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Friday, March 31, 2017

AskScience AMA Series: I am Greg Matloff, and I work on the science of interstellar travel. Ask Me Anything!

AskScience AMA Series: I am Greg Matloff, and I work on the science of interstellar travel. Ask Me Anything!


AskScience AMA Series: I am Greg Matloff, and I work on the science of interstellar travel. Ask Me Anything!

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 05:01 AM PDT

Greg Matloff, Ph.D., is a recognized expert on interstellar travel. He lives with his wife, artist C Bangs, in Brooklyn, New York. Greg teaches physics and astronomy at the City University of New York, has consulted for NASA, is the author or co-author of 12 books and more that 130 scientific papers and serves as an advisor to Yuri Milner's Project Breakthrough Starshot. Although he has contributed to studies of extra-solar planet detection, Earth atmosphere chemistry, Earth defense from asteroid impacts and the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, his main research interest is the solar photon sail. Greg feels that the human future and that of our planet's biosphere will be shaped by our ability to utilize solar system resources for terrestrial benefit. He has recently contributed to the scientific investigation of the possibility that the universe is conscious. See google scholar for his publications, or at www.gregmatloff.com and www.conscious-stars.com.

Our guest will be joining us starting at 12 PM ET (16 UT). Ask him anything!

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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How do incubating eggs survive without an oxygen supply inside the egg?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 08:28 PM PDT

Saw the gif of a baby snek emerging from an egg and taking a big first breath, and I wondered how it was breathing before it emerged?

submitted by /u/ISawTwoSquirrels
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[Mathematics] What number refers to the number of possible orderings of natural numbers?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 09:21 PM PDT

The number of unique orderings of a set of length n is n! and as such it seems logical to me that the number of unique orderings of the natural numbers is Aleph null factorial, but what does it mean to take the factorial of an infinitely large number as infinity minus one is still infinity(i think). I was also thinking about the Continuum hypothesis which says that the cardinality of the set of real numbers is 2 raised to the Aleph null. x! grows faster than 2x so would that make the number of unique orderings of the natural numbers to be larger than the set of real numbers(assuming that we are able to take the factorial of Aleph null)? Apologies if my question makes assumptions which are incorrect, but thanks for reading!

submitted by /u/AloysiusSnuffy
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Like carnivores, do herbivores kill the young of other herbivores to eliminate competition for resources?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:17 PM PDT

What's happening in your body when you 'sober up' due to panic?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 08:31 PM PDT

If I have two cups, A and B, with the same volume and temperature, 80 Celcius and you add the same volume of cold liquid 4 celcius. Will the temperature of cup A and B be different if i add cold liquid drop by drop to cup A and all the liquid at the same time in cup B after the same time?

Posted: 31 Mar 2017 01:41 AM PDT

What factors determine the optimal body temperature of an endothermic species?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 07:53 PM PDT

Reading that the "low" body temperature (94 - 97 F) of opossums made them less vulnerable to rabies got me thinking about the "normal" body temperatures of other mammals. After some Googling I could find little obvious pattern in the optimal temperature of different species, other than monotremes having lower temperatures than marsupials, which in turn have lower temperatures than placentals. But what other factors go into determining the "healthy" temperature of an endothermic species?

submitted by /u/GargoylesGarglingOil
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If two object with different thermal energy values were sitting in a pure vacuum without physical contact would they still eventually exchange heat? If so, how?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 10:54 PM PDT

To my understanding all thermal exchange needs an interaction of molecules to take place, higher energy values 'gravitate' then mix in with lower energy states. If there is no 'physical' or atomic interaction to take place, would the atom excitation release from both objects and then eventually interact with each other until equilibrium was reached?

submitted by /u/cephsdiablo
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When the Chicago River's flow was reversed in 1900, what was the public health impact to the American South along the Mississippi River?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:14 PM PDT

The flow was reversed because people in Chicago were getting sick due to the presence of human waste and other contaminants in the river. Reversing the flow reduced the spread of disease because it no longer gathered in Lake Michigan. However, that stuff didn't disappear.

