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Monday, July 25, 2022

Could Monkeypox be Airborne? This NHS study from a UK hospital found MPX virus DNA 6 feet above a patient in the air.

Could Monkeypox be Airborne? This NHS study from a UK hospital found MPX virus DNA 6 feet above a patient in the air.


Could Monkeypox be Airborne? This NHS study from a UK hospital found MPX virus DNA 6 feet above a patient in the air.

Posted: 24 Jul 2022 05:08 AM PDT

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.07.21.22277864v1

This is the first time that detection of MPXV (DNA and virus by isolation) in environmental air samples from healthcare settings has been reported,.

Detection of MPXV DNA in air samples collected at distances of greater than 1•5m from the patient and at a height of nearly 2m supports the theory that MPXV can be present in either aerosols, suspended skin particles or dust containing virus, and not only in large respiratory droplets that fall to the ground within 1 to 1-5m of an infected individual.

Five out of fifteen air samples taken were positive. Significantly, three of four air samples collected during a bed linen change in one patient's room were positive (Ct 32-7-35-8). Interpretation: These data demonstrate significant contamination in isolation facilities and potential for aerosolisation of MPXV during specific activities.

We identified widespread MPXV DNA contamination of the environment in respiratory isolation rooms occupied by infected symptomatic individuals.

Trying to parse the implications of this study. 2m (6.5 feet) above the patient sounds like it's airborne right?

Maybe we shouldn't be sending potentially contagious patients to STI clinics like we currently are?

submitted by /u/MajorRichardHead7
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If Mount Toba Didn't Cause Humanity's Genetic Bottleneck, What Did?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 01:48 PM PDT

It seems as if the Toba Catastrophe Theory is on the way out. From my understanding of the theory itself, a genetic bottleneck that occurred ~75,000 years ago was linked to the Toba VEI-8 eruption. However, evidence showing that societies and cultures away from Southeast Asia continued to develop after the eruption, which has seemed to debunk the Toba Catastrophe Theory.

However, that still doesn't explain the genetic bottleneck found in humans around this time. So, my question is, are there any theories out there that suggest what may have caused this bottleneck? Or has the bottleneck's validity itself been brought into question?

submitted by /u/PhiloBlackCardinal
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Why does moisture make some surfaces more slippery and other surfaces less slippery?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 02:03 PM PDT

For example, waterslides and smooth concrete get very slippery when wet, while very thin plastic bags are easier to open if your fingers are wet, and wet clothing is harder to remove than dry.

*Edit: I appreciate the answers so far, but I think I gave too many examples. I'm most interested in understanding why a little bit of water on my finger tips makes it easier to open very thin plastic bags, and that hasnt been mentioned yet.

submitted by /u/murfflemethis
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Besides Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus, was there any point in history in which two large theropods lived alongside one another?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 01:51 PM PDT

Just curious. I know Spinosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus lived at the same time, but what about other periods in pre history? I want to know if there were ever any different large therapods competing with one another for food or territory etc.

submitted by /u/Patchman66
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Why is it a potentially higher risk for myocarditis to take COVID vaccine after Orthopoxvirus vaccine, but not the other way around?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 08:04 AM PDT

I see here (under section: Contraindications To and Precautions Associated with Vaccinations to Prevent Orthopoxvirus Infections) that receiving a COVID vaccine within 4 weeks of JYNNEOS vaccine is not recommended, as a precautionary measure since the risk of myocarditis from JYNNEOS is unknown.

I noticed it was mentioned that it mentioned shortly after, regarding the opposite scenario (COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS) that "no minimum interval between mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and orthopoxvirus vaccination is necessary."

​The main question I have is, what mechanisms could be at play here that potentially increase the risk of myocarditis when receiving JYNNEOS then COVID vaccine, but NOT COVID vaccine then JYNNEOS?

submitted by /u/supa_sama123
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Why neutral and a ground?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 03:53 AM PDT

Hi. I was learning about 120v home systems. I know ground wire is a wire that literally goes into the ground via spike or the water pipes for earth ground. It's there for safety. I know neutral is the return for the hot wire in 120v outlets in the USA. But in the USA, 120v is half of the 240v coming to the house. The other half is a grounding bus. Could someone explain it to me why we, USA homes need both, a neutral and a ground wire?

