough that's its molecules have enough energy to break there bonds, it becomes a liquid. We have a definite point in which a solid becomes a liquid. Equally, there is a definite point when a gas becomes a plasma, when the molecules gain enough energy that there atomic bonds begin breaking down, making a soup of protons electrons and the works. ...but what's the definite point between liquid and gas? Are there any properties that a gas has the a liquid does not? Theoretically, if we had a liquid and a gas of the same density, how would they behave differently? Maybe a slept though a key part of my year 6 science classes and missed something. Help me atone for my younger laziness reddit!

submitted by /u/Flyingnutkick
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How can you make antimatter in a particle collider?

Posted: 13 Dec 2017 01:23 AM PST

I understand that you can find new sub particles by hitting two hadron together in near light speed such as higgs boson. But how can you reverse the electric charge of an atom in that way?

submitted by /u/Numree
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Do we all see the same color when looking at the same thing?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 02:02 PM PST

We all know the grass is green, but could someone's "green" be someone else's red or blue? Do other people see things in various different colors but associate that color by the same name we've always known it as?

submitted by /u/LightWithoutLaz
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If axial tilt causes the seasons at temperate latitudes, then why don't the poles experience extremely hot summers when the sun is out all day, and even *more* extreme winters when the sun remains set all day?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 03:05 PM PST

Are earthquakes worse if you are many stories above? Or if you are many floors underground?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 06:56 AM PST

Is it possible to use The Hubble Telescope to look at the interstellar asteroid in our solar system?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 10:36 AM PST

I've seen that SETI want to use radio telescopes to listen to the first interstellar object in our solar system (that we know of), would it be possible to use the Hubble Space Telescope to get a better look of it?

submitted by /u/Killco_Joe
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Does temperature have an effect on cables like HDMI or ethernet? If so, how?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 07:05 AM PST

For example: say you routed an ethernet cable from a computer to a modem. The cable lays above a heater which then another section of the same cable lays in front of, say, a door to the outside which cold can come through. Then the rest of the cable goes into a computer.

Would the cold and heat do anything to the connection or the cable itself in general?

submitted by /u/PM_For_Help
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Have the Hawaiian islands gotten bigger or smaller over time?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 01:57 PM PST

Have they gotten smaller because of global warming? Were they larger or more prominent 150 years ago before industrialization? Is it possible their size would change regardless given their geographical location? Are they going to disappear and what may cause that?

submitted by /u/emsiii
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Are there any "rock-paper-scissors"-genes?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 06:12 AM PST

I'm in my last year of high school, and learning about genetics. So far, we've covered dominant and recessive genes, as well as codominance and such. Are there any genes where the alleles dominate each other like in a game of rock-paper-scissors?

submitted by /u/Mirriet
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How does the geographical spread of influenza work?

Posted: 12 Dec 2017 01:22 PM PST

I've always thought of influenza as a cold weather illness, which by and large, it seems to be. Australia was hit particularly hard this winter, and now that the seasons are changing, they're seeing a slowdown.

Now, the northern hemisphere is starting to get sick, and I was looking at the map of the US on the newest CDC report. I've always known it tends to start in the southern US and work it's way up, but why is that? Do we know? Areas where it is truly the coldest right now have sporadic cases, but the deep south is already at high levels. If it is a cold-weather illness, why doesn't it start spreading the fastest in the areas that are the coldest, where people are shut in and spreading germs already?

submitted by /u/tinygiggs
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