How did the reversal impact public health along the Mississippi River, the new destination for Chicago's waste and sewage?

submitted by /u/superbadninja
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How can you tell the difference between a dicot stem and a monocot root?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 08:58 PM PDT

Searching this question on Google only brings up comparisons between the different roots and stems.

Pictures of the ones I looked at: http://imgur.com/a/cEbWo

submitted by /u/Phading_Fuzzy
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Is there a substance that's inherently salty but does not contain NaCl?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 08:18 PM PDT

How was the rotational speed of the Fizeau–Foucault apparatus measured accurately enough to calculate the speed of light with only a 5% error in the 1840s?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 03:56 PM PDT

I love the story of this discovery and the problem--solving aspect of it, but it seems like every description I've seen omits how in the world Fizeau was able to determine the speed of the spinning toothed wheel close enough to be remotely useful without any sort of digital timing device.

Am I the only one missing this piece of the puzzle? Did he just estimate over and over and take an average that happened to be in the ballpark?

BONUS: What other interesting devices or methods of precision were used in the pre-digital or pre-mechanical days? Any still regularly used that one wouldn't necessarily expect?

submitted by /u/Klopfenpop
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Is there any test that can without a shadow of a doubt give exact age of a human?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 03:44 PM PDT

Can spontaneous fission be considered a decay mode? Why do elements tend toward an equal balance of protons and neutrons?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 01:40 PM PDT

Optionally, do neutron-poor elements make good materials for neutron absorption?

submitted by /u/WangernumbCode
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How could Neutrinos be Majorana Particles if we have different way to detect neutrinos and anti neutrinos?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 12:04 PM PDT

Was there an alternate theory for the extinction of dinosaurs prior to the Alvarez Hypothesis?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:20 PM PDT

Can a planet have a heavy metal core (as opposed the nickel-iron core we have)?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 10:18 AM PDT

Could Venus have supported life in its past?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 10:25 AM PDT

Do we have evidence that Venus has always been the hellscape it is now or could it have had a milder climate in the past?

submitted by /u/w-alien
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What is the actual formular for the sin/cos/tan fuction?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 08:40 AM PDT

I have searched for it but all I can find are equations like sin(alpha) = a / c

But what I am interested in is the following: What is the formular that your calculator uses when you type sin(45°) for example?

submitted by /u/StuntHacks
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Thursday, March 30, 2017

Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on GMOs!

Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on GMOs!


Discussion: Kurzgesagt's newest YouTube video on GMOs!

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 07:05 AM PDT

Hi everyone! Today on askscience we're going to learn about genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, and what they mean for the future of food, with the help of Kurzgesagt's new video. Check it out!

We're joined by the video's creators, /u/kurz_gesagt, and the scientists who helped them make this video: geneticist Dr. Mary Mangan, cofounder of OpenHelix LLC (/u/mem_somerville/), and Prof. Sarah Davidson Evanega, Professor of Plant Breeding and Genetics at Cornell (/u/Plant_Prof),

Additionally, a handful of askscience panelists are going to be joining us today: genetics and plant sciences expert /u/searine; synthetic bioengineers /u/sometimesgoodadvice and /u/splutard; and biochemist /u/Decapentaplegia. Feel free to hit them with a username mention when you post a question so that they can give you an answer straight from the (genetically modified) horses mouth :D

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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Do giraffes get struck by lightning more often than other animals?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 08:25 AM PDT

What's going on, at the chemical level, when you let a wine bottle "breathe"? What exactly is being oxidized, and how does it affect the taste of wine?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 07:42 AM PDT

It is my current understanding that ethanol will turn into acetaldehyde and acetic acid when it comes in contact with atmospheric oxygen. Is that what makes red wine lose its acidic taste and become a bit more bitter?

And why does red wine turn bitter but white wine turns acidic?

submitted by /u/annitaq
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Does a single atom cast a shadow?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 06:59 PM PDT

How does depression affect the brain of a developing child?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 08:23 PM PDT

Why do some fonts look "Ugly" and others "Formal"? How do people interpret different fonts that give them a different feel?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 07:06 AM PDT

Why does comic sans look so childish while something like times new roman looks professional?

submitted by /u/GenericNoob
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What are the "tendrils" coming from cancer cells?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 07:36 AM PDT

Are asteroid impacts more likely at certain latitudes?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 07:06 AM PDT

Basically the topic. Are asteroids more or less likely to impact at certain latitudes?