I can't seem to google why both are needed... just that they are. And I thought I was a googlefu master. :(

submitted by /u/bob_smithey
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Do the spiciest plants produce it all naturally, or do they require some extra environmental help?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 01:00 AM PDT

Thinking stuff like ghost pepper etc, I don't know proper names. It feels pretty extreme to know that there are peppers that are thousands(?) times spicier than others.

Do they just devote that much resources into making capsaicin? Or is it also matter of something else?

submitted by /u/Nekomiminya
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Sunday, July 24, 2022

Can a dog smell that two people are related to each other?

Can a dog smell that two people are related to each other?


Can a dog smell that two people are related to each other?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 06:39 AM PDT

Does my dog react differently to my parents because they are nice to him or does he realize that they are my parents, perhaps because we smell similar when compared to other humans?

submitted by /u/FarmerMKultra
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Since stars are fueled by nuclear fusion, do they constantly lose mass?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 05:20 AM PDT

My understanding is that energy comes from the equation E=mc2, some mass is converted to energy.

If so, how much mass is lost per day?

Which specific subatomic particle of hydrogen is destroyed in this process?

submitted by /u/PolychromaticPuppy
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Why do we not cough in sleep?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 06:36 PM PDT

Hello! First post here so bear with me. So, ever since I recovered from covid in May 2021, I've had this long covid wheezing and coughing it's not extreme just a little bit don't worry, anyway I was thinking, I just woke up from a night's sleep and I was coughing last night and now this morning. Why do we not cough in our sleep? Does coughing require consciousness? Or is it something else, maybe it could be related to our breathing patterns? Like when you try taking deep breaths to stop wheezing but cough bad while you exhale? Idk, I don't have anything near a biology background. Thank you in advance! Ps:This may or may not be a stupid question so again, bear with me.

submitted by /u/AnonHoodieGirl
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Do we know how long prions remain infectious in the environment?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 05:19 AM PDT

Do we have a estimate on how long prions can stay infectious in the environment? For example in dust or dirt. There seems to be a lot of mixed answers online. I have seen answers that CWD can last for 2 years or longer but that answer seems to come from 10+ years ago, there surely must be new findings?

submitted by /u/Ikeakip
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How do fatty animals like seals or walruses not get diabetes (from lipotoxicity) or coronary artery disease?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 02:11 AM PDT

Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 06:46 AM PDT

I just read about 'corn sweat' for the first time and, y'all, my mind was blown and replaced with sooo many questions. The articles and links that pop up when googled all state sweat from corn, and like plants, can increase humidity in an area making humid areas more so (as in the American Midwest). If this is true, then can we assume it also applies to non humid areas? If it does, then, basically, my main question is the one from the title- Would planting corn in arid regions increase the likelihood of rain/precipitation?

Thank you!

submitted by /u/rooohooo
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Are plant hybrids more likely to be fertile ? If so, why ?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 04:24 AM PDT

Will lab grown meat have the same nutritional value as regular meat?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 03:26 AM PDT

In terms of minerals, vitamins, proteins etc.

submitted by /u/andr4599
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How exactly does stopping alcohol intake, abruptly, cause medical issues and even death?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 02:12 PM PDT

Thinking of quitting but worried about the ramifications. Thanks.

submitted by /u/barefoot_yank
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What's the different between Haematoxylin and Safranin-O staining?