Because I've been playing Planetbase and that made me wonder. I don't expect any prevalence to be part of the game, to be honest, but it'd be interesting to know nonetheless.

submitted by /u/Laborbuch
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Are humans more sexually active during spring?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:57 AM PDT

Since spring is mating season for a lot of animals does that mean thaht humans also feel a stronger urge for sex during that time. If so is that something that we kept from our ancestors or did we bever have that urge even thousands of years ago?

submitted by /u/TheTypa
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Why aren't men and women the same size?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:38 AM PDT

Largely, I mean.

submitted by /u/the_sun_flew_away
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Is there a medium or method of information propagation in the universe that is not a wave or particle?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:32 AM PDT

There are discrete "packets" of information, which we call particles, or continuous "streams" of information, which we call waves. In some circumstances you have things that have properties of both (light, for example) - but do you have things that have properties of neither?

Is there any theory, or evidence of, an additional way that natures propagates information?

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Why does laminar flow occur?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 04:07 PM PDT

I have taken multiple semesters of transport phenomena and fluid mechanics and I'm well aware of what laminar & turbulent flow regimes are and how the Reynolds number plays into the determination. But what is the actual theory behind why fluids tend to move in lamellae at low Re? My best guess is wall friction forces promoting the stratification, but I tried searching online and in r/askscience and couldn't find any conclusive answers.

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When playing a lottery where the gains are shared between winning tickets, does playing the same number twice has the same expected value as playing two different numbers?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 07:30 AM PDT

Do people who stutter have a stutter in foreign languages they learn?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 01:30 AM PDT

How come that para-/quadriplegics don't suffer more from lung embolism, compared to people who actively use their legs?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 06:26 AM PDT

Can ingesting a lot of phosphoric acid (like, from soft drinks) contribute to premature muscle fatigue?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 05:12 PM PDT

I have heard that one of the components of muscle fatigue is a build up of phosphorous. I'm wondering if eating a lot of phosphoric acid increases the amount of phosphorous in the muscle tissue or something.

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What chemical reaction takes place on the surface on the skin in order for ninhydrin to reveal fingerprints?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:09 AM PDT

Just as the title says. Ninhydrin allows us to visualize fingerprints, but what does that say about the molecular composition of human skin?

Thank you for your replies.

submitted by /u/Amusement-Galaxy
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If I have a dead power pack (Schumacher SJ1) that is used to charge vehicles, can I hook it up to a running car battery to charge it?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 05:08 AM PDT

I am just wondering how the flow of electricity would be. If I just hooked up the positive terminal from the dead charger to the positive head of the running car battery, would it charge the battery in the Schumacher?

submitted by /u/gravitymakesmefall
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Why doesn't my electrolyte water taste salty?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 12:29 AM PDT

The ingredients of the electrolyte water I'm drinking are deionized water, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, and calcium chloride. How I understand it, all of these dissolve into their respective ions, and if you told me that there was K+ and Cl- in the water I would expect it to taste like "No Salt" dissolved in water. So, why doesn't my electrolyte water taste salty?

submitted by /u/the_chole
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How is it possible to predict macroscopic properties from a molecule's formula?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 06:25 PM PDT

A simple example is how Sodium (a homogeneous substance whose atoms each have 11 protons and typically 12 neutrons) is an highly reactive metal, and Chlorine (a homogeneous substance whose atoms each have 17 protons and typically 18 or 20 neutrons) is a corrosive gas, but together as a Sodium Chloride salt along with Potassium Chloride and ATP can be used to pump both through a lipid structure against the solution gradient.

Are these relatively macroscopic effects predicted by what we know about how protons neutrons and electrons work?

A more topical example is the prediction of metallic hydrogen, its relevant properties, how to produce it (temperature and pressure), and that it's semi-stable at room temperature.

What sorts of information did they consider and how did they use this information to make these predictions?

submitted by /u/0xFFF1
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Pressure and Temperature are related. So, can you lower the pressure in a system at absolute zero?

Posted: 30 Mar 2017 02:13 AM PDT

How does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium apply with population undergoing natural selection?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 07:46 PM PDT

Based on the five assumptions, it assumes that the population's allele frequency is stable. But with natural selection, the total allele frequency shouldn't be equal to 1.

So if I'm given the initial equilibrium, how is it possible to predict the percentage changes after natural selection?

submitted by /u/beckytyy
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How do computers use electronic switches to load, for example a coloured image?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 08:43 AM PDT

Wednesday, March 29, 2017

How are we able to perform a body transplant when we can't repair spinal injuries?

How are we able to perform a body transplant when we can't repair spinal injuries?


How are we able to perform a body transplant when we can't repair spinal injuries?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:50 AM PDT

So as many of you have probably heard, the first attempted "head transplant" is scheduled to occur later this year. I haven't been able to find scientific articles on the subject but it seems they plan to fully connect the nerves/veins/etc, and the spine. However to my knowledge we still haven't figured out how to repair a typical spinal injury, so how can we, even if just in theory, expect to fuse two different spines to any extent?

submitted by /u/xxNightxTrainxx
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Why are most of the large impact craters on the moon located on the side facing the Earth? Wouldn't the other side be less shielded?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 03:30 AM PDT

Would a typical modern adult human who'd never seen or heard of a snake before instinctively know it was dangerous and which end to be worried about?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:29 AM PDT

I think that's the whole question, but please ask any questions for clarification.

submitted by /u/autoposting_system
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Ask Anything Wednesday - Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 08:05 AM PDT

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions.

The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here.

Ask away!

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Has materials science improved enough in the last 30 years that a Venus lander would survive much longer?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:09 PM PDT

Vega 2 was launched at the end of 1984. That was about 33 years ago since the last lander was sent to Venus. No lander has lasted very long due to the conditions on Venus but with more than 3 decades having elapsed, have there been any signficant improvements in materials science that would allow a lander to survive on Venus in spite of the conditions (pressure, heat, corrosive nature of sulfuric acid)--particularly much longer than previous landers achieved?

submitted by /u/JMV290
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Why do photons have no reference frame?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 07:04 AM PDT

Suppose the following:

  • a person named Bob is wearing a watch,
  • we have the ability to launch Bob at the speed of light along a "boomerang" path,
  • Bob's inertia is 0 kg m2 (for simplicity's sake),
  • and from Bob's reference frame, traversing the path requires one hour.

From what I understand, regardless of how much earthly time Bob requires to traverse the path, Bob's watch will indicate the same exact time upon arrival as it did upon departure due to time dilation.

While Bob is traveling the speed of light, he notices that his watch stops ticking. This is because the watch was configured for earthly time. Because Bob doesn't experience earthly time, his watch thus doesn't tick. However, suppose that Bob brought watch parts with him on his journey and that during the journey, he assembles a new watch to keep track of time in this new reference frame. Once he completes his journey, his watch will no longer tick for the same reason that his first watch didn't tick during the journey. That is, once the journey is complete, the second watch is traveling at the speed of light relative to the reference frame in which it was built. If Bob were to be launched again in the same manner, then the second watch would begin to work again.

I don't understand why I keep reading that photons don't have a reference frame. With the logic that is used to back that claim, couldn't it be said that Earth has no reference frame from a photon's perspective? That sounds contradictory.

Considering that traversal of the path isn't instantaneous, it stands to reason that Bob isn't "frozen in time".

What am I missing?

submitted by /u/bacondev
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Can psychoactive substances directly affect organs besides your brain?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:44 PM PDT

So obviously the brain is like the control center where most of the effects of drugs take place resulting in different behavior of your entire body. However I wonder if some organs can pick up the effects from substances in some cases such as for example can your stomach 'get high' or can your eyes hallucinate, etc?

I'm wondering cause I was thinking about the effects of my morning coffee on my metabolism. There ought to be local control mechanisms for each of your organs that have their own reflexes and reactions to stimuli.