Posted: 23 Jul 2022 06:06 AM PDT

I recently did some H&E stains and looked up similar procedures for staining cell nuclei and found Safranin-O staining. Since both hematoxylin and Safranin-O stain the nucleus, I am not sure about the difference between them in usage, like in which situations would haematoxylin stains be used over Safranin-O stains and vice versa. I'm just a high schooler so a simple explanation would be greatly appreciated and if I made any incorrect assumptions pls correct me.

submitted by /u/qwertyuiop122222222
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How does ingesting bleach harm you exactly?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 05:34 PM PDT

Has the number of total insects shrunk in the modern times?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 02:08 PM PDT

I sat on my porch for two hours today. I must have killed a dozen ants and Hal a dozen mosquitoes... On top of that, i spray the house against termites, ants, moths, mosquitos, flies....

My question is... If we were to compare the global number of mosquitoes+ants+flies living in a general area, would human action have significant influence on their number or no?

Arguments for yes: we (humans) are very invasive, and pesticides are powerful.

Arguments for no: the houses' area are insignificant compared to the wooded/grassy area. More over, we are creating a nutrition-rich environment for these insects and that's why they are around us. So we are killing as many as we produce.

submitted by /u/KarmaWhoreRepeating
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Any epigenetic info stored on telomeres?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 11:05 AM PDT

Since telomeres consist of repeats of a simple dna sequence, there's no genetic information, but this dna could be modified via methylation, that is epigenetic info could be attached. Is it known if that happens? Would this be a possible explanation of how memories are formed? Or could this be used as a way to tag cells with ID numbers for research? Thanks

submitted by /u/charlielwallace
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Can lake Mead ever refill?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 06:52 PM PDT

Basically the title…are we in a long period of drought or is this the new normal? Is there any realistic amount of rain/snowpack in a wet year that would get the lake back to its 1980s levels?

submitted by /u/Lanky80
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If there are solid and gas planets, are there also liquid planets somewhere in the universe?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 10:14 PM PDT

Saturday, July 23, 2022

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXVII

AskScience Panel of Scientists XXVII


AskScience Panel of Scientists XXVII

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 10:14 AM PDT

Please read this entire post carefully and format your application appropriately.

This post is for new panelist recruitment! The previous one is here.

The panel is an informal group of Redditors who are either professional scientists or those in training to become so. All panelists have at least a graduate-level familiarity within their declared field of expertise and answer questions from related areas of study. A panelist's expertise is summarized in a color-coded AskScience flair.

Membership in the panel comes with access to a panelist subreddit. It is a place for panelists to interact with each other, voice concerns to the moderators, and where the moderators make announcements to the whole panel. It's a good place to network with people who share your interests!

-------------------

You are eligible to join the panel if you:

  • Are studying for at least an MSc. or equivalent degree in the sciences, AND,
  • Are able to communicate your knowledge of your field at a level accessible to various audiences.

-------------------

Instructions for formatting your panelist application:

  • Choose exactly one general field from the side-bar (Physics, Engineering, Social Sciences, etc.).
  • State your specific field in one word or phrase (Neuropathology, Quantum Chemistry, etc.)
  • Succinctly describe your particular area of research in a few words (carbon nanotube dielectric properties, myelin sheath degradation in Parkinsons patients, etc.)
  • Give us a brief synopsis of your education: are you a research scientist for three decades, or a first-year Ph.D. student?
  • Provide links to comments you've made in AskScience which you feel are indicative of your scholarship. Applications will not be approved without several comments made in /r/AskScience itself.

-------------------

Ideally, these comments should clearly indicate your fluency in the fundamentals of your discipline as well as your expertise. We favor comments that contain citations so we can assess its correctness without specific domain knowledge.

Here's an example application:

Username: /u/foretopsail

General field: Anthropology

Specific field: Maritime Archaeology

Particular areas of research include historical archaeology, archaeometry, and ship construction.

Education: MA in archaeology, researcher for several years.

Comments: 1, 2, 3, 4.

Please do not give us personally identifiable information and please follow the template. We're not going to do real-life background checks - we're just asking for reddit's best behavior. However, several moderators are tasked with monitoring panelist activity, and your credentials will be checked against the academic content of your posts on a continuing basis.

You can submit your application by replying to this post.

submitted by /u/AskScienceModerator
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If the light omitted on the far side of a galaxy is significantly older than that of the front side, why isn't the shape distorted?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 06:36 PM PDT

I can't wrap my head around this. In a galaxy that is, say, 100,000 light years across, why do we still see it as a "perfect" formation?

submitted by /u/defire101
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Do primate communication contain grammar like human languages?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 09:54 PM PDT

Does being born during different seasons make a difference for early child development?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 03:56 AM PDT

For example, adults experience different physiological and psychological effects during winter months due to shorter day length and lower vitamin D intake. Is a similar effect noticeable during early child development ?

submitted by /u/Gettothachoppurr
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Do neuter-and-release programs for feral cats and dogs change the population's behavior?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 05:25 AM PDT

Neutering an animal can change it's behavior and temperament. Does this affect a population's behavior as more of them are neutered?

submitted by /u/bobtheghost33
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Spent the day curled up on the bathroom floor recovering from a norovirus stomach flu infection. Recently found out that noroviruses are resistant to alcohol-based sanitizers. How is this possible?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 06:06 AM PDT

I thought hand sanitizer was supposed to completely sterilize your hands by denaturing proteins that make up the outer layer of all viruses and bacteria? What is it about noroviruses specifically that make them resistant?

submitted by /u/payloadchap
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Why is the set of positive integers "countable infinity" but the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 "uncountable infinity" when they can both be counted on a 1 to 1 correspondence?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 04:05 PM PDT

0.1, 0.2...... 0.9, 0.01, 0.11, 0.21, 0.31...... 0.99, 0.001, 0.101, 0.201......

1st number is 0.1, 17th number is 0.71, 8241st number is 0.1428, 9218754th number is 0.4578129.

I think the size of both sets are the same? For Cantor's diagonal argument, if you match up every integer with a real number (btw is it even possible to do so since the size is infinite) and create a new real number by changing a digit from each real number, can't you do the same thing with integers?

Edit: For irrational numbers or real numbers with infinite digits (ex. 1/3), can't we reverse their digits over the decimal point and get the same number? Like "0.333..." would correspond to "...333"?

(Asked this on r/NoStupidQuestions and was advised to ask it here. Original Post)

submitted by /u/Namaenonaidesu
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If abruptly stopping your alcohol intake can be harmful, or even lethal depending on how long you were consumed by it - does the same apply to Marijuana?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 05:06 AM PDT

Are there any long-term climate implications of huge wildfires seen in Western Europe?

Posted: 22 Jul 2022 02:37 AM PDT

Right now Western Europe is experiencing unprecedented levels of wildfires. Does this impact the rate of wildfires in the future i.e. will the burnt forests be more prone to catching fire next year? And does the carbon monoxide from the burning have a significant impact on climate?

submitted by /u/SusiGrantHopeful
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How are the stages of cancer determined? Like, what do doctors see in a tumour that makes them go "yep, that's a four. No going back. That's all"??? What makes a cancer a stage two, or three, or four?

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 03:55 PM PDT

What is the neuroscience behind the motion after effect?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 05:16 PM PDT

I have a basic understanding of neural adaptation: the brain stops responding to stimuli after being exposed for an extended period of time.

But I don't understand how this leads to seeing motion in static object.

This particular sentence (in relation to waterfalls) has me stumped.

"Cells responding to the movement of the water suffer a reduction in responsiveness, so that during competitive interactions between detector outputs, false motion signals arise."

submitted by /u/BringsHomeBones
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When does the bulk of muscle recovery happen after a world out?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 05:42 AM PDT

When someone works out, lifts weights, runs, etc. When does the bulk of muscle recovery and repair occur?

Does the intensity matter? Short of a full muscle injury like a tear, does a harder workout with more strain on the muscles have a longer peak recovery? Are there things that can assist recovery or bolster it during that period—or hinder it?

submitted by /u/jrdubbleu
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How do I combine two probabilities to compare them to a single probability?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 04:54 AM PDT

Here's a hypothetical scenario I'm trying to figure out:

Say I have a basket of 250 apples, and one of them is poisoned. So if I eat one apple out of the basket, I have a 1:250 chance of dying.