Thanks

submitted by /u/slowbrowsersarefunny
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I just had a friend tell me that the same equation used to find the escape velocity of Earth is the same equation used to find the velocity an electron needs to break out of an orbital. Does this mean the force holding an electron in an orbital is similar to the force of gravity on Earth?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 04:53 PM PDT

If the same equation is used for both problems, then i imaginne something has to be the same or similar for that to work. The only thing I could think of is the forces being the same or similar. Is my assumption correct?

submitted by /u/ProdigyLightshow
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Why the density of water is highest at 4℃?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 11:46 PM PDT

Can depression affect someone's memory?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:14 PM PDT

What are (latest known) neuroscience or neurobiology mechanisms of symptoms of schizophrenia? What are some (newer) significant study materials or research literature discussing the previous question?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 06:43 AM PDT

Would pi be as difficult to perfectly describe using a different number system?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 07:58 PM PDT

Such as base-12 or base-8 or something? Or are irrational, infinitely extending numbers just inherently that way?

submitted by /u/Seanay-B
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Since all mammals have serotonin transmitters, would all mammals "trip" off of LSD?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 01:47 AM PDT

I ask this because humans think on such a higher level than anything else thus we can have "trips" but could something like a dog or fox with less complex brains trip off of LSD?

submitted by /u/TubbyMcFuckles
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Why does every dietary supplement package say "do not use as substitution to regular meals"?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 04:26 AM PDT

This being my first post ever, it might be a little bit sloppy written. (sorry for bad English)

It all comes down to molecules of macro and micro nutrients. Isn't it all the same protein if I eat a boiled egg/drink a glass of milk or have a protein shake? Vitamins and minerals can be taken care of with one pill a day and there are plenty of dietary supplements that help increase and/or control intake of certain macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, fiber and protein). Also, all the Omega 3, amino acids and others can be taken via capsules or powder. There seems to be no need for real food...

So, my questions are: 1) Why aren't supplements recommended to be used instead of a meal? and 2) Would a person be able to live off just supplements if taken smart and with caution and calculation, and if not, why?

submitted by /u/c-proteus
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How would the wolves that dogs evolved from compare to the wolves of today?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 08:37 PM PDT

And, is there any way to know? I'm familiar with the genetics and theories about wolves gradually developing a symbiotic relationship with humans, but I've been around tame wolves before, and it just seems like a stretch to me that they were the precursor to man's best friend. Is it possible that ancient wolves were more docile and gregarious towards humans than the wolves of today?

submitted by /u/Nacho_cheese_pizza
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Do any painkillers block the burn of spicy food?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 10:59 AM PDT

In the lastest video of a popular web series featuring celebrities eating hot wings, the celebrity seems to be barely affected. He later admits he's wearing a fentanyl patch. Would this block the "pain" of the capsaicin?
Would any other drugs (either medical or recreational) block the effect of capsaicin?

submitted by /u/teridon
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Why do we have diminished appetite and a taste aversion to food when we're sick?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 02:49 PM PDT

Last week I was sick and, in addition to having little appetite, any food I ate tasted horribly. Wouldn't my body be more receptive to food when I'm sick and need the nutrition? It seems counterproductive.

submitted by /u/SifPuppy
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Is it theoretically possible to Blue shift a radio wave to a Gamma Ray by using the Doppler Effect?

Posted: 29 Mar 2017 01:31 AM PDT

In trials of psychological interventions, what is used as a placebo? Is there a "sham talk therapy"?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:55 PM PDT

Could a black hole of electrons ever form?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 08:51 PM PDT

How would a Vantablack coating affect a laser cutters ability to cut?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 06:12 PM PDT

If you were to coat an object with Vantablack and then try to cut it with a laser cutter, how would the coating affect the lasers ability to cut?

submitted by /u/A_Bowman
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Does the taste of a fruit reflect its nutrition?

Posted: 28 Mar 2017 07:58 PM PDT

I ate a pretty disappointing cantaloupe today, and it got me wondering if taste is an indicator of a healthier (or in any way better) fruit.

Is a really sweet and ripe cantaloupe actually better than a bland and firm one, or do we just like it more?

submitted by /u/maarrz
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