Now, say I was given the opportunity to instead eat an apple from another basket that holds 2,175 apples (one being poisoned), but to get that opportunity, I first have to eat one from a basket of 30,000 apples.

My question is: How do I calculate the combined probability of me dying when first having eaten from the 30,000 basket, then the 2,175 basket? How much safer is that option than just eating from the original 250 apple basket?

submitted by /u/m00nwatcher11
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What makes one feature dominant and other recessive?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 01:42 AM PDT

I want to know why some features in genetics are dominant and can overcome this recessive ones, how they do this, what is the difference between them?

submitted by /u/Gloomy_Efficiency196
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Are Hyenas really devastating to their environment?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 03:50 PM PDT

In the Lion King, Hyenas are painted as consuming everything around them and leaving their habitats bare. Is this something based in reality or is it purely for the sake of the movie?

submitted by /u/sebiiooo97
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Is it possible for paper and plastic to grow mould?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 04:14 AM PDT

I know moisture + bread = mould but what about non-food?

submitted by /u/Old-Masterpiece-9564
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How does the Webb telescope capture the big bang itself, and how is it expected to look like?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 07:55 AM PDT

Since BA5 can avoid antibodies from the original virus and vaccines, can you also get the original COVID after a bout of BA5?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 01:11 PM PDT

I'm wondering if it's a one way street or if they are different enough that their antibodies don't effect the other.

submitted by /u/SuperSimpleSam
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Does high natural gas and fuel reserves in the ground indicate higher amounts of flora and fauna in the dinosaur age ?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 12:30 AM PDT

Is it correct to make the direct assumption that countries which have higher fuel reserves had higher flora and fauna, i.e. higher bio-matter in the dinosaur era(excuse the layman terms sorry).

submitted by /u/This-Wrongdoer-1858
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Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin to be applicable as carbon fiber?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 01:33 AM PDT

I think we all know what graphene is, and it's cheap production.

During my time finding graphene online, I also found out that it can be manufactured into fibers. And an idea went up in my head: "What if I use graphene fiber, instead of carbon fiber?". After all, it's more better in a lot ways than carbon fiber, especially in cost. Like, you can make your own graphene at home-type cheap.

BAC motors made a sports car that has graphene body panels, probably using graphene in its' fiber form, that's what I think is most likely how they used it. I read an article about it, but the article didn't say how the graphene became as applicable as carbon fiber, like how BAC used carbon fiber.

Does graphene fiber need to be impregnated with resin, like carbon fiber? Or no, it doesn't need to be impregnated with resin?

submitted by /u/ArtWheelDrive
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why don't ice bergs melt even after floating in water for a long time?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 03:02 AM PDT

How severe is the maximum of the current solar cycle expected to be?

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 09:03 PM PDT

A friend and I were looking at some news stories and wiki articles about solar storms, and we were really confused by how many of the news articles seem to be making a big deal of the upcoming solar cycle maximum, but other resources say that we're expected to have a quieter-than-average solar cycle.

We're aware of the risks and big events that are possible with solar cycle maximums, but since a lot of news stories sound like they're trying to convince us that the sun is about to kill us all, we're looking for something a little bit more nuanced to give us some perspective. My friend is interested in astronomy but also has astrophobia so has been looking for something a little more reassuring than articles constantly popping up on his social media recommendations that exaggerate for clicks.

What should we actually expect, and what should we look for in news articles to tell us what we actually need to know?

submitted by /u/Hedgehogs4Me
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What is causing this 2022 global heat wave?

Posted: 20 Jul 2022 04:53 AM PDT

Any article I can find just says "climate change" which I understand but what are the specific factors and systems that are causing this? And what is seemingly making those systems produce something global and intense?

submitted by /u/transporter3
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Do male sharks & their relatives exhibit "clasperedness"? i.e. do individuals prefer to use on or another of their two claspers in mating more often than others & does it vary similarly to right & left handedness in humans?

Posted: 21 Jul 2022 02:34 AM PDT